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376 results for “morphological divergence”
Data on assessing the effects of genetic divergence and morphology on Anolis lizard mating
<p>The brown anole (<i>Anolis sagrei</i>) is a widespread neotropical lizard found on many islands in the West Indies as well as the coast of Central America. Across their range, brown anole populations show extensive ecomorphological trait variation and substantial genetic divergence. It is unclear, however, whether this genetic and morphological divergence results in reproductive isolation between populations. We investigated variation in mating behavior across populations by analyzing four hours of video of each of 234 captive male-female <i>A. sagrei </i>pairs encompassing all 36 possible pairings from six sampled islands. For each pair of individuals, we tested for an association between the occurrence of mating, morphological traits, and genetic relatedness of their populations. We found no support for the hypotheses that ecological and/or non-ecological divergence is driving premating reproductive isolation in <i>A. sagrei</i>. We did find that males with relatively short heads tend to mate more quickly and hypothesize potential explanations that warrant future investigation.</p>
Data from: Elevation is a stronger predictor of morphological trait divergence than competition in a radiation of tropical lizards
<p><span>1. Adaptations for efficient performance are expected to shape animal morphology based on selection for microhabitat use and ecological forces. The presence of competitor species is predicted to cause niches to contract and enhance trait divergence. Therefore, increased species richness is expected to lead to greater trait divergence, and to result in reduced overlap and similarity between morphologies of sympatric species.</span></p> <p><span>2. We examined patterns of morphospace occupancy and partitioning in the skink fauna of New Guinea, the world's largest tropical island. Because skink species richness is largely decoupled from elevation in New Guinea, we could examine the effects of both factors (as proxies for competition and abiotic conditions), on morphospace occupancy and partitioning.</span></p> <p><span>3. We measured 1860 specimens from 79 species of skinks throughout Papua New Guinea, and examined their morphospace occupancy in a spatial context. We calculated for each assemblage within equal-area cells, the volume of morphospace occupied by all skinks, the mean volume occupied per species, and the mean distance and overlap between all species pairs. We then examined if these metrics are related to species richness and elevation.</span></p> <p><span>4. Elevation is a stronger predictor of morphospace occupancy than species richness. As elevation increases intraspecific variation decreases and morphologies become more similar to each other, such that overall morphospace occupancy decreases. Highland skinks are, on average, smaller, thinner, and shorter limbed than lowland species.</span></p> <p><span>5. We hypothesize that harsh climates in the New Guinea highland habitats impose strong selection on skinks to occupy specific areas of morphospace that facilitate efficient thermoregulation in sub-optimal thermal conditions. We conclude that the effect of competition on trait divergence on a community and assemblage scale is eclipsed by abiotic selection pressures in these harsh environments.</span></p>
Data from: Morphological differentiation correlates with ecological but not genetic divergence in a Gehyra gecko.
Body size affects life history, the ecological niche of an organism and its interactions with other organisms. Resultantly, marked differences in body size between related organisms are often an indication of a species boundary. This is particularly evident in the Gehyra variegata species complex of geckos, which displays differential body sizes between genetically divergent species, but high levels of intra-specific morphological conservatism. We report on a Gehyra population that displays extraordinary body size differentiation in comparison with other G. variegata species. We used morphological and environmental data to show this population is phenotypically and ecologically distinct from its parapatric congener G. lazelli and that morphology and ecology are significantly correlated. Contrastingly, mtDNA analysis indicates paraphyly between the two groups and allele frequencies at six microsatellite loci show no population structure concordant with morpho/eco-type. These results suggest either ecological speciation or environmentally induced phenotypic polymorphism, in an otherwise morphologically conservative group.
Data from: Morphology, fossils, divergence timing, and the phylogenetic relationships of Gavialis
Although morphological data have historically favored a basal position for the Indian gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) within Crocodylia and a Mesozoic divergence between Gavialis and all other crocodylians, several recent molecular data sets have argued for a sister-group relationship between Gavialis and the Indonesian false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) and a divergence between them no earlier than the Late Tertiary. Fossils were added to a matrix of 164 discrete morphological characters and subjected to parsimony analysis. When morphology was analyzed alone, Gavialis was the sister taxon of all other extant crocodylians whether or not fossil ingroup taxa were included, and a sister-group relationship between Gavialis and Tomistoma was significantly less parsimonious. In combination with published sequence and restriction site fragment data, Gavialis was the sister taxon of all other living crocodylians, but the position of Tomistoma depended on the inclusion of fossil ingroup taxa; with or without fossils, preferred morphological and molecular topologies were not significantly different. Fossils closer to Gavialis than to Tomistoma can be recognized in the Late Cretaceous, and fossil relatives of Tomistoma are known from the basal Eocene, strongly indicating a divergence long before the Late Tertiary. Comparison of minimum divergence time from the fossil record with different measures of molecular distance indicates evolutionary rate heterogeneity within Crocodylia. Fossils strongly contradict a post-Oligocene divergence between Gavialis and any other living crocodylian, but the phylogenetic placement of Gavialis is best viewed as unresolved.
Data from: Cellular basis of morphological variation and temperature-related plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster strains with divergent wing shapes
Organ shape evolves through cross-generational changes in developmental patterns at cellular and/or tissue levels that ultimately alter tissue dimensions and final adult proportions. Here, we investigated the cellular basis of an artificially selected divergence in the outline shape of Drosophila melanogaster wings, by comparing flies with elongated or rounded wing shapes but with remarkably similar wing sizes. We also tested whether cellular plasticity in response to developmental temperature was altered by such selection. Results show that variation in cellular traits is associated with wing shape differences, and that cell number may play an important role in wing shape response to selection. Regarding the effects of developmental temperature, a size-related plastic response was observed, in that flies reared at 16 °C developed larger wings with larger and more numerous cells across all intervein regions relative to flies reared at 25 °C. Nevertheless, no conclusive indication of altered phenotypic plasticity was found between selection strains for any wing or cellular trait. We also described how cell area is distributed across different intervein regions. It follows that cell area tends to decrease along the anterior wing compartment and increase along the posterior one. Remarkably, such pattern was observed not only in the selected strains but also in the natural baseline population, suggesting that it might be canalized during development and was not altered by the intense program of artificial selection for divergent wing shapes.
Figure 26 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 26. Distribution of A, Pseudoanthidium kaspareki; B, P. rozeni.
Figure 15. Neotype Anthidium stigmaticorne. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 15. Neotype Anthidium stigmaticorne. A, dorsal view; B, labels; C, face; D, lateral view.
Figure 14. Lectotype Anthidium frontale. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 14. Lectotype Anthidium frontale. A, dorsal view; B, face; C, labels; D, lateral view.
Figure 5. Lectotype, Pseudoanthidium nanum. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 5. Lectotype, Pseudoanthidium nanum. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, labels.
Figure 26 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 26. Distribution of A, Pseudoanthidium kaspareki; B, P. rozeni.
Figure 15. Neotype Anthidium stigmaticorne. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 15. Neotype Anthidium stigmaticorne. A, dorsal view; B, labels; C, face; D, lateral view.
Figure 14. Lectotype Anthidium frontale. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 14. Lectotype Anthidium frontale. A, dorsal view; B, face; C, labels; D, lateral view.
Figure 5. Lectotype, Pseudoanthidium nanum. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 5. Lectotype, Pseudoanthidium nanum. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, labels.
Supplementary material 1 from: Radek R, Wurzbacher C, Gisder S, Nilsson RH, Owerfeldt A, Genersch E, Kirk PM, Voigt K (2017) Morphologic and molecular data help adopting the insect-pathogenic nephridiophagids (Nephridiophagidae) among the early diverging fungal lineages, close to the Chytridiomycota. MycoKeys 25: 31-50. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.25.12446
Figure S1 : Data type: molecular data
Figures 1-9 from: Radek R, Wurzbacher C, Gisder S, Nilsson RH, Owerfeldt A, Genersch E, Kirk PM, Voigt K (2017) Morphologic and molecular data help adopting the insect-pathogenic nephridiophagids (Nephridiophagidae) among the early diverging fungal lineages, close to the Chytridiomycota. MycoKeys 25: 31-50. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.25.12446
Figures 1-9 Nephridiophaga maderae, 1, 2, 5–9 bright field 3 phase contrast 4 scanning electron microscopy. 1 Three sporogonial plasmodia with different numbers of included spores. Arrows point to plasma membrane. 2 Merogonial plasmodium with numerous nuclei. 3 Mature spores. 4 The upper surface of the spore possesses a central spore opening (arrow, left spore) while the lower surface of the spore lacks an opening (right spore). 5, 6 Paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Generally, the plasmodia (pl) are found in the lumen of the Malpighian tubule but are often attached to the microvilli (mv) (5). Rarely, aggregates of vegetative plasmodia (arrow) occur in the epithelial cells of the Malpighian tubules (6). n = nuclei of epithelial cells. 7–9 Smears of macerated tubules stained with Giemsa depicting vegetative plasmodia (7), stained young spores (8), and unstained mature spores with residual nuclei (arrows) of the mother sporoplasm. Scale bars: 5 µm (1–4), 50 µm (5), 10 µm (6–9).
Figures 10-14 from: Radek R, Wurzbacher C, Gisder S, Nilsson RH, Owerfeldt A, Genersch E, Kirk PM, Voigt K (2017) Morphologic and molecular data help adopting the insect-pathogenic nephridiophagids (Nephridiophagidae) among the early diverging fungal lineages, close to the Chytridiomycota. MycoKeys 25: 31-50. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.25.12446
Figures 10-14 Nephridiophaga blattellae, 10–13 transmission electron microscopy, 14 Calcofluor white staining. 10 Meront with several nuclei (n) and mitochondria (mi) in the lumen of Malpighian tubule. Inset: Mitochondrium with tubular to sac-like cristae. 11 Sporogenic plasmodium containing mature spores (sp), mitochondria (mi), and vegetative nuclei (n) in the cytoplasm. The plasmodium is anchored to the microvilli (mv) of epithelial cells (ep) of the tubule. 12 Young spore within the cytoplasm of a sporogenic plasmodium, surrounded by a layer of vesicles. The spore cytoplasm contains one nucleus (n), mitochondria (mi), and endoplasmic reticulum (er). 13 An infectious sporoplasm hatches through the central spore opening, leaving behind the spore wall of the emptying spore (sp). The nucleus (n) is squeezed through the tiny spore opening. 14 Calcofluor white stains the spore wall indicating the presence of chitin (bluish color). Scale bars: 1 µm (10–13), inset 0.1 µm (10), 5 µm (14).
Figure 15 from: Radek R, Wurzbacher C, Gisder S, Nilsson RH, Owerfeldt A, Genersch E, Kirk PM, Voigt K (2017) Morphologic and molecular data help adopting the insect-pathogenic nephridiophagids (Nephridiophagidae) among the early diverging fungal lineages, close to the Chytridiomycota. MycoKeys 25: 31-50. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.25.12446
Figure 15 - Bayesian phylogenetic tree including major lineages of the Holomycota (Liu et al. 2009; syn.: Nucletmycea, Brown et al. 2009), i.e. Fungi, Cryptomycota, and the basal Nucleariida, together with Holomycota sister clades Choanomonada, Ichthyosporea, and Filasterea (Holozoa; Lang et al. 2002). Nephridiophaga species (star) form a clade together with the flagellate fungi, here indicated as Chytridiomycota s.l. The scale indicates expected changes per site. Branch support is given as Bayesian posterior probabilities above 0.95 (black circles) and maximum likelihood resampling values above 90% (white circles). Filled black circles mark support from both methods.
FIGURE 11 in Species delimitation in the Gehyra nana (Squamata: Gekkonidae) complex: cryptic and divergent morphological evolution in the Australian Monsoonal Tropics, with the description of four new species
FIGURE 11. Variation within Gehyra pseudopunctata sp. nov. (scale bar = 10 mm).
FIGURE 6 in Species delimitation in the Gehyra nana (Squamata: Gekkonidae) complex: cryptic and divergent morphological evolution in the Australian Monsoonal Tropics, with the description of four new species
FIGURE 6. Holotype of Gehyra nana (WAM R28214) from King Edward River, WA (scale bar = 10 mm).
FIGURE 16 in Species delimitation in the Gehyra nana (Squamata: Gekkonidae) complex: cryptic and divergent morphological evolution in the Australian Monsoonal Tropics, with the description of four new species
FIGURE 16. Variation within Gehyra pluraporosa sp. nov. (scale bar = 10 mm).
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