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Data from: Descriptive epidemiology of the 2018 cholera outbreak in Nigeria: implications for the global roadmap strategies
Introduction: The 2018 cholera outbreak in Nigeria indicates that the disease remains an enormous public health threat. This paper, therefore, provides an epidemiological description of the outbreak, with a view to provide current evidence for public health planning and interventions towards cholera elimination in the country. Methods/Principal Findings: This was a retrospective analysis of surveillance data from January 1st to November 19th, 2018. A cholera case was defined as an individual aged 2 years or older with acute watery diarrhoea, and severe dehydration or dying from acute watery diarrhoea. Descriptive analyses were performed in terms of person, time and place. Overall, there were 43,996 cases with an attack rate (AR) of 127.43/100,000 population, and 836 deaths with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.90%. Individuals aged 15 years or older (47.76%) recorded the highest number of cases, while the proportion of males (49.00%) and females (51.00%) was nearly equal. The outbreak was characterised by four distinct epidemic waves, with higher records of deaths towards the end of the outbreak (296 and 295 deaths in the third and fourth waves, respectively). States from the north-west and north-east regions reported the highest ARs, while those from the north-central region reported the highest CFRs. Conclusion: The distribution of the 2018 cholera outbreak in Nigeria indicates an elevated burden, especially in the northern part of the country, and the influence of diverse and interrelated drivers; thus, underlining the need to adopt a multi-sectoral approach to cholera prevention and control in the country as outlined in the Global Roadmap strategies.
Data from: Genetic variation in blue whales in the eastern Pacific: implication for taxonomy and use of common wintering grounds
Many aspects of blue whale biology are poorly understood. Some of the gaps in our knowledge, such as those regarding their basic taxonomy and seasonal movements, directly affect our ability to monitor and manage blue whale populations. As a step towards filling in some of these gaps, microsatellite and mtDNA sequence analyses were conducted on blue whale samples from the Southern Hemisphere, the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP), and the northeast Pacific. The results indicate that the ETP is differentially used by blue whales from the northern and southern eastern Pacific, with the former showing stronger affinity to the region off Central America known as the Costa Rican Dome, and the latter favoring the waters of Peru and Ecuador. Although the pattern of genetic variation throughout the Southern Hemisphere is compatible with the recently proposed subspecies status of Chilean blue whales, some discrepancies remain between catch lengths and lengths from aerial photography, and not all blue whales in Chilean waters can be assumed to be of this type. Also, the range of the proposed Chilean subspecies, which extends to the Galapagos region of the ETP, at least seasonally, perhaps should include the Costa Rican Dome and the eastern North Pacific as well.
Data from: Early Miocene marine ostracods from southwestern India: implications for their biogeography and the closure of the Tethyan Seaway
<p>Twenty-six genera and 34 species of early Miocene Indian shallow-marine ostracods were examined for taxonomy and paleobiogeography. A new genus <i>Paractinocythereis</i> and new species <i>Costa</i> <i>ponticulocarinata</i> were described. Early Miocene Indian ostracod fauna shows strong affinity to Eocene–Miocene Eastern and Western Tethyan ostracod faunas and Miocene–Recent Indo-Pacific ostracod fauna, supporting the Hopping Hotspot Hypothesis that Tethyan biodiversity hotspot have shifted eastward through Arabia to Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) together with concomitant biogeographic shifts of the Tethyan elements. The result also indicated an inverse westward distributional shift in a genus. It is important to note that Paleogene and Miocene shallow-marine ostracods from the IAA region remain poorly investigated, and more fossil ostracod data is needed to better test the Hopping Hotspot Hypothesis.</p>
Data from: Genetic diversity and population structure of Trypanosoma brucei in Uganda: implications for the epidemiology of sleeping sickness and Nagana
Background: While Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is in decline on the continent of Africa, the disease still remains a major health problem in Uganda. There are recurrent sporadic outbreaks in the traditionally endemic areas in south-east Uganda, and continued spread to new unaffected areas in central Uganda. We evaluated the evolutionary dynamics underpinning the origin of new foci and the impact of host species on parasite genetic diversity in Uganda. We genotyped 269 Trypanosoma brucei isolates collected from different regions in Uganda and southwestern Kenya at 17 microsatellite loci, and checked for the presence of the SRA gene that confers human infectivity to T. b. rhodesiense. Results: Both Bayesian clustering methods and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components partition Trypanosoma brucei isolates obtained from Uganda and southwestern Kenya into three distinct genetic clusters. Clusters 1 and 3 include isolates from central and southern Uganda, while cluster 2 contains mostly isolates from southwestern Kenya. These three clusters are not sorted by subspecies designation (T. b. brucei vs T. b. rhodesiense), host or date of collection. The analyses also show evidence of genetic admixture among the three genetic clusters and long-range dispersal, suggesting recent and possibly on-going gene flow between them. Conclusions: Our results show that the expansion of the disease to the new foci in central Uganda occurred from the northward spread of T. b. rhodesiense (Tbr). They also confirm the emergence of the human infective strains (Tbr) from non-infective T. b. brucei (Tbb) strains of different genetic backgrounds, and the importance of cattle as Tbr reservoir, as confounders that shape the epidemiology of sleeping sickness in the region.
Data from: Plant and insect microbial symbionts alter the outcome of plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions: implications for invaded, agricultural and natural systems
1. Understanding how soil microbial communities influence plant interactions with other organisms, and how this varies with characteristics of the interacting organisms, is important for multiple systems. Solanum spp. are a suitable model for trophic interactions in studies of agricultural and natural systems and can also provide useful corollaries in invaded systems. This study examined the influence of soil mutualist arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on growth of different Solanum types fed on by the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, in relation to presence of the aphid facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa. 2. Four Solanum types comprising two wild species, S. berthaultii and S. polyadenum, and two accessions of S. tuberosum, were grown with or without AM fungi and infested with one of four clonal lines of a single M. euphorbiae genotype (two with and two without H. defensa). Two experiments were conducted to i) characterise plant responses to AM fungi and aphids and ii) assess whether soil AM fungi could influence the success of the parasitoid wasp Aphidus ervi when attacking aphids reared on each Solanum type. 3. In both experiments, similar patterns of plant biomass were observed in relation to AM fungal and aphid treatments. Solanum biomass depended on plant type and aphid infection with H. defensa. Plants exposed to aphids harbouring H. defensa had smaller root biomass, and therefore total plant biomass, compared to plants infested with H. defensa-free aphids. M. euphorbiae performance varied with aphid clonal line, Solanum type and presence of AM fungi. 4. Parasitoid success, measured as the proportion of aphids from which a wasp emerged, was highest from aphids that had fed on plants colonised by AM fungi, although this result also varied with Solanum type and aphid clonal line. 5. Synthesis: The presence of soil AM fungi, combined with within-species plant and insect variation in key traits, can have subtle - but significant - effects on plant fitness and insect success. This study highlights the importance of exploring genotypic variation in plant and pest responses to soil microbiota to identify suitable biocontrol options.
Data from: Resource tracking and its conservation implications for an obligate frugivore (Procnias tricarunculatus, the three-wattled bellbird)
In Monteverde, Costa Rica, the vulnerable Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculatus) feeds primarily upon the fruit of Lauraceae species during its reproductive and post-reproductive seasons. To understand and advance appropriate conservation measures, this study identified the bellbird's foraging challenges in its search for a temporally and spatially fluctuating resource. Although there are at least 96 species of Lauraceae found in the five life zones of Monteverde, the distinct distributions of tree species both among and within life zones require the bellbirds to track seasonal fruiting across the various zones. In this six-year study, we monitored the fruiting of tree species and bellbird abundance in 24 study plots within its post-reproductive life zone, the Premontane Wet forest, in order to identify preferred bellbird food resources and how the fruiting of these species drives the spatial distribution of the bellbird. Our research revealed phenological patterns of annual, biennial, and triennial fruiting with high levels of fruiting synchrony within several identified key fruit species. Of critical conservation importance is that no single species of Lauraceae produced a consistent food supply for bellbirds each year. Therefore, even within life zones, the bellbird's survival depends on its mobility to search for and obtain fruit, as well as the availability of fruits of multiple tree species. The conservation implications include focused attention on multiple core areas within given life zones, protection of existing forest and remnant trees, and forest restoration with plantings of multiple tree species. We suspect that other tropical frugivorous species face similar conservation challenges.
Figure 2 in Activity and reproduction in Megalobulimus paranaguensis (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata): implications for conservation in captivity for a South American land snail
Figure 2. Mean values of activity among observation periods in experiment. The values of were defined as the values of scores of PC1 multiplied by −1 according to Minoretti et al. (2011). Different letters indicates statistical differences between treatments.
Figure 1 in Activity and reproduction in Megalobulimus paranaguensis (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata): implications for conservation in captivity for a South American land snail
Figure 1. Mean number of egg laying of Megalobulimus paranaguensis (Pilsbry & Ihering, 1900) during the experiment.
Microsaccades inhibition triggered by a repetitive visual distractor is not subject to habituation: implications for the programming of reflexive saccades
<p>Dataset relative to the manuscript entitled "<strong>Microsaccades inhibition triggered by a repetitive visual distractor is not subject to habituation: implications for the programming of reflexive saccades</strong>"</p>
FIGURES 2–9 in The taxonomic implication of frontal tubercles in Polypedilum subgenera diagnoses, with re-description of Polypedilum isigabeceum Sasa & Suzuki (Diptera, Chironomidae)
FIGURES 2–9. Adult male of Polypedilum (Polypedilum) isigabeceum. 2: head; 3: thorax, lateral view; 4: wing; 5: scale of foretibia; 6: genitalia, dorsal view; 7: anal point, lateral view; 8: superior volsella, dorsal view; 9 inferior volsella, lateral view.
FIGURE 10 in New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family
FIGURE 10. Gracilorrhina gracilis sp. n. (holotype): part of male hypopygium (A) and gonostylus (B), ventral view. Scale 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 7 in New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family
FIGURE 7. Blagorrhina blagoderovi sp. n. (paratypes): male thorax (A), lateral view, hind femur, tibia, and basitarsomere (B), retrolateral view, and apical part of hind tibia (C), retrolateral view. Scale for A and C 0.10 mm, for B 1 mm.
FIGURE 12. Female terminalia, lateral view. A in New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family
FIGURE 12. Female terminalia, lateral view. A: Lygistorrhinidae sp. 1 (Malaysia). B: Lygistorrhinidae sp. 2. (Malaysia). Scale 0.05 mm. 1: sternite 8, 2: tergite 9, 3: tergite 10, 4: sternite 10, 5: basal segment of cercus, 6: apical segment of cercus, 7: egg, 8: spermatheca.
FIGURE 6 in New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family
FIGURE 6. Gracilorrhina gracilis sp. n. (paratypes): male thorax (A), lateral view, hind femur, tibia and basitarsomere (B), prolateral view, apical part of hind tibia (C), retrolateral view and apical part of middle tarsus (D), prolateral view. Scale for A 0.10 mm, for B 1 mm, for C and D 0.05 mm. 1: scutum, 2: scutellum, 3: posterior pronotum, 4: anterior pronotum, 5: episternum 1, 6: prosternum, 7: anterior spiracle, 8: anterior anepisternum, 9: katepisternum, 10: position of pleural pit, 11: epimeron 2, 12: laterotergite, 13: episternum 3, 14: epimeron 3, 15: posterior spiracle, 16: mediotergite, 17: furcasternum 2, 18: coxa 1, 19: coxa 2, 20: coxa 3, 21: haltere, 22: abdominal tergite 1, 23: abdominal sternite 1, 24: socketed seta, 25: nonsocketed seta (trichium), 26: microtrichia, 27: dotlike sensillum.
FIGURE 4. Antennal flagellomere 4, lateral view. A in New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family
FIGURE 4. Antennal flagellomere 4, lateral view. A: Blagorrhina blagoderovi sp. n. (paratype). B: Labellorrhina quantula sp. n. (paratype). C: Lygistorrhinidae sp. 1 (Malaysia). D: Blagorrhina brevicornis sp. n. (paratype). E: Gracilorrhina gracilis sp. n. (paratype). F: Labellorrhina grimaldii sp. n. (holotype). Scale 0.05 mm. 1: socketed seta, 2: setalike sensillum/unsocketed seta, 3: peglike sensillum.
FIGURE 5 in New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family
FIGURE 5. Labellorrhina quantula sp. n. (paratypes): male thorax (A), lateral view, hind femur, tibia and basitarsomere (B), retrolateral view, apical part of hind tibia (C), retrolateral view and apical part of middle tarsus (D), lateral view. Scale for A 0.10 mm, for B 1 mm, for C and D 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 1 in New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family
FIGURE 1. Phylogeny of Lygistorrhinidae. The strict consensus cladogram of 14 most parsimonious cladograms (78 steps, CI 61, RI 82) obtained with the program NONA. Black dot = unique (reversals allowed), open circle = homoplastic synapomorphy. Large numbers above branches refer to Bremer support values.
FIGURE 3 in New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family
FIGURE 3. Male (A) and female (B) head, frontal view. A: Gracilorrhina gracilis sp. n. (paratype). B. Lygistorrhinidae sp. 1 (Malaysia). Scale 0.10 mm.
FIGURE 2 in New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family
FIGURE 2. Male head, frontal view (A and C) and ventral part of head, lateral view (B). A: Labellorrhina quantula sp. n. (paratype). B: Labellorrhina grimaldii sp.n. (holotype). C: Blagorrhina blagoderovi sp. n. (paratype). Scale 0.20 mm. 1: compound eye, 2: ocellus, 3: frons, 4: membraneous stripe, 5: scapus, 6: pedicellus, 7: flagellomeres, 8: face, 9: clypeus, 10: labrum, 11: maxillary palp, 12: hyaline sensilla, 13: hypopharynx, 14: labellum.
FIGURE 11 in New taxa of the Lygistorrhinidae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) and their implications for a phylogenetic analysis of the family
FIGURE 11. Part of male hypopygium (A, C) and gonostylus (B, D), ventral view. A and B: Blagorrhina blagoderovi sp. n. (holotype). C and D: B. brevicornis sp. n. (holotype). Scale 0.05 mm. 1: sternite 8, 2: tergite 8, 3: tergite 9, 4: apodeme of tergite 9, 5: cercus, 6: sternite 10, 7: gonocoxite, 8: aedeagal apodeme, 9: tegmen, 10: apodeme of tegmen, 11: paramere, 12: parameral apodeme, 13: gonocoxal apodeme.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.