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1,355 results for “manipulation”
TeRaBio: Manipulating Temperature, Rainfall, and Biodiversity: Continuous Soil Moisture and Temperature
Ecosystems are undergoing and will continue to experience multiple, simultaneous global changes, including the loss of biodiversity, warming, and increased frequency and intensity of droughts. It is largely unknown whether and how these simultaneous shifts will interactively alter ecosystem processes. The Biodiversity and Climate (BAC) experiment (e249) at Cedar Creek has contributed to our understanding of how increasing temperatures can affect ecosystem functioning in communities planted with different numbers and combinations of plant species. Results to date suggest that the warming manipulation in this experiment is not only directly affecting ecosystems through increased temperature, but is also indirectly impacting ecosystems by creating drier soil and microclimate conditions. Such drying effects caused by warming could be exacerbated during droughts, which are expected to become increasingly frequent and intense. To investigate this, we propose to establish a new experiment that fully crosses three treatments: Temperature (ambient or warmed ~1.5??C above ambient), Rainfall (ambient or reduced by ~43%, which corresponds to a 1 in 100 year dry event), and Biodiversity (plots planted with 1, 4, or 16 species). Data collected will include yearly growing season aboveground net primary production, root biomass, soil moisture, relative humidity, light transmittance, and disease prevalence.
Soil Moisture Responses to Short-Term Soil Manipulation Experiment
A short-term soil manipulation experiment has been conducted as part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project. The moisture content of soil samples collected for organism extraction and identification was determined. Samples were taken on November 13, 1995, November 17, 1995, November 24, 1995 and December 11, 1995.
Soil Biota Responses to Short-Term Soil Manipulation Experiment
A short-term soil manipulation experiment has been conducted as part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project. The response of soil organisms (nematodes, rotifers and tardigrades) to the treatments is monitored by sampling soil following various treatment applications. Samples were taken on November 13, 1995, November 17, 1995, November 24, 1995 and December 11, 1995.
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) Carbon Dioxide Data from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (7/2007-8/2009)
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, which alters the pulses of soil moisture that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. In particular, we predict that many small events will increase soil CO2 effluxes by stimulating microbial processes but not plant growth, whereas a small number of large events will increase aboveground NPP and soil respiration by providing sufficient deep soil moisture to sustain plant growth for longer periods of time during the summer monsoon.
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) Soil Temperature Data from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (7/2007-8/2009)
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, which alters the pulses of soil moisture that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. In particular, we predict that many small events will increase soil CO2 effluxes by stimulating microbial processes but not plant growth, whereas a small number of large events will increase aboveground NPP and soil respiration by providing sufficient deep soil moisture to sustain plant growth for longer periods of time during the summer monsoon.
Microclimate and growth data under three vegetation manipulations with and without Morella cerifera seedlings and grass clipping on Hog Island, Virginia, 2018
These data represent the growth, physiology, and microclimate measurements of 30 Morella cerifera seedlings in a south Hog Island swale. There were three manipulations: shrub seedlings with intact grass canopy, shrub seedlings with grasses clipped, and plots with no shrub seedlings but an intact grass canopy. Measurements include shrub seedlings dimensions, and isotopic characterizations for N and C.
supplementary video for the manuscript "Parallelized manipulation of adherent living cells by magnetic nanoparticles-mediated forces"
<pre><strong>Video S6: Parallelized magnetic control of Hela cells</strong></pre> <pre><strong>Video S7: Parallelized magnetic control of SHSY-5Y cells</strong></pre> <pre><strong>Video S8: Parallelized magnetic control of cortical neurons</strong></pre> <pre><strong>Video S9: Parallelized magnetic control of cortical neurons</strong></pre> <pre><strong>Video S10&S11: Parallelized magnetic control of PC12 cells</strong></pre> <pre><strong>Video S12: Lysosome labeling of Hela cells</strong></pre> <pre><strong>Video S13: Late endosome labeling of Hela cells</strong></pre>
Juggling options: manipulation ease determines primate optimal fruit size choice
<p>Optimal foraging theory predicts that animals will seek simultaneously to minimize food processing time and maximize energetic gain. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated whether a specialist seed-predator primate forages optimally when choosing among variable-sized thick-husked fruits. Our objects of study were the golden-backed-uacari (<em>Cacajao ouakary</em>, Pitheciidae) and single seeded pods of the macucu tree (<em>Aldina latifolia</em>, Fabaceae). We predicted that golden-backed-uacari will consume fruits of the size class that requires the least time to obtain, handle, and ingest. We used scan-sampling, ad libitum to record feeding observations, and measured fruits, their penetrability and the size of taxidermised <em>C. ouakary</em> hands. To test if uacaris selected for optimal characteristics, we compared 8 metrics from 75 eaten and 105 uneaten seeds/fruits collected. Uacaris selected fruits of medium size and weight disproportionately to their abundance. Processing large fruits took six times longer than did medium-sized fruits, but seeds were only four times as large, that is, for energetic yield per unit time, thus choosing medium-sized pods was optimal. Disproportionate selection by <em>C. ouakary</em> of fruits of medium size and mass in relation to their abundance suggests active sub-sampling of the available weight-size continuum. This selectivity probably maximizes trade-offs between the energy derived from a seed, and time and energy expended in processing fruit to access this, so following optimal foraging theory predictions. The greater time spent processing large pods is attributed to difficulties manipulating objects five to seven times the size of the animal's palm and one-sixth its own body weight.</p>
AnDy Data - Human Human Object Co-Manipulation
<p>This dataset contains measurements for two manipulation experiments. The first is a human dyad executing a shared co-manipulation task. And the second is a human single-handedly executing the same task in the same experimental setup.</p> <p>Both experiments are described in detail in the provided .PDF file. The participants, and the conditions in which they executed the experiments are described in the accompanying .XLS files.</p> <p>With the exception of proprietary data, all files are in .CSV format. The collected data is comprised of: Kinematic data of the subjects' arm; raw electromyography (EMG) signals from the subjects' arm; as well as the maximum value of contraction for each measured muscle in their arm. Additionally, there is data regarding the efficiency in which the dyad executes the task (number of wall touches).</p> <p>The Kinematic, and the EMG data, were collected with proprietary software, so the original files in the proprietary format are also made available.</p>
Climate manipulations differentially affect plant population dynamics within versus beyond northern range limits
<ol> <li>Predicting species' range shifts under future climate is a central goal of conservation ecology. Studying populations within and beyond multiple species' current ranges can help identify whether demographic responses to climate change exhibit directionality, indicative of range shifts, and whether responses are uniform across a suite of species.</li> <li>We quantified the demographic responses of six native perennial prairie species planted within and, for two species, beyond their northern range limits to a three-year experimental manipulation of temperature and precipitation at three sites spanning a latitudinal climate gradient in the Pacific Northwest, USA. We estimated population growth rates <span>(</span><span>λ</span><span>) </span>using integral projection models and tested for opposing responses to climate in different demographic vital rates (demographic compensation).</li> <li>Where species successfully established reproductive populations, warming negatively affected <span>λ</span> at sites within species' current ranges. Contrarily, warming and drought positively affected <span>λ</span> for the two species planted beyond their northern range limits. Most species failed to establish a reproductive population at one or more sites within their current ranges, due to extremely low germination and seedling survival. We found little evidence of demographic compensation buffering populations to the climate treatments.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis: </i>These results support predictions across a suite of species that ranges will need to shift with climate change as populations within current ranges become increasingly vulnerable to decline. Species capable of dispersing beyond their leading edges may be more likely to persist, as our evidence suggests that projected changes in climate may benefit such populations. If species are unable to disperse to new habitat on their own, assisted migration may need to be considered to prevent the widespread loss of vulnerable species.</li> </ol>
Data from: Deciphering the stability of grassland productivity in response to rainfall manipulation experiments
<p>Aim: Rainfall manipulation experiments are essential tools for deciphering mechanisms leading to variation in ecosystem stability across sites. Here, we gathered articles reporting results of experimental droughts on grasslands above-ground biomass: to identify which indices have been used to assess stability, to evaluate the overall grassland responses to drought, and to quantify the relative importance of drought characteristics and climatic conditions on explaining variation in stability.</p> <p>Location: Global</p> <p>Time period: 1989-2018</p> <p>Major taxa studied: Grasslands</p> <p>Methods: We used meta-analysis approaches to evaluate overall grassland stability in terms of resistance, recovery and resilience, and multi-model inference to assess the relative importance of different moderators on explaining variability on those three stability properties.</p> <p>Results: Numerous indices of stability have been used, but they are inadequate for comparisons across sites. After applying standardized indices, we found that grasslands were resilient (biomass remained unchanged one year after drought) and exhibited a trade-off between low resistance (biomass was lost during drought) and high recovery (new biomass was produced after drought). Overall, climatic conditions and drought characteristics (intensity, duration and frequency) were not important to explain the differences in stability observed across grasslands.</p> <p>Main Conclusions: Grasslands are resilient, but if drought events last longer than a year, there might be long-term declines of biomass production due to incomplete recovery. Despite the hundreds of experiments conducted in grasslands across the globe, results are still inconclusive due to four important shortcomings: 50% of the studies have failed on creating drought, 81% have not included recovery and resilience only assessing resistance, 87% have not applied quantitative indices to assess stability, and less than 1% of the studies were conducted on tropical grasslands. We discuss how to overcome those limitations to further improve our ability to ensure a stable grassland productivity under climate changes.</p>
Divergent responses of forest dominant trees species to the manipulated canopy and understory nitrogen additions in terms of foliage stoichiometric, economic and hydraulic traits
<p>Nitrogen (N) deposition effects on the stoichiometric balance and photosynthetic and hydraulic couplings in subtropical forests has drawn wide attentions. The previously adopted understory application of N fertilization is criticized because it might ignore foliar N retention for different species. This paper reports a fertilizing application from the canopy (CAN) and under the canopy (UAN) in a phosphorus (P) limited ecosystem. Foliage stoichiometric, photosynthetic and hydraulic traits of six dominant species were measured and analyzed. Both treatments equally enhanced foliage N and N/P, but not foliage P, who was highly species-specific depending on tree height, which implied enhanced P limitation. Decreased isotope abundance of <sup><span>15</span></sup>N (δ<sup><span>15</span></sup>N) that approaching to the level in the urea fertilizer under CAN suggested the existence of canopy retention of N. Besides, N response sensitivity of N, P and δ<sup><span>15</span></sup>N that positively related to tree height (H) under CAN indicated different exposure to the added N, which promoted stoichiometric imbalance among species. The photosynthetic traits represented by net photosynthesis (<i><span>A</span></i><sub><span>n</span></sub>) increased under both treatments. A divergent foliar photosynthetic and hydraulic traits varations was identified by signifcant decreased stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub><span>s</span></sub>) and <i><span>A</span></i><sub><span>n </span></sub>/<i><span>g</span></i><sub><span>s</span></sub> for CAN treatments, which induced the elevated isotope abundance of <sup><span>13</span></sup>C (δ<sup><span>13</span></sup>C). Correspondingly, foliage hydraulic traits that shifted to water use efficiency axis were identified only under CAN in principal component analysis. Overall, our results proved that the canopy obsorbtion and species heterogeneity should be considered regarding foliar safety vs efficiency trade-off in response to nitrogen additions in the future.</p>
Quo Vadis, Methodology? The Key Role of Manipulation Checks for Validity Control and Quality of Science
<p>Data set and code book related to the article "Quo Vadis, Methodology? The Key Role of Manipulation Checks for Validity Control and Quality of Science"</p>
Data from: Open-top chambers for temperature manipulation in taller-stature plant communities
Open-top chambers simulate global warming by passively increasing air temperatures in field experiments. They are commonly used in low-stature alpine and arctic ecosystems, but rarely in taller-stature plant communities because of their limited height. We present a modified International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) chamber design for year-round outdoor use in warming taller-stature plant communities up to 1.5m tall. We report a full year of results for the chambers' effects on air and soil temperature, relative humidity, and soil moisture in a northern hardwood forest clearing and a southern early successional grassland site located in Michigan, USA. Detailed construction plans are also provided. The chambers elevated daytime air temperatures at 1m height by 1.8ºC above ambient levels, on average over an entire year, at both the northern and southern site. The chambers did not affect relative humidity at either site. The chambers did not alter average soil temperature or moisture at the northern site and reduced soil temperatures and soil moisture at the southern site. The chambers increased variability in soil freeze/thaw cycles at both sites. The chambers achieved predicted levels of warming for mid-century (2046-2065) scenarios consistent with the majority of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) in the International Panel on Climate Change 5th Assessment Report, with minimal experimental artifact. This design is a valuable tool for examining the effects of in situ warming on understudied taller-stature plant communities and creates the opportunity to expand future comparisons across a diversity of systems.
Data from: Support for the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis in the wild: hormonal manipulation decreases survival in sick damselflies
The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) states that hormones enhance sexual trait expression but impair immunity. Previous tests of the ICHH have been hampered by experimental design problems. Here we report on an experimental test of the ICHH that includes manipulations of both hormones and infections in males of the territorial damselfly, Hetaerina americana, with accurate survival measurements. We conducted a fully factorial experiment subjecting each individual to one of three topical treatments: methoprene (a juvenile hormone analog), acetone, or control, and one of three injection treatments: bacteria, PBS, or control. We measured survival of manipulated males in both the wild and in captivity. As predicted, survival was most heavily impaired in methoprene-bacteria males than in the other groups in the wild, and no survival differences emerged in captive animals. This result confirms that survival is one cost an animal pays for increased hormonal levels. This corroborates theoretical predictions of the ICHH.
Data from: Condition-dependent expression of carotenoid- and melanin-based plumage colour of northern flicker nestlings revealed by manipulation of brood size
Carotenoid-based colouration in feathers is widely accepted to be a reliable signal of the health of an individual, but the condition-dependence of melanin-based plumage ornaments has been highly debated. Using broods that were manipulated in size, we tested whether nutritional stress during rearing affected the carotenoid pigmentation in secondary feathers and the size, shape, and symmetry of melanin spots on breast plumage of northern flicker Colaptes auratus nestlings. Two measures of carotenoid colour (chroma and brightness) of secondary flight feathers did not vary according to brood size treatment, but in a larger dataset from the population, carotenoid chroma was positively associated with nestling mass. Nestlings from experimentally enlarged broods had smaller melanin spots than those from reduced broods, which is some of the first experimental evidence that melanin ornament size in growing nestlings is condition-dependent. However, the shape and symmetry of the melanin breast spots was not associated with nestling mass. Sexual dimorphism was apparent in both types of pigmentation and future studies should investigate whether there are any trade-offs for nestlings between investing in carotenoid colouration and melanisation and whether trade-offs differ between the sexes.
Data from: Rain, predators, and spider sociality: a manipulative experiment
Group-living organisms offer a unique perspective on how environmental gradients influence geographic distributions, as not only the properties of individuals, but also those of their groups interact with the environment to determine a species range. In turn, the ranges of group-living organisms should provide insights on the conditions that favor group versus solitary living. Here we show that rain intensity and predation by ants, factors postulated to exclude subsocial Anelosimus spiders from the lowland tropical rainforest, are greater in this habitat than at higher elevations. We further show that experimentally excluding these factors increases the survival of subsocial Anelosimus colonies when transplanted to the lowland rainforest, but not at their native higher elevation range. While providing a rare experimental test of the simultaneous importance of abiotic and biotic gradients on species range limits, these results provide direct evidence that adverse environmental factors may prevent solitary living and require group living in certain environments.
Data from: Pathogens manipulate the preference of vectors, slowing disease spread in a multi-host system
The spread of vector‐borne pathogens depends on a complex set of interactions among pathogen, vector, and host. In single‐host systems, pathogens can induce changes in vector preferences for infected vs. healthy hosts. Yet it is unclear if pathogens also induce changes in vector preference among host species, and how changes in vector behaviour alter the ecological dynamics of disease spread. Here, we couple multi‐host preference experiments with a novel model of vector preference general to both single and multi‐host communities. We show that viruliferous aphids exhibit strong preferences for healthy and long‐lived hosts. Coupling experimental results with modelling to account for preference leads to a strong decrease in overall pathogen spread through multi‐host communities due to non‐random sorting of viruliferous vectors between preferred and non‐preferred host species. Our results demonstrate the importance of the interplay between vector behaviour and host diversity as a key mechanism in the spread of vectored‐diseases.
Data from: Convergence in resource use efficiency across trees with differing hydraulic strategies in response to ecosystem precipitation manipulation
1. Plants are expected to respond to drought by maximizing the efficiency of the most limiting resource, the water use efficiency (WUE), at the expense of nitrogen and carbon use efficiencies (NUE and CUE). Therefore, plants resource use efficiencies are viewed as indicators of species drought tolerance. 2. We tested these predictions by measuring leaf-level intrinsic WUE (WUEi, the ratio of net assimilation to stomatal conductance), photosynthetic NUE (PNUE, the ratio of daily maximum net assimilation to leaf nitrogen content) and leaf-scale CUE (approached by the ratio of nighttime respiration to daytime net assimilation, Rd/An) in piñon pine and juniper, two tree species that differ in drought tolerance and vulnerability to drought-induced mortality. Variations in resource use efficiency in the two species were measured in response to seasonal drought and in response to an ecosystem-scale precipitation manipulation experiment comprising three precipitation treatments: ambient, irrigation (+30%) and partial rainfall exclusion (-45%). 3. Increasing water limitation, either seasonally or across treatments, resulted in increased WUE and decreased PNUE and CUE in both species. WUE, PNUE and CUE varied more strongly in response to water limitation than across species and converged to the same relationships against precipitation for piñon and juniper. 4. Plasticity in WUE, PNUE and CUE in response to water limitation was associated, in both species, with low carbon acquisition during drought. Our results exhibited a convergence in resource use efficiency across piñon and juniper which contradicts the paradigm that resource use efficiencies are indicators of species drought tolerance and ecological strategy.
Data from: Timing manipulations reveal the lack of a causal link across timing of annual-cycle stages in a long-distance migrant
Organisms need to time their annual-cycle stages, like breeding and migration, to occur at the right time of the year. Climate change has shifted the timing of annual-cycle stages at different rates, thereby tightening or lifting time constraints of these annual-cycle stages, a rarely studied consequence of climate change. The degree to which these constraints are affected by climate change depends on whether consecutive stages are causally linked (I) or whether the timing of each stage is independent of other stages (II). Under (I), a change in timing in one stage has knock-on timing effects on subsequent stages, whereas under (II) a shift in the timing of one stage affects the degree of overlap with previous and subsequent stages. For testing this we combined field manipulations, captivity measurements and geolocation data. We advanced and delayed hatching dates in pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) and measured how the timing of subsequent stages (male moult and migration) were affected. There was no causal effect of manipulated hatching dates on the onset of moult and departure to Africa. Thus, advancing hatching dates reduced the male moult-breeding overlap with no effect on the moult-migration interval. Interestingly, the wintering location of delayed males was more westwards, suggesting that delaying the termination of breeding carries-over to winter location. Because we found no causal linkage of the timing of annual-cycle stages, climate change can shift these stages at different rates, with the risk that the time available for some become so short that this will have major fitness consequences.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.