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Fig. 14. Pachysolenia cylindrica Cuif, 1975 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 14. Pachysolenia cylindrica Cuif, 1975, ZPALH. XXI/4. Triassic, Lower Norian. Alakir Çay,Turkey. A–C. Complementary regions of transversely sectioned and polished pachytheca: TLM image (A), greyscale Sr (B) and Mg (C) mapping acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques; darker areas equal very low concentration whereas lighter areas equal slightly higher concentrations. Sr (in B) shows enrichment, at least in some regions (arrows) where Mg (in C) appears depleted. Sr mapping of diagenetically non−altered fibrous parts of coralla of extant corals (not illustrated here) invariably shows nearly homogenous distribution of this element. D. TLM view of longitudinally sectioned pachytheca and septum; part of the preserved septum encircled and enlarged in E to show "non−trabecular" nature of dRAF. F. Transverse polished section of pachytheca in TLM; fibers show faint regular 5–8 µm alternations of lighter and darker zones. G. Homogenous septal dRAF zone in SEM view of transversely polished and etched section. H. Transverse polished and etched section of pachytheca (SEM); fibrous skeleton shows negative and positive etching relief (at ca. 5–8 µm distance).

Fig. 13.Stylophyllumparadoxum Frech, 1890, NHMW 1982 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 13.Stylophyllumparadoxum Frech, 1890, NHMW 1982/57/100, corallum with aragonitic mineralogy still preserved. Triassic, Rhaetian, Fischerwiese, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. A, B. Transverse section of septa with concentric arrangement of fibers within septal spines (B, enlargement). C–F. Longitudinal sections crossing centers of septal spines; domed, successive layers of aragonite fibers (darker) separated by lighter "voids" infilled by spar (see D, F enlargements). Except for regular voids in spine centers, there is no difference in organization of superimposed layers of fibers within septal spine. All TLM micrographs.

Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904. Recent, Great Meteor Seamount, SEAMOUNT2 (1993), DW 152 (January 11, 1993), 30°02.00'N, 28°22.10'W, 470 m. A. Septa and inner side of wall (A1) thickened by fibers arranged in scale−like units (A2, enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/1. B. Marginothecal wall sectioned longitudinally (large white arrow); layers of successive growth increments (dRAF) continue in wall "stereome", i.e.,TD (small white arrows); ZPAL H.23/2/2. C. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane. Dissolved or etched components of RAF form narrow "strands" (C2 enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/3. D. Transverse polished and etched section of septum; dRAF zone composed of neighboring dCRA (D1) is from both sides covered with layers of TD fibers (D2) which direction conform to that of scale−like units (i.e., semi−parallel to RAF); ZPALH.23/2/4. All SEM; growth direction within skeletal element i ndicated by black arrow in B.

Fig. 12. Undetermined conophylliid. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 12. Undetermined conophylliid. ZPALH.23/9. Triassic (Middle Carnian), San Cassiano Beds, Alpe di Specie, Dolomiti (Italy), corallum still wi th aragonitic mineralogy preserved. B. Transverse polished section of corallite in TLM (A); enlarged portions of longitudinally sectioned septa with regular growth increments of fibers (B). C. Longitudinally polished and etched section of septum with fibers regularly tapered (SEM). D. Transverse, polished and etched septum (SEM) with dCRA ("center of calcification", arrows). E. Septum longitudinally sectioned in dCRA region with domed, successive layers of fibers and occasional (arrow) larger voids between them.

Fig. 10 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown "calcification center") and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence.

Fig. 9 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 9. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), collection J.B. Steere. A, B. Morphology of distal septal edge (A) and septal flank spine (B). Note "Persian lamb" texture of skeletal surface (as shown by these fasciculi). C, D. Transverse section of polished and etched septum. Arrow in enlarged (D) fragment (general view in C) shows "blurry", probably organic material in dCRA and adjacent, radiating TD fibers (ca. 3–5 µm growth increments). E, F. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane; note dissolved/etched dRAF components in longitudinal "strand" (F enlargement). All are SEM.

Fig. 4. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns 1977. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 4. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns 1977. ZPALH.23/1. Locality data as in Fig. 1. A–C. AFM (contact mode): height—2D projection (A), phase (B), and height—3D projection (C) images of 5 m2 polished (not etched) septum sectioned in RAF plane; AFM tip was placed in dRAF "strand" region as seen in etched sections (Fig. 3C). D, E. AFM (tapping mode) height—2D projection (D) and phase (E) images of spherical bodies seen on the bottom of dRAF "strand".

Fig. 8 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 8. "Ceratotrochus" magnaghii Cecchini, 1914. A. ZPALH.23/4 in oblique view (A 1); distal septal edge enlarged in A2. A3. "Patches of microcrystals" at growing septal edge (RAF). B. ZPALH.23/5. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely with dRAF that appear to be com − posed of homogenous "microcrystalline" material, SEM micrograph. C. TL M (C1, C2) and MFM (C3) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum ZPALH.23/6 in RAF plane. Organic and mineral phases regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in C 2); brownish organic dRAF components (C1) stained with acridine orange, fluoresce (C2) with bright−green light. Seemingly homogenous dRAF in transverse section (B), sectioned longitudinally is composed of elongated units spaced ca. 5–7 µm (red arrows in C1). Growth direction of septum indicates black arrow. A. Recent, deep−water specimen, SEAMOUNT 2 cruise, Stat. DW 279, 33°55.60'N, 28°23.70'W, 805 m. B, C. Recent, shallow−water specimen from Mediterranean (Marseille, Riou−Grand Conglu submarine cave), 50 m.

Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23/1 (originally NMNH 46443 lot). Recent, south of Bonaire, 11°18.8'N, 68°22'W, 384–607 m. Pills sta. P−753. July 26, 1968. A–C. Distal (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views of corallum. D, E. SEM of septa and paliform lobes. D. Arrow indicates portion of septum enlarged on E. E. "Patches of microcrystals" (fasciculi of Wise 1972) at the growing septal edge here called the Rapid Acretion Front (RAF).

Fig. 11 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 11. Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786); ZPALH.23/8 (originally NMNH A.G. Humes collection. Acc. number 274378). Recent, 25 m, north of Ankazo−beravina, near Nosy Be, Madagaskar, August 24, 1967. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note brownish "calcification centers" (dRAF), regular growth increments of fibers (e.g., in encircled area), and dark brown regions (red arrows) of filaments of endolithic organisms (most likely algae, fungi). B. The same septal fragment as A, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit very light, green−yellow fluorescence; higher magnifications (C) show delicate greenish bands matching organic components trapped between successive growth increments of fibers (white arrows). D. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; dRAF in lower right corner; regular growth increments of fibers (TD) are emphasized by levels of brownish bands. E. SEM micrograph of transverse polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to row of dRAF ("calcification centers") taper regularly at ca. 3 µm matching brownish bands in D.

Fig. 7 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66'S, 77°35.47'E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA ("centers of calcification") (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, "blurry" material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as "denticulations" on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow.

Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23/2/4. Locality data as in Fig. 5. A–C. Complementary regions of longitudinally sectioned and polished septum (RAF plane): TLM (A), Back−Scattered Electron mode (BSE) (B), and pseudocolor carbon mapping images acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques (C); black/dark blue equals lower concentration (<150 counts per second) whereas yellow−white equals higher concentrations (>150 c/s). Brownish structures exposed at section surface (A), appear darker in BSE mode (B) as it enhances atomic number contrast; elements with lower atomic numbers appear darker, those with higher atomic numbers appear lighter. BSE darker regions (arrows) match exactly to carbon−enriched regions in WDS x−ray mapping image (C, arrows). D–F. TL M (D, E) and MFM (F) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum. Organic and mineral phase of dRAF regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in E); brownish organic components (D) exposed and stained with acridine orangedye, fluoresce (F) with bright−green light. Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow.

Figure 8 in Three new species of Lentipes from Indonesia (Gobiidae)

Figure 8. - Diagrammatic illustration of head in Lentipes ikeae (male) showing head pores and sensory papillae. A: Dorsal view; B: Lateral view.

Figure 9 in Three new species of Lentipes from Indonesia (Gobiidae)

Figure 9. - Diagrammatic illustration of urogenital papilla in Lentipes ikeae. A: Male; B: Female. 1: anus; 2: urogenital papilla; 3: anal fin.

Figure 7. - Lentipes ikeae. A in Three new species of Lentipes from Indonesia (Gobiidae)

Figure 7. - Lentipes ikeae. A: Male (picture by F. Busson); B: Above, male, Paratype MZB 21387 (picture by N. Hubert; BIF 1730); Below, female (picture by N. Hubert; BIF 1747).

Figure 6 in Three new species of Lentipes from Indonesia (Gobiidae)

Figure 6. - Diagrammatic illustration of urogenital papilla in Lentipes argenteus. A: Male; B: Female. 1: anus; 2: urogenital papilla; 3: anal fin.

Figure 5 in Three new species of Lentipes from Indonesia (Gobiidae)

Figure 5. - Diagrammatic illustration of head in Lentipes argenteus (male) showing head pores and sensory papillae. A: Dorsal view; B: Lateral view.

Figure 2 in Three new species of Lentipes from Indonesia (Gobiidae)

Figure 2. - Diagrammatic illustration of head in Lentipes mekonggaensis (male) showing head pores and sensory papillae. A: Dorsal view; B: Lateral view.

Figure 3 in Three new species of Lentipes from Indonesia (Gobiidae)

Figure 3.- Diagrammatic illustration of urogenital papilla in Lentipes mekonggaensis. A: Male; B: Female. 1: anus; 2: urogenital papilla; 3: anal fin.