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Figure 2 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 2. Early grades in the evolution of the Salticidae. Although quite divergent, each of these organisms shares important synapomorphies related to multicellularity and cell differentiation with the jumping spiders.
Figure 5. Grades 12 and 15 in A deeper phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 5. Grades 12 and 15. The Ecdysozoa links nematodes, nematomorphs and arthropods to a common ancestor with the ability to shed a protective trilaminate cuticle as it grew. With panarthropods like this minute, aquatic tardigrade, we see the appearance of paired, segmental appendages.
TABLE 1 TABLE 2 in Polybia, Paraphyly, and Polistine Phylogeny
<p>TABLE 1 <b>Adult Characters for Subgenera of <i>Polybia</i> and</b> <b>Five Outgroup Genera</b> Multistate character 15 is treated as additive; multistate characters are otherwise treated as nonadditive. An asterisk denotes a polymorphism showing all applicable states; a dollar sign denotes a subset polymorphism (<i>Myrapetra</i>: states 0 and 1 in character 1, 0 and 1 in character 11, and 1 and 4 in character 20; and <i>Trichinothorax</i>: states 0 and 2 in character 1, 0 and 1 in character 5, 0 and 1 in character 11, 0 and 1 in character 14, 1 and 3 in character 20, and 0 and 1 in character 23).</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Taxa</th><th>Character</th></tr><tr><th>1 5 10 15 20 | | | | |</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Protonectarina</i></th><td>200020001000020100000002</td></tr><tr><th><i>Epipona</i></th><td>002021011011120000052000</td></tr><tr><th><i>Synoecoides</i></th><td>011120110000102002131031</td></tr><tr><th><i>Chartergus</i></th><td>000000000001000103260012</td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachygastra</i></th><td>2000$0000001000103261012</td></tr><tr><th><i>Polybia</i></th><td>010100100020101001130013</td></tr><tr><th><i>Apopolybia</i></th><td>010100100000111011121023</td></tr><tr><th><i>Alpha</i></th><td>010100100000111001020013</td></tr><tr><th><i>Myrapetra</i></th><td>$10000**00$01100000$0004</td></tr><tr><th><i>Furnariana</i></th><td>01010000010*100101011024</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cylindroeca</i></th><td>010111011220100100001014</td></tr><tr><th><i>Trichinothorax</i></th><td>$10*$10**0$01$01*00$10$4</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pedothoeca</i></th><td>010121011010110100000024</td></tr><tr><th><i>Formicicola</i></th><td>010100110000111101020124</td></tr><tr><th><i>Platypolybia</i></th><td>110110110000120101010024</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 3 in Polybia, Paraphyly, and Polistine Phylogeny
<p>TABLE 3 <b>Nest Characters for Subgenera of <i>Polybia</i>, and Five Outgroup Genera</b> Multistate characters are treated as nonadditive. The question mark denotes a missing value. An asterisk denotes a polymorphism showing all applicable states.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Taxa</th><th>Character</th></tr><tr><th>46 50 | |</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Protonectarina</i></th><td>031100000</td></tr><tr><th><i>Epipona</i></th><td>000100101</td></tr><tr><th><i>Synoecoides</i></th><td>000011101</td></tr><tr><th><i>Chartergus</i></th><td>030100011</td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachygastra</i></th><td>010011110</td></tr><tr><th><i>Polybia</i></th><td>100000001</td></tr><tr><th><i>Apopolybia</i></th><td>100010000</td></tr><tr><th><i>Alpha</i></th><td>111001101</td></tr><tr><th><i>Furnariana</i></th><td>020000111</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cylindroeca</i></th><td>10001?100</td></tr><tr><th><i>Trichinothorax</i></th><td>001210100</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pedothoeca</i></th><td>020010100</td></tr><tr><th><i>Formicicola</i></th><td>000100100</td></tr><tr><th><i>Myrapetra</i></th><td>*00010***</td></tr><tr><th><i>Platypolybia</i></th><td>000010011</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 2 in Polybia, Paraphyly, and Polistine Phylogeny
<p>TABLE 2 <b>Larval Characters for Subgenera of <i>Polybia</i>,</b> <b>and Five Outgroup Genera</b> Multistate characters are treated as nonadditive. Question marks denote missing values; the larva of the genus <i>Synoecoides</i> and of the subgenera <i>Furnariana</i> and <i>Platypolybia</i>, are unknown. An asterisk denotes a polymorphism showing all applicable states; a dollar sign denotes a subset polymorphism (<i>Chartergus</i>: states 0 and 1 in character 41; <i>Brachygastra</i>: states 0 and 1 in character 37; <i>Myraptetra</i>: states 1 and 2 in character 41; and <i>Trichinothorax</i>: states 1 and 2 in character 35, and 0 and 2 in character 37).</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Taxa</th><th>Character</th></tr><tr><th>25 29 34 39 44 | | | | |</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Protonectarina</i></th><td>0?1110???200??0??0???</td></tr><tr><th><i>Epipona</i></th><td>0100011-1210100010110</td></tr><tr><th><i>Synoecoides</i></th><td>?????????????????????</td></tr><tr><th><i>Chartergus</i></th><td>0011110102201100$0001</td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachygastra</i></th><td>011101*00321$10*10000</td></tr><tr><th><i>Polybia</i></th><td>?011?1010210000010001</td></tr><tr><th><i>Apopolybia</i></th><td>001111???01???0??????</td></tr><tr><th><i>Alpha</i></th><td>0011011-0100010010001</td></tr><tr><th><i>Myrapetra</i></th><td>*011*1*1*2200**0$0001</td></tr><tr><th><i>Furnariana</i></th><td>?????????????????????</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cylindroeca</i></th><td>?0??11???01???0??????</td></tr><tr><th><i>Trichinothorax</i></th><td>1011111-00$0$00010001</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pedothoeca</i></th><td>001111*1132101001*00*</td></tr><tr><th><i>Formicicola</i></th><td>10110101022100001100?</td></tr><tr><th><i>Platypolybia</i></th><td>?????????????????????</td></tr></tbody></table>
Fig. 5 in A tough nutlet to crack: Resolving the phylogeny of Thesium (Thesiaceae), the largest genus in Santalales
Fig. 5. Caption on next page.
Fig. 3 in A tough nutlet to crack: Resolving the phylogeny of Thesium (Thesiaceae), the largest genus in Santalales
Fig. 3. Caption on next page.
Fig. 4 in Unravelling the species diversity, phylogeny and biogeography of the mycoheterotrophic Voyrieae (Gentianaceae) and the description of a new species
Fig. 4. Habit of Voyria bicolor (Gomes & Merckx 62, L). Photos: V. Merckx. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Fig. 2 in A preliminary molecular phylogeny of shield-bearer moths (Lepidoptera: Adeloidea: Heliozelidae) highlights rich undescribed diversity
Fig. 2. Previous hypotheses regarding Heliozelidae. (a) Cladogram of Heliozelidae (after Nielsen 1980). Liozela, Chaetozela and Neospila are unpublished manuscript names for genera proposed by Nielsen. Diacopia is a synonym of Antispila that Nielsen regarded as separate genus. (b) Cladogram of Incurvarioidea (Adeloidea) including Heliozelidae (after Nielsen and Davis, 1985). Crinopterigidae has been subsumed into Incurvariidae by van Nieukerken et al. (2011). (c) Cladogram, 50% majority rule consensus tree from maximum parsimony analysis of COI sequences after van Nieukerken et al. (2012). (d) Cladogram based on phylogeny of Lepidoptera showing the position of Heliozelidae in relation to other families in Adeloidea after Wahlberg et al. (2013). (e) Cladogram based on phylogeny of non-dytrisian lineages after Regier et al. (2015) showing the split of Nematopogon from the rest of Adelidae seen in some analyses. (f) Cladogram based on maximum likelihood (ML) tree for COI data after Bernardo et al. (2015).
Fig. 1 in A preliminary molecular phylogeny of shield-bearer moths (Lepidoptera: Adeloidea: Heliozelidae) highlights rich undescribed diversity
Fig. 1. (a) Adult habitus of Antispila hydrangaeella, female (Photo: E.J. van Nieukerken); (b) Head close up of undescribed heliozelid species showing flattened scales (SEM: Q. Wang); (c) Fully grown Heliozela resplendella larva with shield, mine in Alnus incana (Photo: R. Bryner); (d) Characteristic heliozelid leaf mines, produced by Holocacista capensis (Photo: E.J. van Nieukerken).
Fig. 4 in A preliminary molecular phylogeny of shield-bearer moths (Lepidoptera: Adeloidea: Heliozelidae) highlights rich undescribed diversity
Fig. 4. ML cladogram inferred from four genes with biogeographical region of each Heliozelidae specimen indicated by the colour of rectangle at the branch tip. Clades recovered in highlight. Major host plant families are listed next to each clade.
Fig. 3 in A preliminary molecular phylogeny of shield-bearer moths (Lepidoptera: Adeloidea: Heliozelidae) highlights rich undescribed diversity
Fig. 3. ML tree (ln = −51259.825874) inferred from four genes. Branch lengths are proportional to ML estimated branch lengths. The numbers above the branches are MP bootstrap supports/Bayesian posterior probabilities calculated using gene-partitioned models. Only support values at or above 80% bootstrap and 0.8 posterior probabilities for the major clades are shown. Adult representatives of various Heliozelidae genera are shown next to corresponding group. Species names and photo credits: Antispila group I: A. treitschkiella, Switzerland (R. Bryner); Coptodisca group: C. splendoriferella, USA (C. Eiseman); Holocacista group: H. capensis, male, South Africa (E.J. van Nieukerken); Heliozela + Tyriozela group: Heliozela sp., Australia (D. Carman); Pseliastis group: Pseliastis sp., Australia (L. Milla); Hoplophanes group: Hoplophanes sp., Australia (D.A. Young).
Data from: Phylotranscriptomics to bring the understudied into the fold: monophyletic Ostracoda, fossil placement and pancrustacean phylogeny
An ambitious, yet fundamental goal for comparative biology is to understand the evolutionary relationships for all of life. Yet many important taxonomic groups have remained recalcitrant to inclusion into broader scale studies. Here, we focus on collection of 9 new 454 transcriptome data sets from Ostracoda, an ancient and diverse group with a dense fossil record, which is often under-sampled in broader studies. We combine the new transcriptomes with a new morphological matrix (including fossils) and existing Expressed Sequence Tag (EST), mitochondrial genome, nuclear genome and rDNA data. Our analyses lead to new insights into ostracod and pancrustacean phylogeny. We obtained support for three epic pancrustacean clades that likely originated in the Cambrian: Oligostraca (Ostracoda, Mystacocarida, Branchiura, Pentastomida); Multicrustacea (Copepoda, Malacostraca, Thecostraca); and a clade we refer to as Allotriocarida (Hexapoda, Remipedia, Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda). Within the Oligostraca clade, our results support the unresolved question of ostracod monophyly. Within Multicrustacea, we find support for Thecostraca plus Copepoda, for which we suggest the name Hexanauplia. Within Allotriocarida, some analyses support the hypothesis that Remipedia is the sister taxon to Hexapoda, but others support Brachiopoda+Cephalocarida as the sister group of hexapods. In multiple different analyses, we see better support for equivocal nodes using slow-evolving genes or when excluding distant outgroups, highlighting the increased importance of conditional data combination in this age of abundant, often anonymous data. Yet, when we analyze the same set of species and ignore rate of gene evolution, we find higher support when including all data, more in line with a 'total evidence' philosophy. By concatenating molecular and morphological data, we place pancrustacean fossils in the phylogeny, which can be used for studies of divergence times in Pancrustacea, Arthropoda, or Metazoa. Our results and new data will allow for attributes of Ostracoda, such as its amazing fossil record and diverse biology, to be leveraged in broader scale comparative studies. Further, we illustrate how adding extensive next-generation sequence data from understudied groups can yield important new phylogenetic insights into long-standing questions, especially when carefully analyzed in combination with other data.
Data from: The European Paromomyidae (Primates, Mammalia): taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeographic implications
Plesiadapiforms represent the first radiation of Primates, appearing near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Eleven families of plesiadapiforms are recognized, including the Paromomyidae. Four species of paromomyids from the early Eocene have been reported from Europe: Arcius fuscus, Arcius lapparenti, and Arcius rougieri from France, and Arcius zbyszewskii from Portugal. Other Arcius specimens from the early Eocene are known from Masia de l'Hereuet (Spain), Abbey Wood (England), and Sotteville-sur-Mer (Normandy, France). A cladistic analysis of the European paromomyids has never previously been published. A total of 53 dental characters were analyzed for the four Arcius species and the specimens from Spain, England, and Normandy. The results of a parsimony analysis using TNT agree with previous conceptions of A. zbyszewskii as the most primitive member of the genus. Also consistent with existing hypotheses, Arcius rougieri is positioned as the sister taxon of A. fuscus and A. lapparenti, and the results suggest that the fossil from Normandy is A. zbyszewskii. However, the English fossil pertains to a primitive lineage, rather than grouping with A. lapparenti as had been suggested; as such it is recognized here as a distinct species (Arcius hookeri). The Spanish fossils cluster together with the French species, but do not show the previously proposed special relationship with A. lapparenti, and are sufficiently distinct to be placed in a new species (Arcius ilerdensis). Arcius is recovered as monophyletic, which is consistent with a single migration event from North America to Europe around the earliest Eocene though the Greenland land bridge.
Data from: Deep reticulation and incomplete lineage sorting obscure the diploid phylogeny of rain-lilies and allies (Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae)
Hybridization is a frequent and important force in plant evolution. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods offer new possibilities for clade resolution and ambitious sampling of gene genealogies, yet difficulty remains in detecting deep reticulation events using currently available methods. We reconstructed the phylogeny of diploid representatives of Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae to test the hypothesis of ancient hybridizations preceding the radiation of its major subclade, Hippeastrinae. Through hybrid enrichment of DNA libraries and NGS, we obtained data for 18 nuclear loci through a curated assembly approach and nearly complete plastid genomes for 35 ingroup taxa plus 5 outgroups. Additionally, we obtained alignments for 39 loci through an automated assembly algorithm. These data were analyzed with diverse phylogenetic methods, including concatenation, coalescence-based species tree estimation, Bayesian concordance analysis, and network reconstructions, to provide insights into the evolutionary relationships of Hippeastreae. Causes for gene tree heterogeneity and cytonuclear discordance were examined through a Bayesian posterior predictive approach (JML) and coalescent simulations. Two major clades were found, Hippeastrinae and Traubiinae, as previously reported. Our results suggest the presence of two major nuclear lineages in Hippeastrinae characterized by different chromosome numbers: 1) Tocantinia and Hippeastrum with 2n = 22, and 2) Eithea, Habranthus, Rhodophiala, and Zephyranthes mostly with 2n = 12, 14, and 18. Strong cytonuclear discordance was confirmed in Hippeastrinae, and a network scenario with at least six hybridization events is proposed to reconcile nuclear and plastid signals, along a backbone that may also have been affected by incomplete lineage sorting at the base of each major subclade.
Data from: A phylogeny of the treehopper subfamily Heteronotinae reveals convergent pronotal traits (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae)
Even within an insect family famous for its morphological diversity, the treehopper subfamily Heteronotinae is a microcosm of pronotal variation, displaying remarkably dissimilar thoracic ornamentations among its ten included genera. Presented here is a reconstruction of heteronotine relationships based on DNA nucleotide sequence data from five nuclear and two mitochondrial genes from a comprehensive sample of ingroup taxa (including exemplars of all genera except for the monotypic Dysyncritus Fowler, 1895). Concordant phylogenetic estimates support the monophyly of Heteronotinae sensu stricto (i.e. excluding Darnoides Fairmaire, 1846), as well as the monophyly of the included genera Heteronotus Laporte, 1832, Nassunia Stål, 1862, Omolon Walker, 1862, Rhexia Stål, 1867, and Smiliorachis Fairmaire, 1846. Conversely, Anchistrotus Buckton, 1902, Allodrilus Evangelista, 2014 and Iria Stål, 1867 were not recovered as monophyletic, although topology comparison tests failed to reject the nonmonophyly of the latter two genera, nor Heteronotinae, as currently circumscribed. These results are interpreted in the context of available morphological evidence, which generally supports these findings. Also addressed here is the evolution of selected pronotal features representing major aspects of heteronotine morphology. Bayesian stochastic mapping of pronotal traits estimated multiple character state transitions, suggesting repeated acquisition of pronotal features, most of which have evolved independently within the diverse genus Heteronotus. These convergences may provide insight into the role of the pronotum in heteronotine groups that appear to serve different adaptive strategies, such as mimicry, crypsis and defence against predators. Furthermore, our results show a substantial diversity in need of formal description, including possible new genera, and several unique sexually dimorphic syndromes that may constitute a species complex within Heteronotus delineatus Walker, 1858. Nomenclatural changes are proposed for Nassunia nigromacula (Funkhouser, 1940) new combination and Smiliorachis inornata Stål, 1862 combination reinstated, which were found to be misplaced at the generic and subfamily levels according to our analyses.
Figs. 2, 3. Parabuthus muelleri Prendini, 2000 in Discovery of the Male of Parabuthus muelleri, and Implications for the Phylogeny of Parabuthus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
Figs. 2, 3. Parabuthus muelleri Prendini, 2000, male (AMNH [AH 3991]), habitus. 2. Dorsal aspect.
Fig. 4 in Termites (Isoptera): Their Phylogeny, Classification, and Rise to Ecological Dominance
Fig. 4. Continuation of figs. 1–2 focusing on Kalotermitidae. Branch ''C'' (Neoisoptera) in fig. 5.
Fig. 5 in Termites (Isoptera): Their Phylogeny, Classification, and Rise to Ecological Dominance
Fig. 5. Continuation of figs. 1, 2, and 4 focusing on Neoisoptera.
Phylogeny of Citharexyleae
<p>As a family of Neotropical origin and primarily Neotropical distribution, the Verbenaceae are a good but understudied system with which to understand Neotropical evolution. Tribe Citharexyleae comprises three genera: <i>Baillonia</i>, <i>Citharexylum</i>—one of the largest genera in Verbenaceae—and <i>Rehdera</i>. A molecular phylogenetic approach was taken to resolve intergeneric relationships in Citharexyleae and infrageneric relationships in <i>Citharexylum</i>. The phylogeny is used to elucidate character evolution in a widespread, morphologically diverse Neotropical genus. Seven plastid regions, two nuclear ribosomal spacers, and six low-copy nuclear loci were analyzed for 64 species of Citharexyleae. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and multi-species coalescent approaches. Habit, presence/absence of thorns, inflorescence architecture, flower color, fruit color, and geography were examined to identify diagnostic character states for clades within <i>Citharexylum</i>. <i>Rehdera</i> is resolved as sister to <i>Citharexylum,</i> and <i>Baillonia</i> nested within <i>Citharexylum</i>. Two species, <i>C. oleinum</i> and <i>C. tetramerum</i>, are not closely related to tribe Citharexyleae, but may be related to members of tribe Duranteae instead. Seven clades within <i>Citharexylum </i>are inferred, each characterized by a combination of geography, fruit color/maturation, and inflorescence architecture. There is evidence of correlated evolution between habit, axillary inflorescences, and flower number per inflorescence. Shrubs with reduced inflorescences have evolved repeatedly. <i>Conclusions: </i>A subgeneric classification for <i>Citharexylum</i> is proposed. Though suites of associated traits are found, character morphology has been labile throughout <i>Citharexylum'</i>s evolutionary history. Morphological diversity may be related to adaptation to differing mesic and xeric habitats.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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