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19,493 results for “Populism”
Synthetic population for USA_VIRGINIA
<p><strong>Synthetic populations for regions of the World (SPW) | Virginia</strong></p><p><strong>Dataset information</strong></p><p>A synthetic population of a region as provided here, captures the people of the region with selected demographic attributes, their organization into households, their assigned activities for a day, the locations where the activities take place and thus where interactions among population members happen (e.g., spread of epidemics).</p> <p><strong>License</strong></p><p><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY-4.0</a></p> <p><strong>Acknowledgment</strong></p><p>This project was supported by the National Science Foundation under the NSF RAPID: COVID-19 Response Support: Building Synthetic Multi-scale Networks (PI: Madhav Marathe, Co-PIs: Henning Mortveit, Srinivasan Venkatramanan; Fund Number: OAC-2027541).</p> <p><strong>Contact information</strong></p><p>Henning.Mortveit@virginia.edu</p> <p><strong>Identifiers</strong></p><table> <thead><tr> <th></th> <th></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Region name</td> <td>Virginia</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Region ID</td> <td>usa_140002905</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Model</td> <td>coarse</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Version</td> <td>0_9_0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Statistics</strong></p><table> <thead><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Value</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Population</td> <td>7908211</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Average age</td> <td>37.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Households</td> <td>3206012</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Average household size</td> <td>2.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Residence locations</td> <td>3206012</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Activity locations</td> <td>729228</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Average number of activities</td> <td>5.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Average travel distance</td> <td>43.5</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p><table> <thead><tr> <th>Description</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Version</th> <th>Url</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Activity template data</td> <td>World Bank</td> <td>2021</td> <td><a href="https://data.worldbank.org">https://data.worldbank.org</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Administrative boundaries</td> <td>ADCW</td> <td>7.6</td> <td><a href="https://www.adci.com/adc-worldmap">https://www.adci.com/adc-worldmap</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Curated POIs based on OSM</td> <td>SLIPO/OSM POIs</td> <td></td> <td><a href="http://slipo.eu/?p=1551">http://slipo.eu/?p=1551</a> <a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/">https://www.openstreetmap.org/</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Household data</td> <td>IPUMS</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://international.ipums.org/international">https://international.ipums.org/international</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Population count with demographic attributes</td> <td>GPW</td> <td>v4.11</td> <td><a href="https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v4-admin-unit-center-points-population-estimates-rev11">https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v4-admin-unit-center-points-population-estimates-rev11</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Files description</strong></p><p><strong>Base data files (usa_140002905_data_v_0_9.zip)</strong></p><table> <thead><tr> <th>Filename</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_person_v_0_9.csv</code></td> <td>Data for each person including attributes such as age, gender, and household ID.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_household_v_0_9.csv</code></td> <td>Data at household level.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_residence_locations_v_0_9.csv</code></td> <td>Data about residence locations</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_activity_locations_v_0_9.csv</code></td> <td>Data about activity locations, including what activity types are supported at these locations</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_activity_location_assignment_v_0_9.csv</code></td> <td>For each person and for each of their activities, this file specifies the location where the activity takes place</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Derived data files</strong></p><table> <thead><tr> <th>Filename</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_contact_matrix_v_0_9.csv</code></td> <td>A POLYMOD-type contact matrix constructed from a network representation of the location assignment data and a within-location contact model.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Validation and measures files</strong></p><table> <thead><tr> <th>Filename</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_household_grouping_validation_v_0_9.pdf</code></td> <td>Validation plots for household construction</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_activity_durations_{adult,child}_v_0_9.pdf</code></td> <td>Comparison of time spent on generated activities with survey data</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_activity_patterns_{adult,child}_v_0_9.pdf</code></td> <td>Comparison of generated activity patterns by the time of day with survey data</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_location_construction_0_9.pdf</code></td> <td>Validation plots for location construction</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_location_assignement_0_9.pdf</code></td> <td>Validation plots for location assignment, including travel distribution plots</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_usa_140002905_ver_0_9_0_avg_travel_distance.pdf</code></td> <td>Choropleth map visualizing average travel distance</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_usa_140002905_ver_0_9_0_travel_distr_combined.pdf</code></td> <td>Travel distance distribution</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_usa_140002905_ver_0_9_0_num_activity_loc.pdf</code></td> <td>Choropleth map visualizing number of activity locations</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_usa_140002905_ver_0_9_0_avg_age.pdf</code></td> <td>Choropleth map visualizing average age</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_usa_140002905_ver_0_9_0_pop_density_per_sqkm.pdf</code></td> <td>Choropleth map visualizing population density</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>usa_140002905_usa_140002905_ver_0_9_0_pop_size.pdf</code></td> <td>Choropleth map visualizing population size</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Too many to count: Using orthophotography to census an unharvested beaver (Castor canadensis) population in Ontario
<p>Various field methods exist to monitor wildlife populations and estimate trends in their distribution and abundance. For American beaver (Castor canadensis), aerial surveys provide a means to obtain abundance data over large areas and typically involve observers searching watercourses and shorelines for active beaver presence. Here, we describe a systematic aerial photo census we designed and executed in autumn to quantify annual beaver abundance on the 184 km2 Michipicoten Island, Ontario from 2015–2019. Aerial photos were stitched together into orthophoto mosaics after each census and visually searched for beaver food caches, with each food cache representing an independent beaver colony. Our methods revealed that beaver colony abundance declined substantially from a peak of 6.1 colonies/km2 in 2015, the highest reported across North America, to 0.4 colonies/km2 in 2018. Beaver abundance remained low through 2019. Though photographing the entire isolated study area required relatively little time and effort, even when beaver density was very high, post-census processing work was time-consuming. Lessons learned will improve the efficiencies of our future censuses and aid other researchers. Our method is advantageous over traditional aerial wildlife surveys in that it provides a digital and visual record that can be used for additional analyses. </p>
Small giants: Tributaries rescue spatially structured populations from extirpation in a highly fragmented stream
<p>Habitat fragmentation is a pervasive threat to biodiversity. Linearly arranged habitats such as stream networks are particularly vulnerable to fragmentation. As the landscape becomes increasingly human-dominated, conservation values of fragmented habitat patches cannot be overlooked. It is critical to understand the demographic mechanisms of population persistence or extirpation in fragmented patches.</p> <p>We studied the dynamics of spatially structured populations of two Japanese landlocked salmonids persisting for > 30 years in a headwater stream network that is highly fragmented due to low-head dams in the mainstem. We parameterised and analysed spatial matrix population models using 9-year mark-recapture data.</p> <p>Tributaries supported higher survival rates in some life stages, and movement was asymmetrical from the tributaries to the mainstem. Accordingly, population growth rates were higher in the tributary patches than the mainstem in both species despite the tributaries occupying only 12 or 18% of the study stream network by surface area. The tributaries harboured more physically and hydraulically complex instream habitats (i.e., higher wood density and flow refugia), indicating that habitat patch quality was more important than habitat patch size in determining the dynamics of these spatially structured populations.</p> <p>Tributary locations in the stream network were important in the trajectory of these populations. The upstream-dwelling charr persisted in the highly fragmented mainstem patch (i.e., six impassable infrastructures in a < 500 m patch) due to immigration of fish from upstream including the tributary. However, the downstream-dwelling salmon have been gradually extirpated from the uppermost section of the fragmented mainstem patch because they could not maintain a positive population growth rate after the loss of emigrants was accounted for and immigration was prevented due to fragmentation.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications: We conclude that small tributaries have rescued the spatially structured populations from extirpation (charr) or at least slowed down extirpation (salmon). Legal protection of headwaters as aquatic habitats is weak globally. Our results suggest that stream management plans underestimating the demographic value of small tributaries will likely fail to conserve populations of headwater inhabitants and therefore endanger aquatic biodiversity. We discuss conservation implications of this study related to habitat connectivity and fisheries management.</p>
Microclimate and host body condition influence mite population growth in a wild bird-ectoparasite system
<p>Parasite populations are never evenly distributed among the hosts they infect. Avian nest ectoparasites, such as mites, are no exception, as their distribution across the landscape is highly aggregated. It remains unclear if this pattern is driven by differences in transmission events alone, or if the environment that parasites inhabit after transmission also plays a role. Here, we experimentally examined the influence of the post-transmission microclimate, nest characteristics, and host condition on ectoparasite population growth in a bird-ectoparasite system. We infested barn swallow (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) nests with a standardized number of Northern Fowl Mites (Ornithonyssus sylvarium) and analyzed both biotic (nestling mass, wing length, number of other arthropods present in the nest, and brood size) and abiotic (temperature, humidity, nest lining, nest dimensions, and substrate upon which the nest was built) predictors of mite population growth. Our results suggest that mite populations were most successful, in terms of growth, in nests with higher temperatures, lower humidity, few other arthropods, and hosts in good condition. We also found that nests built on wooden substrates support larger populations of mites than those constructed on metal or concrete. These findings lend insight into the factors that drive large-scale patterns of ectoparasite distributions.</p>
Genomic consequences of a century of inbreeding and isolation in the Danish wild boar population
Demographic events such as series of bottlenecks impact the genetic variation and adaptive potential of populations. European megafauna, such as wild boars (Sus scrofa), have experienced severe climatic and size fluctuations that have shaped their genetic variation. Habitat fragmentation as well as human-mediated translocations have further contributed to the complex demographic history of European wild boar. Danish wild boars represent an extreme case of a small and isolated population founded by four wild boars from Germany. Here, we explore the genetic composition of the Danish wild boar population in Klelund. We genotyped all 21 Danish wild boars that were recently transferred from the source population in Lille Vildmose into the Klelund Plantation to establish a novel wild boar population. We compared the Danish wild boars to high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes from a comprehensive reference set of 1263 wild and domesticated pigs, including 11 individuals from Ulm, one of two presumed founder locations in Germany. Our findings support the European wild background of the Danish population and no traces of gene flow with wild or domesticated pigs were found. The narrow genetic origin of the Danish wild boars is illustrated by extremely long and frequent runs of homozygous stretches in their genomes, indicative of recent inbreeding. This study provides the first insights into one of the most inbred wild boar populations globally established a century ago from a narrow base of only four founders. --
Genomic associations with poxvirus across divergent island populations in Berthelot's pipit
<p><span>Understanding the mechanisms and genes that enable animal populations to adapt to pathogens is important from an evolutionary, health and conservation perspective. Berthelot's pipit (<em>Anthus berthelotii</em>) experiences extensive and consistent spatial heterogeneity in </span><span>avian pox infection pressure across its range of island populations</span><span>, thus providing an excellent system with which to examine how pathogen-mediated selection drives spatial variation in immunogenetic diversity. Here we test for evidence of genetic variation associated with avian pox at both an individual and population-level. At the individual level, we find no evidence that variation in MHC class I and TLR4 (both known to be important in recognising viral infection) was associated with pox infection within two separate populations. However, using genotype-environment association (Bayenv) in conjunction with genome-wide (ddRAD-seq) data, we detected strong associations between population-level avian pox prevalence and allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a number of sites across the genome. These sites were located within genes </span><span>involved in cellular </span><span>stress signalling and immune responses, many of which have previously been associated with responses to viral infection in humans and other animals. Consequently, our analyses indicates that pathogen-mediated selection may play a role in shaping genomic variation among relatively recently colonised island bird populations and highlights the utility of genotype-environment associations for identifying candidate genes potentially involved in host-pathogen interactions.</span></p>
Dispersal increases spatial synchrony of populations but has weak effects on population variability: a meta-analysis
<p><span>The effects of dispersal on spatial synchrony and population variability have been well documented in theoretical research, and a growing number of empirical tests have been performed. Yet a synthesis is still lacking. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of relevant experiments and examined how dispersal affected spatial synchrony and temporal population variability across scales. Our analyses showed that dispersal generally promoted spatial synchrony, and such effects </span><span>increased with dispersal rate and decreased with environmental correlation among patches. The synchronizing effect of dispersal, however, was only detected when spatial synchrony was measured using the correlation-based index, but not for the covariance-based index. In contrast to theoretical predictions, the effect of dispersal on local population variability was generally non-significant, except when environment correlation among patch was negative and/or experimental period was long. At the regional scale, while low dispersal stabilized metapopulation dynamics, high dispersal led to destabilization. </span><span>Overall, the sign and strength of dispersal effects on spatial synchrony and population variability were modulated by taxa, environmental heterogeneity, </span><span><span>type of perturbations, patch number, and experimental length. </span>Our synthesis demonstrates that dispersal can substantially affect the dynamics of spatially distributed populations, but its effects are context dependent on abiotic and biotic factors. </span></p>
Breeding biology of two populations of Chinese penduline tits
<p>The phenotypes and breeding behavior in one species may be different between populations. The local environments, social interactions can all lead to some variations in life history. The thorough investigations of breeding biology over populations can provide insights for us to understand the evolution and diversifications of breeding systems and phenotypic traits from multiple perspectives other than drawing monotonous associations between a factor and a trait. In this study, we explored two Chinese penduline populations, Liaohekou (LHK) and Xianghai (XH), both in the northeast of China located 550 km away from each other. A comparative study of the breeding biology was carried on in the two populations. We found that the climate has no obvious difference in these two populations but has different habitats. Nest emergence and egg-laying were earlier in the more northern population XH. Males in XH has a lower chance of pairing up with a female and exhibit mainly biparental care pattern instead uniparental care that we reported in LHK. The chick fledgling success in the biparental care nests was higher than in the uniparental care nests in XH, but no difference to the uniparental care nests in LHK. Besides, the penduline tits in the two populations were also significantly different in their wing length, tail length and beak shape. These incongruences suggested different food availability, adult sex ratio and migration distances of the two populations. Future studies should experimentally investigate the joint influences of breeding perspectives on the evolution of parental care and mating system.</p>
Data from: The importance of population heterogeneities in detecting social learning as the foundation of animal cultural transmission
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>High levels of within-population behavioural variation can have drastic demographic consequences, thus changing the evolutionary fate of populations. A major source of within-population heterogeneity is personality. Nonetheless, it is still relatively rarely accounted for in social learning studies that constitute the most basic process of cultural transmission. Here, we perform in female mosquitofish (<em>Gambusia holbrooki</em>) a social learning experiment in the context of mate choice, a situation called mate copying, and for which there is strong evidence that it can lead to the emergence of persistent traditions of preferring a given male phenotype. </span><span class="TexteCourant1Car"><span>When accounting for the </span></span><span>global</span><span class="TexteCourant1Car"> <span>tendency of females to prefer lager males </span></span><span>but ignoring differences in personality we detected no evidence for mate copying. However, when accounting for the bold-shy dichotomy, we found that bold females did not show any evidence for mate copying, while shy females showed significant amounts of mate copying. This illustrates how the presence of variation in personality can hamper our capacity to detect mate copying. We conclude that mate copying may be more widespread than we thought because many studies ignored the presence of within-population heterogeneities.</span></p>
Mesocosm experiments reveal the loss of migratory tendencies in a recently isolated population of three-spined sticklebacks
<p>In the 1970s, water management in the Netherlands resulted in numerous isolated populations of three-spined sticklebacks, which can no longer migrate from freshwater to the sea. We tested whether ~50 years of isolation resulted in reduced migratory tendencies in these resident sticklebacks. Lab-based individual testing showed behavioural divergence between residents and migrants, but also produced counter-intuitive results, especially with regards to movement tendencies. To detect differences in migration tendencies, we set up a semi-natural mesocosm, consisting of connected ponds, where movements of numerous individuals could continually be tracked at larger spatial scales. We found that wild-caught residents and migrants exhibited no differences in movement tendencies within ponds, but residents moved significantly less between ponds than migrants. Between-pond movements were consistent and the observed differences were robust across contexts (changes in water flow and group size). Our study reveals that larger-scale movement tendencies can diverge over short time scales in response to human-induced isolation, and highlights the importance of observing behaviour in ecologically relevant setups that bridge the gap between lab and field studies.</p>
Exceptional longevity in northern peripheral populations of Wels catfish (Silurus glanis)
<p>Studies of life-history variation across a species range are crucial for ecological understanding and successful conservation. Here, we examined the growth and age of Wels catfish (Silurus glanis) in Sweden, which represent the northernmost populations in Europe. A total of 1183 individuals were captured, marked and released between 2006 and 2020. Mark-recapture data from 162 individuals (size range: 13–195 cm) were used to estimate von Bertalanffy growth curve parameters which revealed very slow growth rates compared to catfish within the core distribution area (central Europe). The fitted von Bertalanffy growth curve predicted a 150 cm catfish to be around 40 years old, while the largest recaptured individual (length 195 cm) was estimated to be 70 (95% CI 50–112) years old. This was substantially older than the previously documented maximum age of a catfish. The weight at length relationships in these northern peripheral populations were similar to those documented for catfish in central Europe indicating that resources did not constrain growth. This indicates that the slow growth and exceptional high age in the northern catfish populations are the result of lower temperatures and/or local adaptations.</p>
Monks relax sibling competition over parental resources in Tibetan populations
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Why parents in some societies induce some of their sons to become religious celibates is an evolutionary puzzle. Some have speculated that this might be associated with brother competition for family resources. However, the behavioral ecology of monks and the possible links with competition between brothers remains unexplored. Here, we use demographic data from Amdo Tibetan agropastoralists in western China to evaluate what factors determine the probability of becoming a monk and explore the possible association between wealth and having a monk brother. We found that boys with at least one older brother are more likely to be induced by their parents to become celibate monks. Patrilocal heads of household, who inherit parental property, are more likely to be first-born sons, whereas men who marry uxorilocally, that is they move to their wife's household, are generally second or later born sons. Moreover, we find that men with at least one monk brother are wealthier than men who only have non-celibate brothers. Together, these results suggest that sending a son to the monastery is way for parents to decrease competition between brothers over family resources. Harsh and resource-limited environments, like the one we consider, can lead to the emergence of communal households, including polyandrous families, which used to be common in Tibetan areas. Directing one son to become a religious celibate offers a potentially effective solution to brother competition in our population.</span></p>
Population changes in a whale breeding ground revealed by citizen science noninvasive genetics unique microsatellite profiles of southern right whales
<p>Historical exploitation, and a combination of current anthropogenic impacts, such as climate change and habitat degradation, impact the population dynamics of marine mammalian megafauna. Right whales (<em>Eubalaena </em>spp.) are large cetaceans recovering from hunting, whose reproductive and population growth rate appear to be impacted by climate change. We apply noninvasive genetic methods to monitor southern right whale (<em>E. australis</em>, SRW) and test the application of noninvasive genetics to minimise the observer effects on the population. Our aim is to describe population structure, and interdecadal and interannual changes to assess species status in the Great Acceleration period of Anthropocene. As a basis for population genetic analyses, we collected samples from sloughed skin during post-migration epidermal moult. Considering the exploration-exploitation dilemma, we collaborated with whale-watching companies, as part of a citizen science approach and to reduce ad hoc logistic operations and biopsy equipment. We used mitochondrial and microsatellite data and population genetic tools. We report for the first time the genetic composition and differentiation of the Namibian portion of the range. Population genetic parameters suggest that South Africa hosts the largest population. This corresponds with higher estimates of current gene flow from Africa compared to older samples. We have observed considerable interannual variation in population density at the breeding ground and an interdecadal shift in genetic variability, evidenced by an increase in the point estimate inbreeding. Clustering analyses confirmed differentiation between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, presumably originating during the ice ages. We show that population monitoring of large whales, essential for their conservation management, is feasible using noninvasive sampling within non-scientific platforms. Observed patterns are concurrent to changes of movement ecology and decline in reproductive success of the South African population, probably reflecting a large-scale restructuring of pelagic marine food webs.</p>
Evolution of a novel female reproductive strategy in Drosophila melanogaster populations subjected to long term protein restriction
<p>Reproductive output is often constrained by availability of macronutrients, especially protein. Long term protein restriction, therefore, is expected to select for traits maximizing reproduction even under nutritional challenge. We subjected four replicate populations of <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> to a complete deprivation of yeast supplement, thereby mimicking a protein restricted ecology. Following 24 generations, compared to their matched controls, females from experimental populations showed increased reproductive output early in life, both in presence and absence of yeast supplement. The observed increase in reproductive output was without associated alterations in egg size, development time, pre-adult survivorship, body mass at eclosion, and lifespan of the females. Further, selection was ineffective on lifelong cumulative fecundity. However, females from experiment regime were found to have a significantly faster rate of reproductive senescence following the attainment of the reproductive peak early in life. Therefore, adaptation to yeast deprivation ecology in our study involved a novel reproductive strategy whereby females attained higher reproductive output early in life followed by faster reproductive aging. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the cleanest demonstration of optimization of fitness by fine tuning of reproductive schedule during adaptation to a prolonged nutritional deprivation.</p>
Molecular tracking and prevalence of the red colour morph restricted to a harvested leopard population in South Africa
<p>The red leopard (<em>Panthera pardus</em>) colour morph is a colour variant that occurs only in South Africa, where it is confined to the Central Bushveld bioregion. Red leopards have been spreading over the past 40 years, which raises the speculation that the prevalence of this phenotype is related to low dispersal of young individuals owing to high off-take in the region. Intensive selective hunting tends to remove large resident males from the breeding population, which gives young males the chance to mate with resident females that are more likely to be their relatives, eventually increasing the frequency of rare genetic variants. To investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying the red coat colour morph in leopards, and whether its prevalence in South Africa relates to an increase in genetic relatedness in the population, we sequenced exons of six colour coat associated genes and 20 microsatellite loci in twenty wild-type and four red leopards. The results were combined with demographic data available from our study sites. We found that red leopards own a haplotype in homozygosity identified by one non-synonymous SNP and a 1 bp deletion that causes a frameshift in the Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (TYRP1), a gene known to be involved in the biosynthesis of melanin. Microsatellite analyses indicate clear signs of a population bottleneck and a relatedness of 0.11 among all pairwise relationships, eventually supporting our hypothesis that a rare colour morph in the wild has increased its local frequency due to low natal dispersal. This was backed by a high human-induced mortality rate (40%).</p>
Population genetics and biogeography of the lungwort lichen in North America support distinct Eastern and Western gene pools
<p>Populations of species with large spatial distributions are shaped by complex forces that differ throughout their ranges. To maintain the genetic diversity of species, genepool-based subsets of widespread species must be considered in conservation assessments. In this study, the population genetics of the lichenized fungus Lobaria pulmonaria and its algal partner, Symbiochloris reticulata , were investigated to determine population structure, genetic diversity, and degree of congruency in eastern and western North America. Data loggers measuring temperature and humidity were deployed at selected populations in eastern North America to test for climatic adaptation. To better understand the role Pleistocene glaciations played in shaping population patterns, a North American, range-wide species distribution model was constructed and hindcast to 22,000 years before present and at 500-year time slices from then to the present. The presence of two gene pools with minimal admixture was supported, one in the Pacific Northwest and one in eastern North America. Western populations were significantly more genetically diverse than eastern populations. There was no evidence for climatic adaptation among eastern populations, though there was evidence for range-wide adaptation to evapotranspiration rates. Hindcast distribution models suggest that observed genetic diversity may be due to a drastic Pleistocene range restriction in eastern North America, whereas a substantial coastal refugial area is inferred in the west. Taken together the results show different, complex population histories of L. pulmonaria in eastern and western North America, and suggest that conservation planning for each gene pool should be considered separately.</p>
Data from: When can model-based estimates replace surveys of wildlife populations that span many discrete management units?
<p>Monitoring widely distributed species on a budget presents challenges for the spatio-temporal allocation of survey effort. When there are multiple discrete units to monitor, survey alternatives such as model-based estimates can be useful to fill information-gaps but may not reliably reflect biological complexity and change. The spatio-temporal allocation of survey effort that minimizes uncertainty for the greatest number of units within a budget can help to ensure monitoring efforts are optimized.</p> <p>We used aerial survey-based population estimates of moose (Alces alces) across 30 Wildlife Management Units (WMUs) in Ontario, Canada to parameterize simulated populations and test the performance of different monitoring scenarios in capturing WMU-specific annual variation and trends. Firstly, we tested scenarios that prioritized conducting a survey for a unit based on one of three management criteria: population state, population uncertainty, or number of years between surveys. Also incorporated in the decision framework were WMU-specific costs and annual budget constraints. Secondly, we tested how using model-based estimates to fill information-gaps improved population and trend estimates. Lastly, we assessed how the utility (based on minimizing population uncertainty) of using a model-based estimate rather than conducting a survey was impacted by population density, severity of environmental stressors, and years since the last survey.</p> <p>Interval-based monitoring that minimized the number of years between surveys captured accurate trends for the highest number of WMUs, but annual variation was poorly captured regardless of management criteria prioritized. Using model-based estimates to fill information gaps improved trend estimation. Further, the utility of conducting a survey increased with time since the last survey and was greater for populations with low densities when the severity of environmental stressors was high, while being greater for populations with high densities when environmental severity was low.</p> <p>Overall, the utility of aerial survey monitoring was strongly associated with WMU-specific monitoring precision and the predictive power of model-based estimates. If long-term trends are evident then there is greater value in using alternatives such as model-based predictions to replace surveys, but model-based estimates may be a poor substitute when there is strong annual variation and when using a simple model.</p>
South-East US historical and projected population per county for FUTURES urban growth modeling in GRASS GIS
<p>South East US historical (2001-2019) and projected (2020-2100) population per county for 6 states (NC, SC, TN, GA, AL, FL). Historical data come from The National Vital Statistics System (https://seer.cancer.gov/popdata/download.html) and future data are projected by Hauer 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2019.5) for SSP2 scenario. Data are formatted for r.futures.demand module, which is a GRASS GIS addon for computing future land demand for FUTURES urban growth model. </p>
Can fire-age mosaics really deal with conflicting needs of species? A study using population hotspots of multiple threatened birds
<p> Locations that support high densities of a species ("population hotspots") have a disproportionate influence on species' persistence. In fire-prone ecosystems, managers attempting to promote population hotspots of multiple species must understand how hotspot locations might shift with post-fire succession and how much overlap exists in the locations of population hotspots for multiple species. Mangers are then tasked with resolving fire-management conflicts in overlapping locations.</p> <p>We studied three co-occurring threatened bird species in a fire-prone 'mallee' region of south-eastern Australia. We undertook field surveys for each species (1508 surveys; 540 sites; 9-ha each). We used N-mixture models to determine (a) what factors affect species' density (including post-fire succession); (b) species' population sizes; (c) locations of species' current population hotspots and locations that may become population hotspots in the future as the post-fire successional state changes and (d) the degree of overlap in the current and possible future hotspots of species.</p> <p>We found substantial variation in the densities of the three species across the study area, with roughly half of each species' population occurring in only 20 percent of potential habitat (i.e. population hotspots). All species shared a preference for subtle depressions in the landscape, resulting in substantial overlap in their population hotspots. Two species had contrasting responses to post-fire succession in the subtle depressions. As a result, there was only a narrow post-fire period that supported population hotspots of both species, creating a challenge for fire managers in these shared locations.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications.</em> Many studies make vague recommendations for fire-age mosaics that do not provide managers with the detail they need to implement appropriate fire-age mosaics. By contrast, we explicitly quantify, then balance the conflicting post-fire needs of species in locations that support population hotspots of multiple species. Using this approach, we develop principles to guide the implementation of fire-age mosaics in such locations. This approach represents a step towards applying fire-age mosaic theory to support effective species conservation.</p>
Fruit-feeding butterfly populations respond to variation in adult food availability: evidence from longitudinal body mass and abundance data
<p>The degree to which variation in adult food availability affects the population dynamics of a species depends on its position on the capital-income breeding continuum. The long-lived butterflies that feed on fruits as adults constitute an example of Lepidoptera with a high degree of income breeding. For three species of fruit-feeding butterflies in Uganda, we assessed the contribution of the income to breeding in the wild, and the consequences of variation in fruit availability for body mass and population dynamics. We interpreted body mass loss within individuals as well as younger individuals having higher body mass than older ones as evidence for the depletion of capital reserves. Despite large sample sizes, we were able to show only modest body mass loss in one species, indicating that large-bodied fruit-feeding butterflies are functionally income breeders in the wild. Butterfly body mass was sensitive to environmental factors, although the responses to fruit availability and weather parameters were dominated by interactive effects. In all three species, periods of higher availability of fruit were followed by periods of higher adult abundance three to five months later, fitting the egg-to-adult time. Our results suggest that adult food is rapidly used for reproduction so that body mass remains stable and population size responds to adult food availability. For these income breeding species, the frequent periods of low adult food availability may select for extended adult longevity for the purpose of postponing reproduction to the onset of more favorable conditions. </p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.