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1,488 results for “helping”
How Bit-Vector Logic Can Help Improve the Verification of First-Order LTL Specifications
<p>Experimental evaluation for the encoding presented in the paper "How Bit-Vector Logic Can Help Improve the Verification of First-Order LTL Specifications".</p> <p>The encoding is implemented as a zot plugin entitled ae2bvzot.</p>
Data from: Shorebirds-driven trophic cascade helps restore coastal wetland multifunctionality
<p>Ecosystem restoration has traditionally focused on re-establishing vegetation and other foundation species at basal trophic levels, with mixed outcomes. Here, we show that threatened shorebirds could be important to restoring coastal wetland multifunctionality. We carried out surveys and manipulative field experiments in a region along the Yellow Sea affected by the invasive cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. We found that planting native plants alone failed to restore wetland multifunctionality in a field restoration experiment. Shorebird exclusion weakened wetland multifunctionality, whereas mimicking higher predation before shorebird population declines by excluding their key prey – crab grazers – enhanced wetland multifunctionality. The mechanism underlying these effects is a simple trophic cascade, whereby shorebirds control crab grazers that otherwise suppress native vegetation recovery and destabilize sediments (via bioturbation). Our findings suggest that harnessing the top-down effects of shorebirds – through habitat conservation, rewilding, or temporary simulation of consumptive or non-consumptive effects – should be explored as a nature-based solution to restoring the multifunctionality of degraded coastal wetlands. </p><p> </p><p>This ZIP file contains the following datasets and code for the above paper:</p><p>1. Focal study site_shorebird trends.xlsx This file contains data on shorebird abundance at the focal study site between 1996 and 2021</p><p>2. Regional crab grazing effects.xlsx This file contains data used in the meta-analysis of studies on the effect of crab grazers on native wetland plants</p><p>3. Regional predation intensity.xlsx This file contains data on shorebird predation on crabs at five native marsh sites</p><p>4. Restoration experiment_bird abundance.xlsx This file contains data on bird abundance in three camera traps installed at the restoration site</p><p>5. Restoration experiment_bird species richness.xlsx This file contains data on bird species richness in three camera traps installed at the restoration site</p><p>6. Restoration experiment_crab abundance.xlsx This file contains data on crab abundance in different treatments of the restoration experiment</p><p>7. Restoration experiment_ecosystem functions.xlsx This file contains data for the 12 ecosystem functions measured in different treatments of the restoration experiment</p><p>8. Restoration experiment_for meta-regression of bird effect sizes on crab abundance This file contains the calculated effect sizes of birds on crab abundance for meta-regression against bird abundance</p><p>9. Restoration experiment_for regression of ecosystem functions This file contains data for regression of ecosystem functions and multifunctionality against crab abundance and primary production </p><p>10. Restoration experiment_plant abundance.xlsx This file contains data on plant abundance in different treatments of the restoration experiment</p><p>11. Restoration experiment_predation intensity.xlsx This file contains data on shorebird predation on tethered crabs in different treatments of the restoration experiment</p><p>12. Restoration experiment_the rate of plant abundance change.xlsx This file contains data on the rate of plant abundance change in different treatments of the restoration experiment </p><p>13. Shorebird non-consumptive effects experiment.xlsx This file contains data on crab abundance in different treatments of the shorebird non-consumptive effects simulation experiment</p><p>14. Code_Li_Shorebirds_Ms.R This file contains the R code used for data analysis. </p>
Dataset of Move, Rove, Love: Color Cues Help Learning Novel English Words When Pronunciation Is Not Predictable From Spelling
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Test data for package HELPS
<p>This repository contains the necessary data files for conducting a test run with the HELPS package.</p> <p>The dataset includes two examples of testing data: daily input example and monthly input example.</p> <p>The <strong>daily inputs</strong> <strong>example </strong>are derived from a subset of <a href="https://data.isimip.org/search/tree/ISIMIP2b/InputData/climate/atmosphere/gfdl-esm2m/rcp60/">ISIMIP2b </a>data for the year 2024, featuring daily gridded (0.5-degree resolution) data for mean temperature (tas), relative humidity (hurs), and air pressure (ps). The <strong>monthly inputs example</strong>, generated using <a href="https://jgcri.github.io/basd/">BASD</a> for year 2024, including monthly gridded (0.5-degree resolution) data for tas, hurs, and surface downwelling shortwave radiation (rsds).</p> <p>Users are encouraged to refer to the package vignette and utilize the example data provided to explore the features and functionality of the HELPS package.</p>
Native ants help to spread an invasive African grass in the Cerrado
<p><span>Plant-animal interactions may facilitate biological invasions. The African grass </span><i>Urochloa decumbens</i> is an aggressive invader in the Cerrado. We demonstrate that native ants are dispersing the seeds to short distances, allowing the gradual spread of the invasive to sites without the need of great anthropogenic soil disturbances.</p>
Data from: A burning issue: Savanna fire management can generate enough carbon revenue to help restore Africa's rangelands and fill protected area funding gaps
<p>Many savanna-dependent species in Africa including large herbivores and apex predators are at increasing risk of extinction. Achieving effective management of protected areas (PAs) in Africa where lions live will cost an estimated USD >$1-2 B/year in new funding. We explored the potential for fire management-based carbon-financing programs to fill this funding gap and benefit degrading savanna ecosystems. We demonstrated how introducing early dry season fire management programs could produce potential carbon revenues (PCR) from either a single carbon-financing method (avoided emissions) or from multiple sequestration methods ranging from USD $59.6-$655.9 M/year (at USD $5/ton) or USD $155.0 M–$1.7 B/year (at USD $13/ton). We highlighted variable but significant PCR for savanna PAs from USD $1.5–$44.4 M/year per PA. We suggest investing in fire management programs to jump-start the United Nations Decade of Ecological Restoration to help restore degraded African savannas and conserve imperiled keystone herbivores and apex predators. </p>
Root anatomy helps to reconcile observed root trait syndromes in tropical tree species
<p>Studying the organization of functional traits in plant leaves and stems has revealed notable patterns linking function and form; however, evidence of similarly robust organization in root tissues remains controversial. We posit that anatomical traits in roots can provide insight on the overall organization of the root system. We hypothesize that A) size variation in the tissue outside the stele relates in a non-linear fashion with functional traits associated with direct resource uptake, including a negative relationship with root architectural traits; and B) similar relationships detected in tropical areas also hold true in other biomes.</p> <p>We address our hypotheses using empirical data from 24 tropical tree species in French Guiana, including anatomical measurements in first order roots, and functional trait description for the entire fine root system. In addition, we compiled a global meta-analysis of root trait with 500+ forest species across tropical, subtropical and temperate forests.</p> <p>Our results supported the expected non-linear relationships between cortical size and morphological traits, and a negative linear trend with architectural traits. We confirmed a global negative relationship between SRL, diameter and tissue density, suggesting similar anatomical constraints in root systems across woody plants. However the importance of factors vary across biomes, possibly related to the unequal phylogenetic representation of families across latitudes.</p> <p>Our findings imply that the rhizocentric hypothesis can be a valuable approach to understand fine root trait syndromes and the evolution of absorptive roots in vascular plants.</p>
Knowledge and perception of community on health-related activities of Inclusive Self Help Groups in three regions of Myanmar and ways for strengthening
<p>This data is gathered in 2019. </p>
Datafiles and code for Covas et al: The oxidative cost of helping and its minimisation in a cooperative breeder
<p>Cooperative actions are beneficial to the group, but presumably costly to the individual co-operators. In cooperatively breeding species, helping to raise young is thought to involve important energetic costs, which could lead to elevated exposure to reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress. However, identifying such costs can be difficult if individuals adjust their investment in helping in relation to environmental conditions or their own physiological condition. Experimental approaches are therefore required to quantify the costs of helping but, to date, these have been infrequent. Here, we combined correlational and experimental data to investigate the oxidative cost of helping-at-the-nest and how this affects helping decisions in wild sociable weavers <i>Philetairus socius</i>, a colonial cooperatively breeding bird. At the correlational level, we found that the probability of helping was influenced by the interaction of an individual's oxidative state and age: compared to younger birds, older individuals were more likely to help when they had higher oxidative damage, and the opposite trend was found for younger individuals. After experimentally increasing the energetic cost of flight, manipulated helpers in breeding colonies decreased nestling feeding rates and incurred an increase in oxidative damage, which was not present in manipulated helpers in non-breeding colonies. This indicates that individuals decreased their helping behaviour to minimise the associated costs. These results suggest <span>that oxidative stress can influence helping decisions and underlie a trade-off between cooperation and self-maintenance, which is central to understanding when helping might take place in this and other species.</span></p>
Data from: Transgenerational genetic effects help explain latitudinal variation in seed mass and germination timing in Plantago lanceolata
<p>We know little about the underlying genetic control of phenotypic patterns of seed traits across large-scale geographic and environmental gradients. Such knowledge is important for understanding the evolution of populations within species and for improving species conservation. Therefore, to test for genetic variation in <em>P. lanceolata</em>, we made reciprocal crosses between northern and southern genotypes that span the species' range in Europe. Results provide evidence of transgenerational genetic effects on seed mass and germination timing. Northern mothers produced larger seeds with delayed germination, in contrast to southern mothers, which produced smaller seeds with accelerated germination. Maternal latitude affected both the seed coat, solely maternal tissue, and embryo/endosperm tissues. Thus, latitudinal variation in seed size and germination timing can be explained, in part, by the direct influence of maternal genotype, independent of zygotic genes that parents pass directly to the embryo and endosperm. Data suggest that researchers exploring the existence and evolution of large-scale geographic variation within species test for transgenerational genetic effects. Also, data suggest that transgenerational control of seed traits should be considered when developing procedures designed to facilitate species conservation and restoration.</p>
Dataset for paper "What Helps a New GitHub Project Achieve Sustained Activity?"
<p>These data files are data for paper "What Helps a New GitHub Project Achieve Sustained Activity?".</p>
Using weather radar to help minimize wind energy impacts on nocturnally migrating birds
<p>As wind energy rapidly expands worldwide, information to minimize impacts of this development on biodiversity is urgently needed. Here we demonstrate how data collected by weather radar networks can inform placement and operation of wind facilities to reduce collisions and minimize habitat-related impacts for nocturnally migrating birds. We found over a third of nocturnal migrants flew through altitudes within the rotor-swept zone surrounding the North American Great Lakes, a continentally important migration corridor. Migrating birds concentrated in terrestrial stopover habitats within 20-km from shorelines, a distance well beyond the current guidelines for construction of new land-based facilities, and their distributions varied seasonally and at local and regional scales, creating predictable opportunities to minimize impacts from wind energy development and operation. Networked radar data are available across the U.S. and other countries and broad application of this approach could provide information critical to bird-friendly expansion of this globally important energy source.</p>
Considering inner and outer bark as distinctive tissues helps to disentangle the effects of bark traits on decomposition
<p>Revealing the ecological consequences of bark multifunctionality and its underlying traits has become a relatively new but essential focus in plant ecology. Although the enormous differences between the most crucial bark layers, i.e., inner and outer bark, in structure and functions have been widely recognized, the overall bark has been regarded as a homogenous tissue in most bark-related studies. This has led to poor knowledge on the functional independence, specialized contributions and possible linkages of inner and outer bark traits across tree species when further evaluating the crucial ecosystem functions that bark provides, especially in driving variation in bark decomposition. To fill this research gap, we used a "common garden experiment" on deadwood of six gymnosperms in a temperate forest in the Netherlands over four years of decomposition. We evaluated the differences and associations between inner and outer bark in initial functional traits, decomposition rates and afterlife effects of traits in driving in-situ bark decomposition across tree species at the earlier decomposition stage. We report four main findings: 1) inner and outer bark traits varied significantly and were not coordinated across tree species; 2) correspondingly, the decomposition of inner and outer bark were asynchronous and not coordinated across species and inner bark generally decomposed faster than outer bark; 3) the strong predictive traits driving bark decomposability were bark layer-specific, with several inner bark traits controlling inner bark decomposition rates but outer bark decomposability being poorly predicted by outer bark traits; 4) besides being controlled by inner bark traits, inner bark decomposition was also indirectly regulated by several functional traits and the structure-related trait spectrum of outer bark. Synthesis. This is the first study that has linked functional traits, decomposability and afterlife effects of inner and outer bark within the bark quantitatively. We highlight the significance of separating functional traits and ecological consequences of inner and outer bark in research in bark ecology and deadwood dynamics, rather than erroneously considering bark as a homogeneous tissue. Such research will help to better evaluate the function-oriented contribution of bark to the turnover of forest carbon and biogeochemical cycles from local to global scale.</p>
Dataset used in Can process mining help in anomaly-based intrusion detection?
<p>This is the dataset used in the paper Can process mining help in anomaly-based intrusion detection?</p>
Data from: Wound treatment and selective help in a termite-hunting ant.
Open wounds are a major health risk in animals, with species prone to injuries likely developing means to reduce these risks. We therefore analysed the behavioural response towards open wounds on the social and individual level in the termite group-hunting ant Megaponera analis. During termite raids some ants get injured by termite soldiers (biting off extremities), after the fight injured ants get carried back to the nest by nestmates. We observed treatment of the injury by nestmates inside the nest through intense allogrooming at the wound. Lack of treatment increased mortality from 10% to 80% within 24 hours, most likely due to infections. Wound clotting occurred extraordinarily fast in untreated injured individuals, within ten minutes. Furthermore, heavily injured ants (loss of five extremities) were not rescued or treated; this was regulated not by the helper but by the unresponsiveness of the injured ant. Interestingly, lightly injured ants behaved "more injured" near nestmates. We show organized social wound treatment in insects through a multifaceted help system focused on injured individuals. This was not only limited to selective rescuing of lightly injured individuals by carrying them back (thus reducing predation risk), but moreover included a differentiated treatment inside the nest.
Kin do not always help: testing multiple hypotheses on nest feeding in a cooperatively breeding bird
<p>In cooperatively breeding species, group members may derive multiple benefits from helping to raise other individuals' offspring, yet not all individuals do so. In this study, we tested several hypotheses to explain why group members feed offspring of breeding placid greenbuls (Phyllastrephus placidus). In accordance with the kin selection hypothesis, all helpers were first-order kin of the breeding female and the presence of helpers was associated with increased survival of the breeding pair. However, the propensity to help varied widely among group members, as 46% of group members related to the breeding female did not feed nestlings. Sex, relatedness to the breeding male, and group size did not explain additional variation in helping propensity or effort, however, younger helpers fed offspring more often than older ones. Overall, our results show mixed support for predictions of the group augmentation hypothesis, while predictions of the pay-to-stay hypothesis and skills hypothesis were not supported. We suggest that costs associated with providing food to nestlings, and benefits of other types of helping behavior (e.g. anti-predator behavior), may jointly explain why members of breeding groups often refrain from helping at the nest.</p>
Fig. 1 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species
Fig. 1. Adult female paratype of the cuckoo wasp Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate, Bellheim, 10 June 2012; voucher ID: ZFMK-TIS-36479), Photograph: O. Niehuis.
Fig. 4 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species
Fig. 4. Exemplar chromatograms showing diagnostic differences (specified inTables 1 and 2) between the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis in the female (A) and male (B) sex. The x-axis represents the retention time shown in form of Kovats retention indices (Kováts 1958), the y-axis shows the total intensity of ions (TIC). Diagnostic alkenes are indicated with their Kovats retention index (Kováts 1958) in parentheses to differentiate them from alkenes with the same chain length but differing in the location of their double bond.
Fig. 3 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species
Fig. 3. Two-dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities between cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of males and females of the cuckoo wasps Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (6 ♂♂, 25 ♀♀) and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀) as well as of three vespid wasps known to serve as hosts of these two cuckoo wasps, Ancistrocerus antilope (23 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀), Euodynerus notatus (13 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀), and Euodynerus quadrifasciatus (14 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀). Note that the plot includes the CHC profile data of the holotype of C. parabrevitarsis n. sp. and CHC profile data of the lectotype of C. pseudobrevitarsis.
Fig. 6 in A Tale of Two Setae: How Morphology and ITS2 Help Delimit a Cryptic Species Complex in Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)
Fig. 6. Dorsal view of mesosomal color variation in Burkseus vittatus: (A) D4559, (B) D5320, (C) D5113, (D) D5101, (E) D4699, (F) D3640, (G) D4173, (H) D3665, (I) D3666, (J) D4177, (K) D3993, and (L) illustrated view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.