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F I G U R E 2 in Fruit production in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) crops is enhanced by the behaviour of wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
F I G U R E 2 Distribution under conventional (blue) and agroecological (lilac) management of (a) abundance of floral visitors, (b) abundance of A. mellifera and (c) abundance of P. bilineata. The differences between variables considering management were analysed with paired -F-test. *p <0.05.
F I G U R E 4 in Assessing the sub-lethal impacts of insecticides on aphid parasitoids through laboratory-based studies
F I G U R E 4 Emergence rates of F1 Aphelinus abdominalis and Aphidius colemani adults following insecticide exposure. The horizontal black lines represent the mean emergence rates across all replicates, and the blue boxes represent the 95% credible intervals.
F I G U R E 3 Turcinoemacheilus ekmekciae, FFR 3603 in Turcinoemacheilus ekmekciae, a new dwarf loach from upper Tigris and Euphrates (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)
F I G U R E 3 Turcinoemacheilus ekmekciae, FFR 3603, paratypes, from the top, 54 mm standard length (SL); 51 mm SL; 51 mm SL; 48 mm SL; Çıratan stream.
F I G U R E 4 in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation
F I G U R E 4 Species delimitation summary. Boxes in white represent which initial putative species specimens are assigned to as estimated under different barcode gap cut-offs. Letters within boxes represent different putative species hypotheses. Boxes in green are where the nuclear loci are consistent with being a distinct biological species, with no evidence of allele sharing. Boxes in grey are where putative species are found to share alleles of the nuclear loci. Boxes in orange are where putative species share internal haplotypes but also have alleles unique to each putative species (neotypy). Boxes in black represent the putative species found to be supported under different initial putative species thresholds.
F I G U R E 3 in Female-female aggression in Bactrocera tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the influence of fruit quality on combat intensity
F I G U R E 3 Mean (±1 SE) number of antagonistic events carried out by Bactrocera tryoni females against conspecific females when on one of three host fruit types. N = 15 female pairs per fruit type. Columns surmounted by different letters are significantly different at p = 0.05.
F I G U R E 6 in Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant
F I G U R E 6 Correlation between relative swimming depths and inflow discharge for upstream- and downstream-swimming eels during the day and night in the river reach. Solid lines represent significant relationships, broken lines insignificant ones. Situation:, downstream day;, downstream night;, upstream day;, upstream night
F I G U R E 4 in A low-density single nucleotide polymorphism panel for brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) suitable for exploring genetic diversity at a range of spatial scales
F I G U R E 4 Correlation between geographic distance (km) against genetic distance (linear FST) for the trout samples from the River Camel. The red points represent those between the De Lank and all other sites, the black points for all pair-wise comparisons excluding the De Lank. Linear regression for all sites including the De Lank is given by the red line (r2 = 0.321, P = 0.231), and linear regression for all pair-wise sites excluding the De Lank is given by the black line (r2 = 0.658, P = 0.0671)
F I G U R E 4 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 4 Distribution of form factor a3.0 for 55 mesopelagic species related to (a) body shape, (b) taxonomic family and (c) species. Form factor calculated from Equation 2 using across-species slope of S = 1.358 based on 1223 fish species presented in equation 17 in Froese (2006)
F I G U R E 3 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 3 Scatter plot of mean log a (SL) over mean b for 55 mesopelagic species with information on body shape. Body shape:, elongated;, fusiform;, short-deep
F I G U R E 2 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 2 Frequency distribution of (a) mean log a (binwidth 0.2) and (b) mean exponent b (binwidth 0.1) based on 55 records (measured in centimetres and grams) of mesopelagic species of the eastern tropical North Atlantic during cruise WH383
F I G U R E 6 in Analysis of pigment cell composition, pigment content, tyrosinase content and activity of three kinds of loaches Misgurnus anguillicaudatus from Poyang Lake
F I G U R E 6 Melanocyte distribution in skin of three kinds of loaches with MF staining. (a) The dorsal skin of big blackspot loaches (BBL), (b) the dorsal skin of small blackspot loaches (SBL), (c) the dorsal skin of non-blackspot loaches (NBL), (d) the abdominal skin of BBL, (e) the abdominal skin of SBL and (f) the abdominal skin of NBL. The black arrow indicates melanocytes
F I G U R E 1 in Pelagic observations of the midwater scorpionfish Ectreposebastes imus (Setarchidae) suggests a role in trophic coupling between deep-sea habitats
F I G U R E 1 Ectreposebastes imus (a) observed by submersible JAGO in midwater at 350 m off the island of Santo Ant~ ao, Cabo Verde. Side view of the fish in vertical position with head up, as it was observed when encountered by submersible, (b) observed by PELAGIOS in the horizontal position and (c) observed by PELAGIOS in the vertical position
F I G U R E 5 in Analysis of pigment cell composition, pigment content, tyrosinase content and activity of three kinds of loaches Misgurnus anguillicaudatus from Poyang Lake
F I G U R E 5 Melanocytes distribution in skin of three kinds of loaches. (a) The dorsal skin of big blackspot loaches (BBL), (b) the dorsal skin of small blackspot loaches (SBL), (c) the dorsal skin of non-blackspot loaches (NBL), (d) the abdominal skin of BBL, (e) the abdominal skin of SBL and (f) the abdominal skin of NBL. The black arrow refers to melanocytes
F I G U R E 1 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems
F I G U R E 1 Percentage of mated Eristalis tenax females in a captive population over time following eclosion (mean ± SE); 2 weeks (n = 15), 4 weeks (n = 29), 5 weeks (n = 15), 7 weeks (n = 4), 9 weeks (n = 16).
Data supplementing Einhäuser, W., Neubert, C. R., Grimm, S., & Bendixen, A. (2024). High visual salience of alert signals can lead to a counterintuitive increase of reaction times. Scientific Reports, 14, 8858.
<p>These files supplement the publication <br>Einhäuser, W., Neubert, C. R., Grimm, S., & Bendixen, A. (2024). High visual salience of alert signals can lead to a counterintuitive increase of reaction times. <em>Scientific Reports, </em>14, 8858. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58953-4</p> <p>The files data_expX.mat, where X is the experiment number (1-4), contain the data as described below. </p> <p>The files dataTraining_expX.mat contain the data of the first (training) block of each experiment. They are needed only for the supplemental material. </p> <p>To exemplify the usage, the functions figure2and3.m, figure4.m, figure5.m, figure6.m and Table1.m output the paper's figures and the data of Table 1, respectively; figureS2.m, figureS3.m, figureS4.m and figureS5.m output the figures of the supplemental material (figure S1 needs substantial amounts of external source code to compute the salience maps and is therefore not included).</p> <p><br>data_exp1.mat contains the following variables<br>For alert trials, variable of dimensions subjects x blocks x alert trials (20x10x64); note that only used participants and blocks with alert trials (2 through 11) are included in the data set:<br>alert_aud - the salience level of the alert tone (1-8, corresponding to 54dB(A) through 89 dB(A))<br>alert_vis - the salience level of the alert frame (1-8, corresponding to 0.10 to 8.50 Weber contrasts in logarithmic steps)<br>alert_side - the side on which the alert frame and the tone were presented (1-left, 2-right)<br>alert_fixOk - derived from eye movement data, was the first fixation closer to the alert square than to the center?<br>alert_primaryRT - primary-task reaction time (for alert trials)<br>alert_alertRT - alert-task reaction time <br>alert_correctAlert - was the response (up/down) to the alert correct?<br>alert_intrusionAlert - was there an intrusion (left/right pressed before up or down)?<br>alert_correctPrimary - was the primary task conducted correctly?<br>alert_intrusionPrimary - was there an intrusion for the primary task?<br>alert_timeToFixation - time to first fixation on alert square <br>alert_fixationToResp - time from beginning of fixation to response to the alert <br>alert_fixDur - duration of first fixation after trial onset</p> <p>For no-alert trials, variable of dimensions subjects x blocks x no-alert trials (20x10x448):<br>noalert_correctPrimary - was the primary task conducted correctly?<br>noalert_intrusionPrimary - was there an intrusion for the primary task? (i.e., up/down pressed before left/right)?</p> <p>For all trials, variable of dimensions subjects x blocks x no-alert trials (20x10x512):<br>all_correctPrimary - was the primary task conducted correctly?<br>all_intrusionPrimary - was there an intrusion for the primary task? (i.e., up/down pressed before left/right)?<br>all_RT - reaction time in the primary task<br>all_isAlertTrial - was the trial an alert trial? (useful to map no-alert trials and alert trials on all trials)</p> <p>In addition, there are some raw eye movement data for the alert blocks:<br>alert_eyeX, alert_eyeY - dimension 20 x 10 x 64 x 6000; x and y position in pixel coordinates relative to trial (and alert) onset, 1ms/sample, ends at conclusion of trials, filled up with NaN if duration was less than 6000ms <br>alert_eyeFixX, alert_eyeFixY, alert_eyeFixTon, alert_eyeFixDur - 20 x 10 x 64 x 15; x and y position, onset (in ms relative to trial onset) and duration of fixations during the trial (from onset to primary-task response), filled with NaN when less than 15 fixations were made. Note that the first entry of alert_eyeFixDur along the forth dimension will usually equal the alert_fixDur</p> <p><br>data_exp2.mat contains the same variables as data_exp1.mat with the following exceptions:<br>alert_vis - contains only two levels (1 and 2) corresponding to Weber contrasts of 0.10 and 2.39, respectively<br>alert_dur - the level of duration of the alert frame (1 through 8, corresponding to 25ms, 50ms, 100ms, 200ms, 300ms, 400ms, 600ms, 800ms)<br>alert_aud is not included (all tones were at 54 dB(A))<br>there are only 19 participants; hence the variables are of size 19 x ...<br>note: block 8 for subject 6 contains only 450 trials (57 alert trials), the remainder is filled with NaN.</p> <p><br>data_exp3.mat contains the same variables as data_exp1.mat with the following exceptions:<br>alert_aud - contains only two levels (1 and 2) corresponding to sound levels of 54 dB(A) and 79 dB(A) respectively<br>alert_dur - the level of duration of the alert tone (1 through 8, corresponding to 25ms, 50ms, 100ms, 200ms, 300ms, 400ms, 600ms, 800ms)<br>alert_vis is not included (all alert frames were at 0.10 contrast)</p> <p> </p> <p>data_exp4.mat contains the same variables as data_exp1.mat with the following exceptions:<br>alert_aud - contains only two levels (1 and 2) corresponding to sound levels of 54 dB(A) and 79 dB(A) respectively<br>alert_vis is not included and replaced by<br>alert_condBefore - alert frame contrast level before the saccade (1 - 0.10 contrast, 2 - 2.39 contrast)<br>alert_condAfter - alert frame contrast level after the saccade (1 - 0.10 contrast, 2 - 2.39 contrast)</p> <p><br>dataTraining_expX.mat contains for the first (training) block of experiment X (X being 1, 2, 3 or 4) the following variables of size 20x512 (participant x trial) [19x512 in case of Experiment 2]:<br>all_correctPrimary - was the primary task conducted correctly?<br>all_RT - reaction time in the primary task<br>[Note that there are no alert trials in this block and these data are only used in the supplementary material (part 4)]</p>
Figs. 3A-R. A. Alysicarpus vaginalis – Folha. B-D. Chamaecrista rotundifolia var. rotundifolia. B in Leguminosae no Parque Natural Municipal de Jacarenema, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brasil
Figs. 3A-R. A. Alysicarpus vaginalis – Folha. B-D. Chamaecrista rotundifolia var. rotundifolia. B. Folíolo; C. Flor; D. Fruto. E-G. Zornia glabra. E. Folíolos; F. Inflorescência; G. Fruto. H, I. Stylosanthes gracilis. H. Estípulas; I. Folha; J. Stylosanthes scabra - Folha. K. Crotalaria maypurensis - Estípula. L, M. Crotalaria pallida. L. Fruto; M. Estípula. N. Ancistrotropis peduncularis - Fruto. O, P. Desmodium adscendens; O. Fruto; P. Flor. Q. Rhynchosia phaseoloides - Fruto. R. Centrosema virginianum Flor.
Figs. 6A-R. A-F. Senna neglecta var. grandiflora. A in Taxonomia e diversidade do gênero Senna Mill. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Cassieae) no estado de Goiás, Brasil
Figs. 6A-R. A-F. Senna neglecta var. grandiflora. A. Ramo florido; B. Nectário foliar; C. Pétala posterior; D. Pétalas postero-laterais; E. Pétalas antero-laterais; F. Androceu e gineceu. G-L. S. obtusifolia. G. Ramo florido; H. Nectário foliar; I. Pétala posterior; J. Pétalas postero-laterais; K. Pétalas antero-laterais; L. Androceu e gineceu. M-R. S. occidentalis. M. Ramo fértil; N. Nectário foliar; O. Pétala posterior; P. Pétalas posterolaterais; Q. Pétalas antero-laterais; R. Androceu e gineceu. (81-86: E. P. Heringer, A. E. Heringer Salles & F. C. Silva 16996 – NY; 87-92: J. P. Santos & M. M. Dantas 376 - UFG; 93-98: J. P. Santos & M. M. Dantas 371 - UFG).
F I G U R E 2 in Unravelling the taxonomy of an interstitial fish radiation: Three new species of Gouania (Teleostei: Gobiesocidae) from the Mediterranean Sea and redescriptions of G. willdenowi and G. pigra
F I G U R E 2 Comparative morphological overview and lateral line system. (a) Main morphological characteristics of head region of (a) G. adriatica sp. nov. (PMR VP4618 – Holotype), (b) G. orientalis sp. nov. (PMR VP4585 – Holotype), (c) G. hofrichteri sp. nov. (PMR VP4595 – Holotype) and (d) G. pigra (Nardo 1827) (PMR VP3529 – Neotype). (e) Position of pores (bold) and neuromasts (italic) shown on the example of G. willdenowi (Risso 1810) (PMR VP4574 – Neotype) and the main morphological characteristics in the head region of this species. (f) Longitudinal infralateral and suborbital transversal rows of superficial neuromasts can be placed on the well-defined bottom of a deep (+) or shallow (–) groove. U, upper opercular tip; Abbreviations: L, lower opercular tip; SR, supralabial row; NR, nasal row; LIR, longitudinal infralateral; STR, suborbital transversal row; POR, postorbital transversal row; PTR, preopercular transversal row; SLR, subopercular longitudinal row; MR, mandibular row; AVR, anterior ventral row; PVR, posterior ventral row; ADR, anterior dorsal row; PDR, posterior dorsal row; HR, hyomandibular row; SR1, supraopercular row; SR2, suprapectoral row; DLR, dorsolateral longitudinal row; VLR, ventrolateral longitudinal row. Photographs by M. Wagner and M. Kovacˇic
F I G U R E 2 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta
F I G U R E 2 The experimental design: 12 anadromous (A) and 12 freshwater resident (R) Salmo trutta of each sex were crossed. Parallel groups of the fertilized eggs from each cross were incubated at two temperatures (±S.D.), either 4.4 ± 1.5 C or 7.1 ± 0.6 C. After hatching, parallel groups were reared at natural River Imsa temperature until the commencement of the growth experiment when parallels of the 16 reared groups were tested at two temperatures (±S.D.), either 14.9 ± 2.2 C or 18.3 ± 1.5 C 14.9. Ten S. trutta were used in each group tested, 320 fish altogether
F I G U R E 3 in Variation in the post-smolt growth pattern of wild one sea-winter salmon (Salmo salar L.), and its linkage to surface warming in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean
F I G U R E 3 Tabulation of significant under- and overrepresentation of the 20 dendrogram clusters amongst years of capture of return adult Salmo salar. Details as for Figure 2
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.