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FIGURE 5 in Integrative taxonomy identifies Macrobiotus papei, a new tardigrade species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi complex (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae) from the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Tanzania)

FIGURE 5. Macrobiotus papei sp. nov.—claws (paratypes): A–B—claws II and IV seen in PCM, with smooth and slightly dentate lunules, respectively; C–D—claws I and IV seen in SEM, with smooth and slightly dentate lunules, respectively. Figs A and B assembled from several photos. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 4 in Integrative taxonomy identifies Macrobiotus papei, a new tardigrade species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi complex (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae) from the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Tanzania)

FIGURE 4. Macrobiotus papei sp. nov.—mouth opening and the oral cavity armature seen in SEM (paratype): A– mouth opening with six peribuccal sensory lobes and ten lamellae surrounded by large pores; B–C—the oral cavity armature of a single paratype seen in SEM from different angles. Arrows indicate pores in the irregular ring of pores surrounding the peribuccal lobes, filled arrowheads indicate teeth of the first band, empty arrowheads indicate teeth of the second band, the peaks in the dorsal ridge of the third band that correspond with teeth of the third band, in species with better developed oral cavity armatures are marked with "Ld" and "Md" (the dorso-median tooth comprises several small peaks visible as thickenings in PCM), whereas the teeth of the ventral portion are marked with "Mv" (medio-ventral tooth) and "Lv" (lateral teeth). Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 7 in Integrative taxonomy identifies Macrobiotus papei, a new tardigrade species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi complex (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae) from the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Tanzania)

FIGURE 7. Macrobiotus papei sp. nov.—egg chorion morphology seen in SEM: A—entire egg with clearly visible flexible filaments on the egg processes; B–C—processes with filaments of variable length and the surface between processes; D— detail of the egg surface; E–F—details of the terminal disc and its flexible filaments. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 6 in Integrative taxonomy identifies Macrobiotus papei, a new tardigrade species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi complex (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae) from the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Tanzania)

FIGURE 6. Macrobiotus papei sp. nov.—egg seen in PCM: A—midsection; B—surface; C–D—magnification on surface; E—magnification on midsection; F—surface of terminal discs of egg processes. Filled arrowheads indicate thin flexible filaments at the edges of terminal discs on the midsections. A, B and D show the details of a single egg whereas other photos are taken from more than one egg. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 3 in Integrative taxonomy identifies Macrobiotus papei, a new tardigrade species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi complex (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae) from the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Tanzania)

FIGURE 3. Macrobiotus papei sp. nov.—buccal apparatus and the oral cavity armature (OCA) seen in PCM (all paratypes): A—dorso-ventral projection of the entire buccal apparatus; B–C oral cavity armature detected in the majority of specimens, i.e. OCA of the patagonicus type (i.e. the second and third band of teeth visible), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) view, respectively; D–E oral cavity armature detected in small specimens, i.e. OCA of the maculatus type (i.e. only the third band of teeth visible), dorsal (D) and ventral (E) view, respectively; F–G—placoid morphology. The arrow indicates pores surrounding mouth opening, flat empty arrowheads indicate the second band of teeth in the oral cavity, filled indented arrowheads indicate the third band of teeth in the oral cavity whereas filled arrowheads indicate faint constrictions in macroplacoids. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 2 in Integrative taxonomy identifies Macrobiotus papei, a new tardigrade species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi complex (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae) from the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Tanzania)

FIGURE 2. Macrobiotus papei sp. nov.—cuticular structures on legs: A–B—external granulation on leg II seen in PCM (A) and SEM (B) (paratypes); C–D—a cuticular bulge resembling a pulvinus, faint cuticular fold on the internal surface of leg II with visible muscle attachment seen in PCM (C) and SEM (D) (paratypes); E—two patches of granulation on leg IV (PCM, paratype); F—distal patch of granulation on leg IV (SEM, paratype). Filled, flat arrowheads indicate the cuticular bulge, empty, flat arrowheads indicate the faint cuticular fold under the claws, arrows indicate muscle attachments, whereas filled and empty indented arrowheads indicate proximal and distal patch of granulation on the leg IV respectively. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 3 in Redescription of Milnesium alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853 (Tardigrada: Apochela) and a description of Milnesium inceptum sp. nov., a tardigrade laboratory model

FIGURE 3. Graphs illustrating the relationships between the first three principal components revealed by the PCA for the single population of M. alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853 and the three pooled populations of M. inceptum sp. nov.

FIGURE 2 in Redescription of Milnesium alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853 (Tardigrada: Apochela) and a description of Milnesium inceptum sp. nov., a tardigrade laboratory model

FIGURE 2. Milnesium inceptum sp. nov. A—habitus, ventral view (holotype, PCM). B—dorsal cuticle (holotype, German population, PCM). C—dorsal cuticle with faint pseudopores (specimen from Bulgaria, the white arrowhead indicates the area where the pseudopores are more densely arranged, PCM). D—dorsal cuticle with the barely visible outline of a pseudoplate (paratype, SEM). E—pseudoplate surface (paratype, SEM). F—buccal apparatus (holotype, PCM). G—six peribuccal lamellae with the 4+2 configuration. H—claws I with the cuticular bar below (paratype, PCM). I—claws IV (paratype, PCM). All scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 4 in Redescription of Milnesium alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853 (Tardigrada: Apochela) and a description of Milnesium inceptum sp. nov., a tardigrade laboratory model

FIGURE 4. The positions of M. alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853 and M. inceptum sp. nov. on the Milnesium phylogenetic tree based on the concatenated data set of ITS-2 and COI sequences. Branch support values are BI posterior probabilities. Species names in square brackets and in grey font are GenBank labels that are incorrect species identifications, uncertain identifications, or invalid names (correct identifications are provided in black font, before the incorrect labels). Filled circles represent both ITS-2 and COI sequences, empty circles indicate COI sequences only. Scale bar shows the number of substitutions per site.

FIGURE 1. Milnesium alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853. A in Redescription of Milnesium alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853 (Tardigrada: Apochela) and a description of Milnesium inceptum sp. nov., a tardigrade laboratory model

FIGURE 1. Milnesium alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853. A—habitus, ventral view (neotype, PCM). B—habitus, dorsal view (SEM). C—dorsal cuticle, the arrow indicates area with visible pseudopores (neotype, PCM). D—dorsal cuticle with the barely visible outline of a pseudoplate (neoparatype, SEM). E—buccal apparatus (neotype, PCM). F—six peribuccal lamellae with the 4+2 configuration (neoparatype, SEM). G—claws III with the cuticular bar below (neoparatype, PCM). H—claws IV (neotype, PCM). All scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 3 in Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov., a new tardigrade species (Macrobiotidae: Mesobiotus harmsworthi group) from Lâm Đồng Province in Vietnam

FIGURE 3. Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov.—PCM images of the eggs: A—midsection under ×400 magnification; B—surface under ×1000 magnification; C–H—midsections of six different egg processes. Filled indented arrowheads indicate the areoles around the egg processes, filled flat arrowheads indicate spines which terminate finger-shaped appendages at the processes top, empty flat arrowheads indicate a bubble-like structure, empty indented arrowhead indicate deeply depressed areole seen on the process midsection. Scale bars in μm.

FIGURE 1 in Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov., a new tardigrade species (Macrobiotidae: Mesobiotus harmsworthi group) from Lâm Đồng Province in Vietnam

FIGURE 1. Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov.—PCM images of habitus, leg's cuticle morphology and claws: A—dorso-ventral projection (holotype); B—granulation on the external surface of leg II (paratype); C—granulation on dorsal surface of leg IV (paratype); D—claws I with smooth lunules (paratype); E—claws IV with slightly dentate lunules (paratype). Filled arrow indicates granulation on the external surface of leg, empty arrow indicates a pulvinus-like cuticular bulge on the internal surface of leg, filled flat arrowhead indicates muscle attachments, empty flat arrowhead indicates cuticular, transversal bar under the claws, empty indented arrowhead indicates dentation on lunules IV and filled indented arrowhead indicates horseshoe structure connecting the anterior and the posterior claw. Scale bar in μm.

FIGURE 2 in Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov., a new tardigrade species (Macrobiotidae: Mesobiotus harmsworthi group) from Lâm Đồng Province in Vietnam

FIGURE 2. Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov.—DIC images of the buccal apparatus: A—an entire buccal apparatus (holotype); B–C—the oral cavity armature of the paratype, dorsal and ventral teeth respectively; D–E—placoid morphology, dorsal (holotype) and ventral (paratype) placoids respectively. Empty arrowheads indicate additional teeth between the second and the third band of teeth, filled arrowheads indicate subterminal constrictions in the third macroplacoid. Scale bars in μm.

FIGURE 4 in Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov., a new tardigrade species (Macrobiotidae: Mesobiotus harmsworthi group) from Lâm Đồng Province in Vietnam

FIGURE 4. Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov.—SEM images of eggs: A—entire view of the egg; B—details of the egg surface between processes; C–D—egg processes; E–F—top part of the processes divided into several short finger-shaped appendages. Filled flat arrowheads indicate spines which terminate the finger-shaped appendages, empty indented arrowheads indicate deeply depressed areoles seen in lateral view. Scale bars in μm.

FIGURE 1 in Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov., a new tardigrade species (Macrobiotidae Mesobiotus harmsworthi group) from Lâm Đồng Province in Vietnam

FIGURE 5. The ITS-2 in Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov., a new tardigrade species (Macrobiotidae: Mesobiotus harmsworthi group) from Lâm Đồng Province in Vietnam

FIGURE 5. The ITS-2 alignment of Mesobiotus datanlanicus sp. nov. and Mesobiotus insanis sequences (MK584657 and MF441491, respectively). Sites highlighted in green indicate substitutions whereas sites highlighted in pink indicate indels (deletions/insertions).

FIGURE 2 in Current knowledge on Mexican tardigrades with a description of Milnesium cassandrae sp. nov. (Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae) and discussion on the taxonomic value of dorsal pseudoplates in the genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840

FIGURE 2. Hatchling of Milnesium cassandrae sp. nov. (a) habitus (ventral view); (b) details of dorsal cuticle with pseudopores; (c) buccal apparatus; (d) claws I; (e) claws IV (all PCM). Scale bar in a = 100 µm, b = 2 µm, c, d and e = 10 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Current knowledge on Mexican tardigrades with a description of Milnesium cassandrae sp. nov. (Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae) and discussion on the taxonomic value of dorsal pseudoplates in the genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840

FIGURE 1. Adult of Milnesium cassandrae sp. nov. [holotipe]. (a) habitus (dorsolateral view); (b) details of dorsal cuticle with pseudopores; (c) buccal tube apparatus; (d) claws I; (e) claws IV (all PCM). Scale bar in a = 100 µm, b = 2 µm, c, d and e = 10 µm.

FIGURE 4 in Current knowledge on Mexican tardigrades with a description of Milnesium cassandrae sp. nov. (Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae) and discussion on the taxonomic value of dorsal pseudoplates in the genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840

FIGURE 4. Semi-schematic drawing of the dorsal pseudoplates of adult Milnesium cassandrae sp. nov., based on PCM and UV fluorescence observation (pseudoplates in anterior segment of leg I and leg I are poorly visible under PCM, but clearly visible under fluorescence microscopy). Roman numbers indicate rows of pseudoplates. Contour of Milnesium redrawn and adapted from Morek et al. 2016.

FIGURE 3 in Current knowledge on Mexican tardigrades with a description of Milnesium cassandrae sp. nov. (Eutardigrada: Milnesiidae) and discussion on the taxonomic value of dorsal pseudoplates in the genus Milnesium Doyère, 1840

FIGURE 3. Milnesium cassandrae sp. nov. under UV fluorescence, showing dorsal pseudoplates. Scale bar 100 µm.