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FIGURE 12 in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 12. Strict consensus of 47 MPTs demonstrating the relative position of TATE-099 using the matrix of Tschopp and others (2015).

FIGURE 5 in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 5. Left pterygoid (i, iv), quadrate (ii, v), and quadratojugal (iii, vi) in A) dorsal and B) ventral views. Scale bar equals 10 cm. Artwork by Ryan Steiskal. Abb: pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal.

FIGURE 3 in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 3. Right maxilla in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views with the left ectopterygoid (i) and left palatine (ii) adhered to the ventral surface. Scale bar equals 10 cm. Artwork by Ryan Steiskal. Abb: aof, antorbital fenestra; paof, preantorbital fenestra.

FIGURE 8. Reconstructed cast and 3D in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 8. Reconstructed cast and 3D model of the braincase of TATE-099 in dorsal view (A, B), ventral view (C, D), posterior view (E, F), right lateral view (G, H), and left lateral view (I, J). Scale bar equals 10 cm. Abb: bo, basoccipital; bpr, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; cpr, crista prootica; eo, exoccipital-opithsotic; f, frontal; fm, foramen magnum; p, parietal; pas, parasphenoid; pft, posttemporal fenestra; po, postorbital; popr, paroccipital process; so, supraoccipital; snc, sagittal nuchal crest; stf, supratemporal fenestra.

FIGURE 14. 3D in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 14. 3D model of a cast of the erupted tooth row of TATE-099 in (A) labial and (B) lingual views with crown heights (C) and comparative measurements of the unerupted replacement teeth (D). Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 6 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 6. Recrystallization of bone mineral. Note that through geologic time, the crystallite has become enlarged, and many of its original ions have been replaced by other ions from groundwater. Here, ions are not shown to scale with respect to each other or to the size of the crystallite. For details on relative abundances of the various ions in fossil bone, see Hubert et al. (1996); Kiseleva et al. (2019); Ullman et al. (2021); Schroeter et al. (2022); and Ullmann et al. (2022). REE = rare earth elements.

FIGURE 7 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 7. Spherical objects in a blood vessel from fossil bone, and items with which such structures have been hypothetically identified. The scale bar applies to A, C, and the smaller version of the image in B. The correct identity of the spherical objects in blood vessels of fossil bone remains unknown. A. Spherical objects in a blood vessel from fossil bone of the theropod dinosaur Beipiaosaurus inexpectus, from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China (Lower Cretaceous: Barremian–Aptian). This image is used with the permission of the journal PeerJ. It is from figure 2C of "Putative fossil blood cells reinterpreted as diagenetic structures," PeerJ, vol. 9: e12651, Korneisel et al. (2019). B. Pyrite framboids, shown to scale with A and C (left) and enlarged (right). This image is used with the permission of the journal PALAIOS. It is from figure 1 of "Rapid formation of framboidal sulfides on bone surfaces from a simulated marine carcass fall," PALAIOS, vol. 30: 327-334, Vietti et al. (2015). C. Red blood cells of the crocodilian species Caiman yacare (spectacled caiman). This image is reprinted by permission from Springer, from figure 1A of "Hepatozoon caimani Carini, 1909 (Adeleina: Hepatozoidae) in wild population of Caiman yacare Daudin, 1801 (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae), Pantanal, Brazil," Parasitology Research, vol. 116: 1907-1916 (2017).

FIGURE 6 in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 6. Reconstruction of the skull of TATE-099 in A) left lateral view, B) right lateral view, C) dorsal view, and D) ventral view. Scale bar equals 10 cm. Artwork by Ryan Steiskal.

FIGURE S1 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE S1. The prototype of the Wada air scribe. The short air scribe and the cylinder were welded together, at an L-shaped configuration. The impact angle remained fixed at 90 degrees and could not be adjusted.

FIGURE S4. The production flow for a in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE S4. The production flow for a bushing. Schematic diagrams in lateral (upper row) and front (middle row) views and cross-sections (lower row) are shown.

FIGURE 11 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 11. Usage example of the Wada air scribe. A, fossil preparation inside of the deep cavity; B, preparation under a microscope using the Wada air scribe.

FIGURE 8 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 8. The assembly drawing of the Wada air scribe and the handle form 1 (A-C) and 2 (D-F). A, insert the air scribe between the left and right arm; B, angle adjustment of the Wada air scribe; C, the Wada air scribe with the handle form 1 in right lateral view; D, insert the air scribe into the body holder and attach them to the support rod; E, angle adjustment of the Wada air scribe; F, the Wada air scribe with the handle form 2.

FIGURE 6. The handle form 1. A in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 6. The handle form 1. A, production process. The component numbers correspond to those in Figure 2; B, the handle in right lateral view; C, the handle in top view; D, the handle with the socket head screw (M4) in bottom view; E, the handle in left lateral view.

FIGURE 5. The Wada air scribe. A in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 5. The Wada air scribe. A, the structure of the Wada air scribe. The component numbers correspond to those in the Figure 2; B, diagram of the Wada air scribe in lateral view; C, cross section of the Wada air scribe in lateral view.

FIGURE 3 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 3. The junction (A-E), cylinder (F-J), and bushing (K-O) in right lateral (A, B, C, F, G, H, K, L, and M), back (D), and front (I and N) views. The component numbers correspond to those of Figure 2. A, one-fifth from the screw head of a fully threaded hex screw; B, the junction; C, diagram of the junction; D, the junction; E, cross section of the junction; F, a coupling nut; G, the cylinder; H, diagram of the cylinder; I, the cylinder; J, cross section of the cylinder; K, middle part of a partially threaded socket head screw; L, the bushing; M, diagram of the bushing highlighting the stem and an exhaust hole; N, the bushing; O, cross section of the bushing.

FIGURE 7. The handle form 2. A in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 7. The handle form 2. A, production process of the support rod; B, production process of the body holder; C, the support rod in right lateral view; D, the support rod in top view; E. the support rod in bottom view; F, the support rod in front view; G, the body holder in right lateral view; H, the body holder in front view. The component numbers correspond to those in Figure 2.

FIGURE 2 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 2. List of the components for one Wada air scribe and two forms of the handle. The "M" designation for metric screws indicates the outer diameter of the screw thread in mm.

FIGURE 1 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 1. Usage example of a conventional pen-shaped pneumatic air scribe. A. Fossil preparation inside of the deep cavity. Note that preparators are required to hold the air scribe at an awkward angle when they try to prepare a hard-to-reach area. B. Micropreparation using the pen-shaped air scribe. The handle of the air scribe could be caught on the rim of the objective lens.

FIGURE S3. The production flow for a in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE S3. The production flow for a cylinder. Schematic diagrams in lateral (upper row) and front (lower row) views are shown.

FIGURE S2. The production flow for a in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE S2. The production flow for a junction. Schematic diagrams in lateral view (upper row) and crosssections (lower row) are shown.