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619 results for “paternity”
Data from: Covariance among premating, postcopulatory and viability fitness components in Drosophila melanogaster and their influence on paternity measurement
In polyandrous mating systems, male fitness depends on success in premating, postcopulatory, and offspring viability episodes of selection. We tracked male success across all of these episodes simultaneously, using transgenic Drosophila melanogaster with ubiquitously expressed green fluorescent protein (i.e., GFP) in a series of competitive and non-competitive matings. This approach permitted us to track paternity-specific viability over all life stages and to distinguish true competitive fertilization success from differential early offspring viability. Relationships between episodes of selection were generally not present when paternity was measured in eggs, however positive correlations between sperm competitive success and offspring viability became significant when paternity was measured in adult offspring. Additionally, we found a significant male × female interaction on hatching success and a lack of repeatability of offspring viability across a focal male's matings, which may underly the limited number of correlations found between episodes of selection.
Data from: Nongenetic paternal effects via seminal fluid
Mounting evidence suggests that nongenetic paternal effects on offspring may be widespread among animal taxa, but the mechanisms underlying this form of nongenetic inheritance are not yet fully understood. Here we show that seminal fluids underlie paternal effects on early offspring survival in an insect, the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus, and quantify the contribution of this paternal effect to the inheritance of this important fitness trait. We used castrated males within a full-sib half-sib experimental design to show that seminal fluid donors were responsible for variation in the survival of developing embryos to hatching, and in their subsequent survival to adulthood. Increased expression of two seminal fluid protein genes, previously found to be positively associated with sperm quality, were found to be negatively associated with embryo survival. These nongenetic paternal effects hold important implications for the evolution of adaptive maternal responses to sperm competition, and more broadly for the interpretation of sire effects from classic quantitative genetic breeding designs.
Data from: Paternal signature in kin recognition cues of a social insect: concealed in juveniles, revealed in adults
Kin recognition is a key mechanism to direct social behaviours towards related individuals or avoid inbreeding depression. In insects, recognition is generally mediated by cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds, which are partly inherited from parents. However, in social insects, potential nepotistic conflicts between group members from different patrilines are predicted to select against the expression of patriline-specific signatures in CHC profiles. Whereas this key prediction in the evolution of insect signalling received empirical support in eusocial insects, it remains unclear whether it can be generalized beyond eusociality to less-derived forms of social life. Here, we addressed this issue by manipulating the number of fathers siring clutches tended by females of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia, analysing the CHC profiles of the resulting juvenile and adult offspring, and using discriminant analysis to estimate the information content of CHC with respect to the maternal and paternal origin of individuals. As predicted, if paternally inherited cues are concealed during family life, increases in mating number had no effect on information content of CHC profiles among earwig juveniles, but significantly decreased the one among adult offspring. We suggest that age-dependent expression of patriline-specific cues evolved to limit the risks of nepotism as family-living juveniles and favour sibling-mating avoidance as group-living adults. These results highlight the role of parental care and social life in the evolution of chemical communication and recognition cues.
Frequent paternal mitochondrial inheritance and rapid haplotype frequency shifts in copepod hybrids
<p>Mitochondria are assumed to be maternally inherited in most animal species, and this foundational concept has fostered advances in phylogenetics, conservation, and population genetics. Like other animals, mitochondria were thought to be solely maternally inherited in the marine copepod <i>Tigriopus californicus, </i>which has served as a useful model for studying mitonuclear interactions, hybrid breakdown, and environmental tolerance. However, we present PCR, Sanger sequencing, and Illumina Nextera sequencing evidence that extensive paternal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transmission is occurring in inter-population hybrids of <i>T. californicus</i>. PCR on four types of crosses between three populations (total sample size of 376 F1 individuals) with 20% genome-wide mitochondrial divergence showed 2% to 59% of F1 hybrids with both paternal and maternal mtDNA, where low and high paternal leakage values were found in different cross directions of the same population pairs. Sequencing methods further verified nucleotide similarities between F1 mtDNA and paternal mtDNA sequences. Interestingly, the paternal mtDNA in F1s from some crosses inherited haplotypes that were uncommon in the paternal population. Compared to some previous research on paternal leakage, we employed more rigorous methods to rule out contamination and false detection of paternal mtDNA due to non-functional nuclear mitochondrial DNA fragments. Our results raise the potential that other animal systems thought to only inherit maternal mitochondria may also have paternal leakage, which would then affect the interpretation of past and future population genetics or phylogenetic studies that rely on mitochondria as uniparental markers.</p>
Data on paternal age and sperm production of the progeny
<p>Parental age has profound consequences for offspring's phenotype. However, whether patrilineal age affects offspring sperm production is unknown, despite the importance of sperm production for male reproductive success in species facing post-copulatory sexual selection. Using a longitudinal dataset on ejaculate attributes of the houbara bustard, we showed that offspring sired by old fathers had different age-dependent trajectories of sperm production compared to offspring sired by young fathers. Specifically, they produced less sperm (-48%) in their first year of life, and 14% less during their lifetime. Paternal age had the strongest effect, with weak evidence for grandpaternal or great grandpaternal age effects. These results show that paternal age can affect offspring reproductive success by reducing sperm production, establishing an intergenerational link between aging and sexual selection.</p>
Data from: PMSeeker: A Scheme for paternity marker set mining
<p>The paternity test is a genetic test that analyzes genetic characteristics (mostly molecular markers) to identify whether two individuals have a parent-child relationship. It is frequently employed in judicial identification and economic species breeding. Because a single marker's discriminability is restricted, numerous markers are typically utilized to produce an accurate result. Obviously, having an excessive number of redundant markers wastes time and resources, and adequate approaches are required to screen reduced and efficient paternity marker sets (PMS). This study established a non-redundant PMS-screening scheme based on the exhaustive algorithm and greedy algorithm. When screening PMS, the greedy algorithm selects markers based on the parental dispersity index (PDI), a uniquely defined metric that outperforms polymorphic information content (PIC) and probability of exclusion (PE). With the conjunctive use of the two algorithms the optimal solutions were found for more than 99.7% of solvable cases in three groups of random sample experiments in this study. This scheme effectively reduces the number of markers in PMS, so conserving people and experimental resources and laying the groundwork for the widespread implementation of paternity assignment technology in economic species breeding.</p>
The contribution of extra-pair paternity to the variation in lifetime and age-specific male reproductive success in a socially monogamous species
<p>In socially monogamous species, extra-pair paternity (EPP) is predicted to increase variance in male reproductive success beyond that resulting from genetic monogamy, thus increasing the 'opportunity for selection' (maximum strength of selection that can act on a trait). This prediction is challenging to investigate in wild populations because lifetime reproduction data are often incomplete. Moreover, age-specific variances in reproductive success have been rarely quantified. We analysed 21 years of near-complete social and genetic reproduction data from an insular population of Seychelles warblers (<em>Acrocephalus sechellensis</em>). We quantified the contribution of EPP to lifetime and age-specific opportunities for selection in males. We also compared the variance in male genetic reproductive success (RS) vs. social ('apparent') reproductive success (RSap) to assess if EPP increased the opportunity for selection over that resulting from genetic monogamy. EPP contributed substantially to the variance in lifetime RS, despite not causing a statistically significant excess of this over the variance in lifetime RSap. Partitioning the opportunity for selection into age-specific (co)variance components, showed that EPP provided a substantial contribution at most ages, varying with age. Therefore, in Seychelles warblers EPP likely provides an age-dependent contribution to the opportunity for selection, which can influence evolutionary processes in age-structured populations.</p>
Maternal and paternal sugar consumption interact to modify offspring life history and physiology
<p class="MsoCommentText"><span>Intergenerational effects on offspring phenotypes occur in response to variation in both maternal and paternal nutrition. Because the combined maternal and paternal effects are rarely considered together however, their relative contributions, and the capacity for interactions between parental diets to shape offspring life history and physiology are not understood. To address this, we altered sucrose levels of adult fruit flies (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>) prior to mating, across two generations, producing parent-parent and parent-offspring combinations that were either matched or mismatched in dietary sucrose. We then measured lifespan, fecundity, body mass, and triglyceride levels in parents and offspring. We reveal complex non-additive interactions, that involve diets of each parent and offspring to shape offspring phenotypes, but the effects were generally not consistent with an adaptive response to parental diet. Notably, we find that interacting parental flies (sires and dams) lived longer when their sucrose treatments were matched, but they produced shorter-lived offspring. </span></p>
Data from: Mutation accumulation is still potentially problematic, despite declining paternal age: a comment on Arslan et al. (2017).
[No abstract entered]
Data for: Warm night temperature alters paternal allocation strategy in a North temperate zone butterfly
<p class="CxSpFirst">Warming temperatures are greatly impacting wild organisms across the globe. Some of the negative impacts of climate change can be mitigated behaviorally, for example, by changes in habitat and oviposition site choice. Temperatures are reportedly warming faster at night than during the day, yet studies assessing the impacts of increasing night temperature are rare. We used the Finnish Glanville fritillary butterfly (<i>Melitaea cinxia</i>) as study species and exposed adult butterflies of both sexes to warmer night conditions. Under a semi-natural outdoor enclosure, we assessed whether females base their oviposition choices primarily on habitat site characteristics (open, suggestive of dry meadows <i>vs</i> covered by a coarse canopy, suggestive of pastures) or on plant condition (dry <i>vs</i> lush), and if their choice is altered by the thermal conditions experienced at night. As exposure to warmer environmental conditions is expected to increase resting metabolic rate and potentially reduce life expectancy, we further assessed the fitness implications of warm night temperatures. We found that females prefer open sites for oviposition and that females do not switch their oviposition strategy based on the thermal conditions they experienced at night prior to the reproductive event. Exposure to warm nights did not influence female lifespan, but the egg hatching success of their offspring was reduced. In addition, we found that males exposed to warm nights sired larger clutches with higher hatching rate. As warm night exposure reduced male lifespan, this may imply a switch in male resource allocation strategy towards increased offspring quality. The present work adds on to the complex implications of climate warming and highlights the importance of the often-neglected role of males in shaping offspring performance.</p>
Data and code for: Evidence of maternal and paternal age effects on speed in thoroughbred racehorses
<p>Anonymised data set on thoroughbred racehorse performance in UK and Ireland that was used for analysis of parental age effects. File also contains code used for statistical analyses presented in Sharman et al 2022 manuscript entitled 'Evidence of maternal and paternal age effects on speed in thoroughbred racehorses'. Code is for analyses using ASReml (stand-alone not R version).</p>
FIGURE 3. A in Is Rosa × archipelagica (Rosaceae, Rosoideae) really a spontaneous intersectional hybrid between R. rugosa and R. maximowicziana? Molecular data confirmation and evidence of paternal leakage
FIGURE 3. A. The ML tree based on plastid data. B. The ML tree based on ITS data.
Data from: Intergenerational paternal effect of adult density in Drosophila melanogaster
1. Notwithstanding recent evidences, paternal environment is thought to be a potential but unlikely source of fitness variation that can affect trait evolution. Here we studied intergenerational effects of males' exposure to varying adult density in Drosophila melanogaster laboratory populations. 2. We held sires at normal (N), medium (M) and high (H) adult densities for two days before allowing them to mate with virgin females. This treatment did not introduce selection through differential mortality. Further, we randomly paired males and females and allowed a single round of mating between the sires and the dams. We then collected eggs from the dams and measured the egg size. Finally, we investigated the effect of the paternal treatment on juvenile and adult (male) fitness components. 3. We found a significant treatment effect on juvenile competitive ability where the progeny sired by the H-males had higher competitive ability. Since we did not find the treatment to affect egg size, this effect is unlikely to be mediated through variation in female provisioning. 4. Male fitness components were also found to have a significant treatment effect: M-sons had lower dry weight at eclosion, higher mating latency and lower competitive mating success. 5. While being the first study to show both adaptive and non-adaptive effect of the paternal density in Drosophila, our results highlight the importance of considering paternal environment as important source of fitness variation.
Data from: Male body size predicts reproductive success but not within-clutch paternity patterns in gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus)
In many vertebrates, body size is an important driver of variation in male reproductive success. Larger, more fit individuals are more likely to dominate mating opportunities, skewing siring success and resulting in lower effective population sizes and genetic diversity. The mating system of the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) has been characterized as both female-defense and scramble-competition polygyny. Mating systems are typically not fixed and can be influenced by factors such as population density, demographic structure, and environmental conditions; however, most populations will have a predominant strategy that results from local conditions. We assessed how male body size influences patterns of paternity and reproductive success in a natural population of gopher tortoises in Florida, USA. Using microsatellites, we assigned parentage of 220 hatchlings from 31 nests collected during two reproductive seasons. Larger males were significantly more likely to sire offspring and sired more offspring than smaller males; however, the likelihood of a clutch being multiply-sired was unrelated to male body size. We also found evidence of mate fidelity across years. Although paternity patterns in this high-density population are more consistent with defense polygyny, female monopoly by males was incomplete, with both large and small males contributing to multiply-sired clutches. Additional behavioral data are needed to clarify the role of female mate selection in paternity outcomes. The context-dependence of mating systems underscores the need to compare parentage patterns across populations and to recognize the potential for more than one strategy to be employed within a single population.
Data from: Patterns of paternity skew among polyandrous social insects: What can they tell us about the potential for sexual selection?
Monogamy results in high genetic relatedness among offspring and thus it is generally assumed to be favoured by kin selection. Female multiple mating (polyandry) has nevertheless evolved several times in the social Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), and a substantial amount of work has been conducted to understand its costs and benefits. Relatedness and inclusive fitness benefits are, however, not only influenced by queen mating frequency but also by paternity skew, which is a quantitative measure of paternity biases among the offspring of polyandrous females. We performed a large scale phylogenetic analysis of paternity skew across polyandrous social Hymenoptera. We found a general and significant negative association between paternity frequency and paternity skew. High paternity skew, which increases relatedness amongst colony members and thus maximizes inclusive fitness gains, characterized species with low paternity frequency. However, species with highly polyandrous queens had low paternity skew, with paternity equalized amongst potential sires. Equal paternity shares among fathers are expected to maximize fitness benefits derived from genetic diversity among offspring. We discuss the potential for post-copulatory sexual selection to influence patterns of paternity in social insects, and suggest that sexual selection may have played a key, yet overlooked role in social evolution.
Figure 3 in Who's your daddy? Paternity testing reveals promiscuity and multiple paternity in the carnivorous marsupial Dasyurus maculatus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)
Figure 3. Relatedness within litters with one (open bars) and two sires (solid bars).
Extra-pair paternity increases male lifetime fitness
<p>Data associated with the submitted manuscript - Extra-pair paternity increases male lifetime fitness</p>
Application of Haptonomy and Pregnancy Adjustment, Paternal Attachment
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05329948. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Data from: Paternal intergenerational epigenetic response to heat exposure in male Wild guinea pigs
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Paternity analysis of wood turtles (Glyptemys insculpta) reveals complex mating patterns
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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