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3,905 results for “eye”
More to legs than meets the eye: Presence and function of pheromone compounds on heliothine moth legs
<p><span>Chemical communication is ubiquitous in nature and chemical signals convey species-specific messages. Despite their specificity, chemical signals may not be limited to only one function. Identifying alternative functions of chemical signals is key to understanding how chemical communication systems evolve. Here, we explored alternative functions of moth sex pheromone compounds. These chemicals are generally produced in, and emitted from, dedicated sex pheromone glands, but some have recently also been found on the insects' legs. We identified and quantified the chemicals in leg extracts of the three heliothine moth species </span><em><span>Chloridea </span><span>(</span><span>Heliothis</span><span>)</span></em><span><em> virescens</em>, <em>Chloridea </em></span><em><span>(</span><span>Heliothis</span><span>)</span><span>subflexa</span></em><span>, and <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em>, compared their chemical profiles and explored the </span><span>biological function of pheromone compounds on moth legs. </span><span>Identical pheromone compounds were present on the legs in both sexes of all three species, with no striking interspecies or intersex differences. Surprisingly, we also found pheromone-related acetate esters in leg extracts of species that lack acetate esters in their female sex pheromone. When we assessed gene expression levels in the leg tissue, we found </span><span>known and putative pheromone biosynthesis genes expressed, which </span><span>suggests that moth legs may be additional sites of pheromone production</span><span>. To determine possible additional roles of the pheromone compounds on legs, we explored whether these may act as oviposition-deterring signals, which does not seem to be the case. However, when we tested whether these chemicals have antimicrobial properties, we found that two pheromone compounds (16:Ald and 16:OH) reduce bacterial growth. Such an additional function of previously identified pheromone compounds likely coincides with additional selection pressures and, thus, should be considered in scenarios on the evolution of these signals.</span></p>
Eye tracking data set of academics making an omelette: An egg-breaking work
<p>Just as there are numerous ways to cook an egg, there are numerous ways to recreate a YouTube video of cooking an omelette. We created a dataset of 10 academics replicating a viral video of making an omelette. We evaluated the saccade behavior during the varying subtasks and found differences related to the actions (whisking, sprinkling, etc.) and the objects (eggs, butter, plate, etc.). This dataset can further offer insight into eye movements in complex tasks and is potentially even applicable for task planning and </p>
Epidemiology Dry Eye Argentine Study
<p>This is the database extracted from the epidemiology study on dry eye conducted in the Argentine population in April 2022. This database has been used to carry out studies about dry eye prevalence and risk factors ina a sample of Argentin population.</p>
Figures referring to the paper "Radii, masses, and transit-timing variations of the three-planet system orbiting the naked-eye star TOI-396" (Bonfanti et al.) accepted for publication in A&A on 20/11/2024
<p>Fig. A.1: ttv_pla1_2.pdf</p> <p>TTV amplitudes obtained for TOI-396 b (black markers) and TOI-396 c (red markers). This is a superposition of the first two panels of Figure 4 in the paper emphasising the anti-correlation pattern.</p> <p> </p> <p>Fig. A.2: lcGLS*.pdf</p> <p>First column: Generalised Lomb-Scargle periodograms of TESS Sector 3 (lcGLS_3.pdf), 4 (lcGLS_4RawFluxrm.pdf), 30 (lcGLS_30RawFlux.pdf), and 31 (lcGLS_31RawFlux.pdf) raw photometry. Second column: Generalised Lomb-Scargle periodograms of the residuals (lcGLSRaw_3noSine.pdf, lcGLSRaw_4noSinerm.pdf, lcGLSRaw_30noSine.pdf, lcGLSRaw_31noSine.pdf) after removing the best fitting sinusoidal signals at the most significant frequency identified in the periodograms of the corresponding TESS time series. The long dashed red line marks the FAP at 0.1\%. Significant peaks are detected in the 6---8 day range, which we attribute to the presence of active regions co-rotating with the star.</p>
A new, fluorescence-based method for visualizing the pseudopupil and assessing optical acuity in the dark compound eyes of honeybees and other insects
<p>Images reported here are the raw Data set acquired to obtain Figure 6 in the manuscript Rigosi et al, “A new, fluorescence-based method for visualizing the pseudopupil and assessing optical acuity in the dark compound eyes of honeybees and other insects” accepted in Scientific Reports (DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00407-2).</p> <p>Please check the Methods section for a description of the analysis of the eye map obtained with these images.<br> Note that all the images are 16-bit.</p>
The Potential of Naturalistic Eye Movement tasks in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review- Screening
<p>The Potential of Naturalistic Eye Movement tasks in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review- Screening file</p>
What to expect during your eye examination: video resources for autistic patients
<p>These videos were produced as part of a PhD project titled, "Investigating optometric and orthoptic conditions in autistic adults", at The University of Manchester. They describe and demonstrate different optometric tests, designed to allow autistic patients to understand what to expect during an eye examination. There are 10 videos:</p> <ol> <li>History and symptoms check</li> <li>Checking your vision</li> <li>Checking the balance and coordination of your eyes</li> <li>Checking if you need glasses</li> <li>Checking your eyes' focusing ability</li> <li>Checking the pressure in your eyes</li> <li>Checking the health of your eyes</li> <li>Checking your colour vision</li> <li>Checking your field of vision</li> <li>Checking your sensitivity to patterns</li> </ol> <p>Visit our website (https://sites.manchester.ac.uk/autism-and-vision/) for full details about our studies, resources for eyecare providers and more resources for autistic patients. </p>
User Study Data for "HapticLock: Eyes-Free Authentication for Mobile Devices"
<p>User study data from the HapticLock paper published in the Proceedings of the ACM ICMI 2021 conference.</p>
Fig. 3 in Umbrageocoris Kondorosyi: A New Genus And Species Of Big-Eyed Bugs From New Guinea (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Geocoridae)
Fig. 3. Male paramere of Umbrageocoris kondorosyi sp. n. from different angles
Data Set of Publication - Outcome of Scleral Rupture Primary Management Without Vitrectomy Jakarta Eye Trauma Study
<p>This dataset was collected for research purposes. The dataset was about the scleral rupture we found in our teritories</p>
Unsupervised Blink Detection Using Eye Aspect Ratio Values
<p>This datastore supports an open-source blink detection software which acts as both an implementation of methods proposed in the (unpublished) paper "Unsupervised Blink Detection Using Eye Aspect Ratio Values" and a validation of the results provided.</p> <p>The software can be accessed at the <strong>GitHub repository</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/mi3nts/tobiiBlinkDetection">https://github.com/mi3nts/tobiiBlinkDetection</a></p> <p>Although the study results can be displayed readily from the files provided at the GitHub, this datastore contains the required resources to apply the proposed blink detection algorithm to new data. Simply download this file and replace the resources folder of the cloned repository.</p>
Figure 54. Lateral eyes and associated neuropiles. 1-2 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 54. Lateral eyes and associated neuropiles. 1-2, Horizontal section (5 μm Epon stained with Toluidine Blue) through a PME of a second instar Phidippus johnsoni, detail in (2). Note the irregular alignment of pigmented glia near the distal margin (facing the lens) of the retina. 3, Schematic cross section of a PLE of Phidippus, after Eakin & Brandenburger 1971. 4, Golgi- Kopsch preparation of interneurons in the primary neuropile (PL1) of the left PLE of a sixth instar P. johnsoni. Several of the interneurons appeared to synapse in more than one place in the highly-structured PL1, but a larger study of this possibility is needed. 5, Contour diagram of the right PL1, sixth instar P. johnsoni (10 μm intervals). 6-11, Parasagittal sections through the PL1 of six different sixth instar P. johnsoni, showing similar convolutions of this neuropile. 4-11, after Hill 2006
Analysis of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Clinical Context by Tracking the Target and Eyes
<p>Eyemove dataset obtained at Teikyo University.</p> <p>If you use the dataset, please state clearly that you have used our data.</p> <p>The mp4 files are the video of the examination.<br> Excel files are the position of the optic disc analyzed by SSD and the ocular position data analyzed by VOG.</p>
A high-quality genome assembly and annotation of the dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis, a recently diversified songbird
<p>The dark-eyed junco (<i>Junco hyemalis</i>) is one of the most common passerines of North America, and has served as a model organism in studies related to ecophysiology, behavior and evolutionary biology for over a century. It is composed by at least six distinct, geographically structured forms of recent evolutionary origin presenting remarkable variation in phenotypic traits, migratory behavior and habitat. Here we report a high-quality genome assembly and annotation of the dark-eyed junco generated using a combination of shotgun libraries and proximity ligation Chicago<sup>TM</sup> and Dovetail HiC<sup>TM</sup> libraries. The final assembly is 1,031,523,571 bp long, with 98.3% of the sequence located in 30 full or nearly full chromosome scaffolds, and with a N50/L50 of 71,3 Mb/5 scaffolds. We identified 19,026 functional genes combining gene prediction and similarity approaches, of which 15,967 were associated to GO terms. Genome assembly and annotated set of genes yielded 95.4% and 96.2% completeness scores, respectively, when compared with the BUSCO avian dataset. This new assembly for <i>J. hyemalis </i>provides a valuable resource for genome evolution analysis, as well as for identifying functional genes involved in adaptive processes and speciation.</p>
Sex-specific evolution of brain size, brain structure, and covariation with eye size in Trinidadian killifish
<p>Links between contrasting ecological conditions and evolutionary shifts in neurosensory components such as brain and eye size are accumulating. Whether selection operates differently on these traits between sexes is unclear. Trinidadian killifish (<em>Anablepsoides hartii</em>) are located in sites with and without predators. Male killifish from sites without predators have evolved larger brains and eyes than males from sites with predators. These differences in brain size are present early in life but disappear in adult size-classes. Here, we evaluated female brain growth allometries to determine if females exhibit similar size-specific brain size differences between sites that differ in predation intensity. We also quantified brain size, structure, and eye size to determine if these structures coevolve in a sex-specific manner. We found that female brain growth allometries did not differ across populations. Yet, female killifish from sites without predators exhibited a larger cerebellum, optic tectum, and dorsal medulla early in life (prior to maturation), but such differences disappeared in larger size-classes. Females from sites with predators exhibit similar patterns in brain growth as males in those sites, therefore shifts in brain size and structure are driven by differences between sexes in sites without predators. We also found evidence for covariation between brain and eye size in both sexes despite different levels of variation in both structures, suggesting that these structures may covary to fluctuating degrees in sex-specific ways. We conclude that differential investment in brain tissue in sites without predators may be linked to varying reproductive and cognitive demands across the sexes.</p>
Ontogeny of risk assessment and escape-hatching performance by red-eyed treefrog embryos in two threat contexts
<p><span>Arboreal embryos of red-eyed treefrogs,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em>Agalychnis callidryas</em><span>, hatch prematurely in response to hypoxia when flooded and mechanosensory cues (MC) in snake attacks, but hatching later improves tadpole survival. We studied ontogenetic changes in risk assessment and hatching performance of embryos in response to flooding and physical disturbance. We hypothesized that risk assessment decreases as hatchling survival improves and hatching performance increases as embryos develop. Because snakes eat faster than embryos asphyxiate, we hypothesized that embryos decide to hatch sooner and hatch faster in response to MC. We video-recorded individual embryos hatching in response to each cue type, then compared the incidence and timing of a series of events and behaviors from cue onset to complete hatching across ages and stimuli. Latency from cue to hatching decreased developmentally in both contexts and was shorter with MC, but the elements contributing to those changes differed.</span><em> </em><span>Hypoxia-assessment involved position changes, which decreased developmentally along with assessment time. MC-assessment<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span>occurred more rapidly, without movement, and decreased</span><span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>with age. The first stages of hatching, membrane rupture and head emergence, were surprisingly age-independent but faster with MC, congruent with greater effort under more immediate risk. In contrast, body emergence and compression showed ontogenetic improvement consistent with morphological constraints but no cue effect. Both appropriate timing and effective performance of hatching are necessary for continued development. Different stages of the process vary with development and environmental context, suggesting combinations of adaptive context- and stage-dependent behavior, cue-related constraints on information acquisition, and ontogenetic constraints on elements of performance. </span></p>
Data from: Multi-night territorial behavior, chorus attendance, and mating success in red-eyed treefrogs
<p>For many frog species that aggregate around ponds or streams, chorus attendance, the percentage of time or nights a given male is present and actively calling at an aggregation, is the strongest documented predictor of inter-male variation in reproductive success in the wild. Males are, thus, thought to compete via endurance rivalry, where available energetic reserves and individual physiology interact to determine chorus tenure. Frogs often exhibit territorial behavior within these aggregations, and territorial status is likely to influence a male's rate of energy expenditure. While males of several anuran species have been shown to hold territories across nights, it is not well understood whether such calling site fidelity is correlated with chorus attendance or mating success. Using subdermal RFID (PIT) tags, to minimize disturbance to chorus structure, we quantified site fidelity, chorus attendance, and mating success for all male red-eyed treefrogs (<em>Agalychnis callidryas</em>) within a breeding aggregation in Panama across 50 consecutive nights. We found that nearly half of these males held territories across nights, that this cross-night territorial behavior was highly correlated with chorus attendance, and that chorus attendance was, in turn, the strongest predictor of male mating success. Males were most faithful to calling sites containing vegetation contiguous with adjacent sites and were more likely to remain at a site if they were successful in acquiring a mate there on the previous night. To our knowledge, this is the first study linking male site fidelity to chorus attendance and mating success in anurans. While female mate choice is an established driver of lineage diversification and the evolution of sexual signals, agonistic interactions between males at breeding aggregations are well-documented from a wide range of anuran taxa. The relationship between male-male interactions and mating success deserves broader research attention among anuran species.</p>
Variation in eye abundance among scallops reveals ontogenetic and evolutionary convergence associated with life habits
<p>Eyes are remarkable systems to investigate the complex interaction between ecological drivers and phenotypic outcomes. Some animals, such as scallops, have many eyes for visual perception, but to date, the evolution of multiple-eye systems remains obscure. For instance, it is unclear whether eye number changes over a lifetime or varies among species. Scallops are a suitable model group to investigate these questions considering the interspecific variation of adult size and ecological diversity. We tested whether eye abundance scales with body size among individuals and species and whether it varies with life habits. We performed comparative analyses, including a phylogenetic ANCOVA and evolutionary model comparisons, based on eye count and shell height (as a proxy of body size) across 31 scallop species. Our analyses reveal that patterns of increasing relationship with body size are not concordant among taxa and suggest ontogenetic convergence caused by similar ecologies. Accordingly, selective optima in eye numbers are associated with shifts in life habits. For instance, species with increased mobility have significantly more eyes than less mobile species. The convergent evolution of greater eye abundance in more mobile scallops likely indicates a visual improvement based on increased levels of oversampling of the surrounding environment.</p>
Allometric scaling of a superposition eye optimises sensitivity and acuity in large and small hawkmoths
<p>Animals vary widely in body size within and across species. This has consequences for the function of organs and body parts in both large and small individuals. How these scale, in relation to body size, reveals evolutionary investment strategies, often resulting in trade-offs between functions. Eyes exemplify these trade-offs, as they are limited by their absolute size in two key performance features: sensitivity and spatial acuity. Due to their size polymorphism, insect compound eyes are ideal models for studying the allometric scaling of eye performance. Previous work on apposition compound eyes revealed that allometric scaling led to poorer spatial resolution and visual sensitivity in small individuals, across a range of insect species. Here, we used X-ray microtomography to investigate allometric scaling in superposition compound eyes – the second most common eye type in insects – for the first time. Our results reveal a novel strategy to cope with the trade-off between sensitivity and spatial acuity, as we show that the eyes of the hummingbird hawkmoth retain an optimal balance between these performance measures across all body sizes.</p>
Meiotic drive adaptive testes enlargement during early development in the stalk-eyed fly.
<p><span>The sex ratio 'SR' X-linked meiotic drive system in stalk-eyed flies destroys Y-</span><span>bearing sperm. Unlike other SR systems, drive males do not suffer fertility loss. They have greatly enlarged testes which compensate for gamete killing. We predicted that enlarged testes arise from extended development with resources re-allocated from the accessory glands, as these tend to be smaller in drive males. To test this, we tracked the growth of the testes and accessory glands of wild-type and drive males over 5–6 weeks post-eclosion before males attained sexual maturity. Neither of the original predictions is supported by these data. Instead, we found that the drive male testes were enlarged at eclosion, reflecting a greater allocation of resources to the testes during pupation. Testes grow at a higher rate during early adult development, but there was no evidence that this retards the growth of the accessory glands. Further experiments are proposed to investigate whether smaller accessory glands only arise in drive males post-copulation or when flies are subjected to nutritional stress. Our experimental findings support the idea that enlarged testes in drive males arise as an adaptive allocation of resources to traits that enhance male reproductive success.</span></p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.