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GPM SAPHIR on MT1 (PRPS) Radiometer Precipitation Profiling L2 1.5 hours 10 km V06 (GPM_2APRPSMT1SAPHIR) at GES DISC

Version 6 is the current version of this dataset. Older versions are no longer available and have been superseded by Version 6.The Precipitation Retrieval and Profiling Scheme (PRPS)is designed to provide a best estimate of precipitation based upon matched SAPHIR-DPR observations. This fulfils in part the essence of GPM (and its predecessor, TRMM) in which the core observatory acts as a calibrator of precipitation retrievals for the international constellation of passive microwave instruments. In doing so the retrievals from the partner constellation sensors are able to provide greater temporal sampling and great spatial coverage than is possible from the DPR instrument alone. However, the limitations of the DPR instrument are transferred through the retrieval scheme to the resulting precipitation products.Fundamental to the design of the PRPS is the independence from any dynamic ancillary data sets: the retrieval is based solely upon the satellite radiances, a static a priori radiance-rainrate database (and index), and (static) topographical data. Critically, the technique is independent of any model information, unlike the retrievals generated through the Goddard PROFiling (GPROF) scheme: this independence is advantageous when generating products across time scales from near real-time (inaccessibility to model data) to climatological scales (circumventing trends in model data).The algorithm is designed to generate instantaneous estimates of precipitation at a constant resolution (regardless of scan position), for all scan positions and scan lines. In addition to the actual precipitation estimate, an assessment of the error is made, and a measure of the ‘fit’ of the observations to the database provided. A quality flag is also provided, with any bad data generating a ‘missing flag’ in the retrieval.

microRNA expression profiles in human peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in modeled microgravity

In the present study we analyzed miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) incubated in microgravity condition simulated by a ground-based Rotating Wall Vessel (RWV) bioreactor. Our results show that 42 miRNAs were differentially expressed in MMG-incubated PBLs compared with 1g-incubated ones. Among these miR-9-5p miR-9-3p miR-155-5p miR-150-3p and miR-378-3p were the most dysregulated. To improve the detection of functional miRNA-mRNA pairs we performed gene expression profiles on the same samples assayed for miRNA profiling and we integrated miRNA and mRNA expression data. The functional classification of miRNA-correlated genes evidenced significant enrichments in the biological processes of immune/inflammatory response signal transduction regulation of response to stress regulation of programmed cell death and regulation of cell proliferation. We identified the correlation between miR-9-3p miR-155-5p miR-150-3p and miR-378-3p expression with that of genes involved in immune/inflammatory response (eg. IFNG and IL17F) apoptosis (eg. PDCD4 and PTEN) and cell proliferation (eg. NKX3-1 and GADD45A). Experimental assays of cell viability and apoptosis induction validated the results obtained by bioinformatics analyses demonstrating that in human PBLs the exposure to reduced gravitational force increases the frequency of apoptosis and decreases cell proliferation. microRNA expression profiling were carried out on total RNA extracted from PBLs of twelve healthy donors at the end of 24h-incubation time in MMG and in 1g conditions. Analyses were performed by using the Human miRNA Microarray kit (V2) (Agilent Technologies) that allows the detection of 723 known human (miRBase v.10.1) and 76 human viral miRNAs. By comparing the expression profile of MMG-incubated vs. 1g-incubated PBLs of the same donor we found 42 differentially expressed miRNAs 25 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated.

GPM MHS on NOAA-19 (GPROF) Radiometer Precipitation Profiling L2A 1.5 hours 17 km V07 (GPM_2AGPROFNOAA19MHS) at GES DISC

Version 07 is the current version of the data set. Older versions will no longer be available and have been superseded by Version 07.The 2AGPROF (also known as, GPM GPROF (Level 2)) algorithm retrieves consistent precipitation and related science fields from the following GMI and partner passive microwave sensors: GMI, SSMI (DMSP F15), SSMIS (DMSP F16, F17, F18) AMSR2 (GCOM-W1), TMI MHS (NOAA 18&19, METOP A&B), ATMS (NPP), SAPHIR (MT1) This provides the bulk of the 3-hour coverage achieved by GPM. For each sensor, there are near-realtime (NRT) products, standard products, and climate products. These differ only in the amount of data that are available within 3 hours, 48 hours, and 3 months of collection, as well as the ancillary data used. The NRT product uses GANAL forecast fields. Standard products use the GANAL analysis product, while the climate product uses ECMWF reanalysis in order to allow for consistent data records with earlier missions. These earlier data may be archived separately. The main strength of the product is the large sampling provided. The GPM radiometer algorithms are Bayesian-type algorithms. These algorithms search an a-priori database of potential rain profiles and retrieve a weighted average of these entries based upon the proximity of the observed brightness temperature (Tb) to the simulated Tb corresponding to each rain profile. By using the same a-priori database of rain profiles, with appropriate simulated Tb for each constellation sensor, the Bayesian method is completely parametric and thus well suited for GPM's constellation approach. The a-priori information will be supplied by the combined algorithm supplied by GPM's core satellite as soon after launch as feasible. Databases for V0 of the algorithm had to be constructed from various sources as described in the ATBD. The solution provides a mean rain rate as well as the vertical structure of cloud and precipitation hydrometeors and their uncertainty.

GPM SSMI on F15 (GPROF) Climate-based Radiometer Precipitation Profiling L3 1 month 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree V07 (GPM_3GPROFF15SSMI_CLIM) at GES DISC

Version 07 is the current version of the data set. Older versions will no longer be available and have been superseded by Version 07. The "CLIM" products differ from their "regular" counterparts (without the "CLIM" in the name) by the ancillary data they use. They are Climate-Reference products, which requires homogeneous ancillary data over the climate time series. Hence, the ECMWF-Interim (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, 2-3 months lag behind the regular production) reanalysis is used as ancillary data to derive surface and atmospheric conditions required by the GPROF algorithm for the "CLIM" output. The GPROF databases are also adjusted accordingly for these climate-referenced retrievals.3GPROF products provide global gridded monthly/daily precipitation averages from multiple satellites that can be used for climate studies. The 3GPROF products are based on retrievals from high-quality microwave sensors, which are sensitive to liquid and ice-phase precipitation hydrometeors in the atmosphere.

ABoVE: Soil Temperature Profiles, USArray Seismic Stations, 2016-2021

This dataset includes soil temperature profile measurements taken at 63 monitoring sites associated with the USArray program, located across the NASA ABoVE domain in interior Alaska. The measurement dates and depths vary per site as does measurement frequency (hourly or every 6 hours). Measurements were made from the soil surface to a maximum depth of 1.5 m from 2016-2021 using temperature sensors attached to HOBO data loggers. These measurement stations complement existing temperature monitoring networks allowing for better characterization of ground temperatures and permafrost conditions across Alaska. This station data complement an existing temperature monitoring network, allowing for better characterization of ground temperatures and permafrost conditions in northern and western Alaska. The temperature measurements are provided for each site in 64 data files in comma-separated values (.csv) format. Site descriptive data are also provided for soil, vegetation, and location.

Temperature Profiles: Radiosonde (FIFE)

The temperature profile data included in this data set was derived from the FIFE radiosonde data collected during the summer and fall of 1987 and the late summer of 1989 by Dr. Wilfred H. Brutsaert. These intensive radiosonde flights allowed the measurement of the atmospheric profiles of potential temperature and specific humidity. These data have been corrected for sensor delays, algorithm inconsistencies and have been interpolated to a set of standard pressure levels.

SBUV2/NOAA-14 Ozone (O3) Profile and Total Column Ozone 1 Month Zonal Mean L3 Global 5.0 degree Latitude Zones V1 (SBUV2N14L3zm) at GES DISC

The Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) from NOAA-14 Level-3 monthly zonal mean (MZM) product (SBUV2N14L3zm) is derived from the Level-2 retrieved ozone profiles. Ozone retrievals are generated from the v8.6 SBUV algorithm. A Level-3 MZM file computes zonal means covering 5 degree latitude bands for each calendar month. For this product there are 139 months of data from March 1995 through September 2006. There are a total of 36 latitudinal bands, 18 in each hemisphere. Profile data are provided at 21 layers from 1013.25, 639.318, 403.382,254.517, 160.589, 101.325,63.9317, 40.3382, 25.4517, 16.0589, 10.1325, 6.39317,4.03382, 2.54517, 1.60589, 1.01325,0.639317, 0.403382, 0.254517, 0.160589 and 0.101325 hPa (measured at bottom of layer). NOTE: Some profiles have 20 layers and do not report the top most layer. Mixing ratios are reported at 15 layers from 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0 and 50.0 hPa (measured at middle of layer). The MZM product averages retrievals that meet the criteria for a good retrieval as determined by error flags in the Level 2 data. A good retrieval is defined as satisfying the following conditions: 1) Profile Error Flag = 0 or 1 (0 = good retrieval; 1 = solar zenith angle > 84 degrees). 2) Total Error Flags = 0, 1, 2 or 5 (0 = good retrieval; 1 = not used; 2 = solar zenith angle > 84 degrees; large discrepancy between profile total and best total ozone).NOTE - Total error flag = 5 is anomalously applied at high latitudes and high solar zenith angles where the B-Pair total ozone estimate is not as reliable as the ozone profile under these conditions. This error flag may be removed in future version of algorithm.The zonal means computed for each month are screened according to the following statistical criteria: 1) Number of good retrievals for the month greater than or equal to 2/3 of the samples for a nominal month. 2) Mean latitude of good retrievals less than or equal to 1 degree from center of latitude band. 3) Mean time of good retrievals less than or equal to 4 days from center of month (i.e., day = 15).

SMEX02 Soil Moisture and Temperature Profiles, Walnut Creek, Iowa, Version 1

This data set contains rainfall, soil moisture, and soil temperature data collected for the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02).

GPM MHS on METOP-B (GPROF) Radiometer Precipitation Profiling L3 1 month 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree V07 (GPM_3GPROFMETOPBMHS) at GES DISC

Version 07 is the current version of the data set. Older versions will no longer be available and have been superseded by Version 07. 3GPROF products provide global gridded monthly/daily precipitation averages from multiple satellites that can be used for climate studies. The 3GPROF products are based on retrievals from high-quality microwave sensors, which are sensitive to liquid and ice-phase precipitation hydrometeors in the atmosphere.

Comparative gene expression analysis in the Arabidopsis thaliana root apex using RNA-seq and microarray transcriptome profiles

The root apex is an important section of the plant root involved in environmental sensing and cellular development. Analyzing the gene profile of root apex in diverse environments is important and challenging especially when the samples are limiting and precious such as in spaceflight. The feasibility of using tiny root sections for transcriptome analysis was examined in this study. To understand the gene expression profiles of the root apex Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 roots were sectioned into Zone-I (0.5 mm root cap and meristematic zone) and Zone-II (1.5 mm transition elongation and growth terminating zone). Gene expression was analyzed using microarray and RNA seq. Both the techniques arrays and RNA-Seq identified 4180 common genes as differentially expressed (with > two-fold changes) between the zones. In addition 771 unique genes and 19 novel TARs were identified by RNA-Seq as differentially expressed which were not detected in the arrays. Single root tip zones can be used for full transcriptome analysis; further the root apex zones are functionally very distinct from each other. RNA-Seq provided novel information about the transcripts compared to the arrays. These data will help optimize transcriptome techniques for dealing with small rare samples.

GPM MHS on METOP-C (GPROF) Climate-based Radiometer Precipitation Profiling L3 1 day 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree V07 (GPM_3GPROFMETOPCMHS_DAY_CLIM) at GES DISC

Version 07 is the current version of the data set. Older versions are no longer available and have been superseded by Version 07. The "CLIM" products differ from their "regular" counterparts (without the "CLIM" in the name) by the ancillary data they use. They are Climate-Reference products, which requires homogeneous ancillary data over the climate time series. Hence, the ECMWF-Interim (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, 2-3 months lag behind the regular production) reanalysis is used as ancillary data to derive surface and atmospheric conditions required by the GPROF algorithm for the "CLIM" output. The GPROF databases are also adjusted accordingly for these climate-referenced retrievals.3GPROF products provide global gridded monthly/daily precipitation averages from multiple satellites that can be used for climate studies. The 3GPROF products are based on retrievals from high-quality microwave sensors, which are sensitive to liquid and ice-phase precipitation hydrometeors in the atmosphere.

Global gene expression profiles of cardiac progenitors differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture under simulated microgravity

Efficient generation of cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells is critical for their regenerative applications. Microgravity and 3D culture can profoundly modulate cell proliferation and survival. Here we engineered microscale progenitor cardiac spheres from human pluripotent stem cells and exposed the spheres to simulated microgravity using a random positioning machine for 3 days during their differentiation to cardiomyocytes. Methods: RNA-seq libraries were prepared using the Illumina TruSeq RNA kit and the TrueSeq method was employed for mRNA enrichment. The libraries were quantified and samples were multiplexed in each lane of the flowcell. Cluster generation was performed and then sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq1000 system. Reads were mapped on the Human Genome Reference and normalized expression table was generated. Results: Among differentially expressed genes 53 of them were up-regulated and 75 were down-regulated. Conclusions: Data demonstrate increased expression of genes associated with growth development and pro-survival in cardiac progenitors cultured under simulated microgravity compared with those cultured under standard gravity. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to compare global gene expression profiles of cells at differentiation day 8 under simulated microgravity vs. standard gravity.

Transcription profiling of Drosophila exposed to a levitation magnet for different lengths of time

Drosophila samples were exposed to the levitation magnet inside a 25mm diameter tubes with 3 ml of yeast-based Drosophila food in the bottom and a chamber of only 5 mm of height over the food. This small region is needed in order to guarantee that all the flies were located in the effective g area so a maximum of 35 to 40 imagos or pupa can be exposed to each condition per experiment. All experiments were carried out with a parallel 1g external control in a temperature regulated incubator outside the magnet. Three experiments of different duration were performed inside the magnet system to analyze the effect of strong magnetic fields and magnetic levitation during different stages of the Drosophila development

Sentinel-5P TROPOMI Ozone Profile 1-Orbit L2 30km x 30km V2 (S5P_L2O3PR_HiR) at GES DISC

Starting from August 6th in 2019, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI along-track high spatial resolution (~5.5km at nadir) has been implemented. S5P_L2__O3__PR_HiR data collection contains the high spatial resolution products. The Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P or S5P) satellite mission is one of the European Space Agency's (ESA) new mission family - Sentinels, and it is a joint initiative between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the ESA. The sole payload on Sentinel-5P is the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which is a nadir-viewing 108 degree Field-of-View push-broom grating hyperspectral spectrometer, covering the wavelength of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS, 270nm to 495nm), near infrared (NIR, 675nm to 775nm), and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2305nm-2385nm). Sentinel-5P is the first of the Atmospheric Composition Sentinels and is expected to provide measurements of ozone, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, formaldehyde, aerosols and cloud at high spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions.This product contains ozone profile with a vertical resolution of 6 km and a horizontal resolution of 30x30km2 observed at about 13:30 local solar time from spectra measured by TROPOMI

GPM TMI on TRMM (GPROF) Climate-based Radiometer Precipitation Profiling L2A 1.5 hours 13 km V07 (GPM_2AGPROFTRMMTMI_CLIM) at GES DISC

This is the new (GPM-formated) TRMM product. It replaces the old TRMM_2A12 Version 07 is the current version of the data set. Older versions will no longer be available and have been superseded by Version 07. The "CLIM" products differ from their "regular" counterparts (without the "CLIM" in the name) by the ancillary data they use. They are Climate-Reference products, which requires homogeneous ancillary data over the climate time series. Hence, the ECMWF-Interim (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, 2-3 months lag behind the regular production) reanalysis is used as ancillary data to derive surface and atmospheric conditions required by the GPROF algorithm for the "CLIM" output. The GPROF databases are also adjusted accordingly for these climate-referenced retrievals.The 2AGPROF (Goddard Profiling) algorithm retrieves consistent precipitation and related science fields from the following GMI and partner passive microwave sensors:+ TMI (TRMM)+ GMI, (GPM)+ SSMI (DMSP F15), SSMIS (DMSP F16, F17, F18, F19)+ AMSR2 (GCOM-W1)+ MHS (NOAA 18,19)+ MHS (METOP A,B)+ ATMS (NPP)+ SAPHIR (MT1)This provides the bulk of the 3-hour coverage achieved by GPM. For each sensor, there are nearrealtime (NRT) products, standard products, and climate products. These differ only in the amount of data that are available within 3 hours, 48 hours, and 3 months of collection, as well as the ancillary data used. The NRT product uses GANAL forecast fields. Standard products use the GANAL analysis product, while the climate product uses ECMWF reanalysis in order to allow for consistent data records with earlier missions. These earlier data may be archived separately. The main strength of the product is the large sampling provided.The GPM radiometer algorithms are Bayesian-type algorithms. These algorithms search an apriori database of potential rain profiles and retrieve a weighted average of these entries based upon the proximity of the observed brightness temperature (Tb) to the simulated Tb corresponding to each rain profile. By using the same a-priori database of rain profiles, with appropriate simulated Tb for each constellation sensor, the Bayesian method is completely parametric and thus well suited for GPM's constellation approach. The a-priori information will be supplied by the combined algorithm supplied by GPM's core satellite as soon after launch as feasible. Databases for V0 of the algorithm had to be constructed from various sources as described in the ATBD. The solution provides a mean rain rate as well as the vertical structure of cloud and precipitation hydrometeors and their uncertainty.

SPURS-2 Argo float CTD profile data from the E. Tropical Pacific field campaign

The SPURS (Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study) project is a NASA-funded oceanographic process study and associated field program that aim to elucidate key mechanisms responsible for near-surface salinity variations in the oceans. The project is comprised of two field campaigns and a series of cruises in regions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans exhibiting salinity extremes. SPURS employs a suite of state-of-the-art in-situ sampling technologies that, combined with remotely sensed salinity fields from the Aquarius/SAC-D, SMAP and SMOS satellites, provide a detailed characterization of salinity structure over a continuum of spatio-temporal scales. The SPURS-2 campaign involved two month-long cruises by the R/V Revelle in August 2016 and October 2017 combined with complementary sampling on a more continuous basis over this period by the schooner Lady Amber. Focused around a central mooring located near 10N,125W, the objective of SPURS-2 was to study the dynamics of the rainfall-dominated surface ocean at the western edge of the eastern Pacific fresh pool subject to high seasonal variability and strong zonal flows associated with the North Equatorial Current and Countercurrent. Part of the Argo global network of autonomous, self-reporting samplers, Argo floats drift horizontally and move vertically through the water column generally on 10 day cycles, collecting high-quality temperature, conductivity and salinity depth (CTD) profiles from the upper 2000m. Twenty five floats were deployed during SPURS-2 within the campaign spatial domain and time period, yielding approximately 1,893 profiles. These were standard Argo floats with the addition of acoustic rain gauges (PAL) in some cases. SPURS-2 ARGO data files are organized per float and profile with the vertical conductivity, salinity, temperature, pressure, depth observations per the netCDF ARGO file specification with some augmented global metadata attributes.

GPM SSMIS on F17 (GPROF) Climate-based Radiometer Precipitation Profiling L3 1 month 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree V07 (GPM_3GPROFF17SSMIS_CLIM) at GES DISC

GPM SSMIS on F17 (GPROF) Climate-based Radiometer Precipitation Profiling L3 1 day 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree V07 (GPM_3GPROFF17SSMIS_DAY_CLIM) at GES DISC

GPM ATMS on SUOMI-NPP (GPROF) Radiometer Precipitation Profiling L2 1.5 hours 16 km V07 (GPM_2AGPROFNPPATMS) at GES DISC

Version 07 is the current version of the data set. Older versions will no longer be available and have been superseded by Version 07. The 2AGPROF (Goddard Profiling) algorithm retrieves consistent precipitation and related science fields from the following GMI and partner passive microwave sensors:+ TMI (TRMM)+ GMI, (GPM)+ SSMI (DMSP F15), SSMIS (DMSP F16, F17, F18, F19)+ AMSR2 (GCOM-W1)+ MHS (NOAA 18,19)+ MHS (METOP A,B)+ ATMS (NPP)+ SAPHIR (MT1)This provides the bulk of the 3-hour coverage achieved by GPM. For each sensor, there are nearrealtime (NRT) products, standard products, and climate products. These differ only in the amount of data that are available within 3 hours, 48 hours, and 3 months of collection, as well as the ancillary data used. The NRT product uses GANAL forecast fields. Standard products use the GANAL analysis product, while the climate product uses ECMWF reanalysis in order to allow for consistent data records with earlier missions. These earlier data may be archived separately. The main strength of the product is the large sampling provided.The GPM radiometer algorithms are Bayesian-type algorithms. These algorithms search an apriori database of potential rain profiles and retrieve a weighted average of these entries based upon the proximity of the observed brightness temperature (Tb) to the simulated Tb corresponding to each rain profile. By using the same a-priori database of rain profiles, with appropriate simulated Tb for each constellation sensor, the Bayesian method is completely parametric and thus well suited for GPM's constellation approach. The a-priori information will be supplied by the combined algorithm supplied by GPM's core satellite as soon after launch as feasible. Databases for V0 of the algorithm had to be constructed from various sources as described in the ATBD. The solution provides a mean rain rate as well as the vertical structure of cloud and precipitation hydrometeors and their uncertainty.

GPM ATMS on NOAA-20 (GPROF) Radiometer Precipitation Profiling L3 1 day 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree V07 (GPM_3GPROFNOAA20ATMS_DAY) at GES DISC