Find research datasets worth reusing

Figure 6 from: Skejo J, Connors M, Hendriksen M, Lambert N, Chong G, McMaster I, Monaghan N, Rentz D, Richter R, Rose K, Franjević D (2020) Online social media tells a story of Anaselina, Paraselina, and Selivinga (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae), rare Australian pygmy grasshoppers. ZooKeys 948: 107-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.948.52910

Figure 6 Habitat of the Tribulation helmed groundhopper, Seliving tribulata. Rainforest in Kuranda, Queensland, rich in dry leaflitter (David Rentz).

Figure 5 from: Skejo J, Connors M, Hendriksen M, Lambert N, Chong G, McMaster I, Monaghan N, Rentz D, Richter R, Rose K, Franjević D (2020) Online social media tells a story of Anaselina, Paraselina, and Selivinga (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae), rare Australian pygmy grasshoppers. ZooKeys 948: 107-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.948.52910

Figure 5 The Tribulation helmed groundhopper, Selivinga tribulata, Living specimens in natural habitat. A Female from Kuranda (David Rentz) B male from Kuranda (David Rentz), male from Tully Range (Matthew Connors) D nymph from Redlynch (Matthew Connors) E, G a male from Kingfisher park (Nick Monaghan) F female from Speewah (Matthew Connors).

Figure 4 from: Skejo J, Connors M, Hendriksen M, Lambert N, Chong G, McMaster I, Monaghan N, Rentz D, Richter R, Rose K, Franjević D (2020) Online social media tells a story of Anaselina, Paraselina, and Selivinga (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae), rare Australian pygmy grasshoppers. ZooKeys 948: 107-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.948.52910

Figure 4 The Triple-bump Australian barkhopper, Paraselina trituberculata (Sjöstedt, 1932), a male in his habitat in Wilsons Creek (Kathy Rose).

Figure 1 from: Skejo J, Connors M, Hendriksen M, Lambert N, Chong G, McMaster I, Monaghan N, Rentz D, Richter R, Rose K, Franjević D (2020) Online social media tells a story of Anaselina, Paraselina, and Selivinga (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae), rare Australian pygmy grasshoppers. ZooKeys 948: 107-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.948.52910

Figure 1 Updated distribution map of the Australian pygmy grasshoppers – Anaselina minor, Paraselina brunneri, P. trituberculata, and Selivinga tribulata. Each species is represented by its unique symbol, the silhouette of the species pronotum. The small map of Australia shows two regions inhabited by the barkhoppers.

Data from Effects of social experience, aggressiveness and comb size on contest success in male domestic fowl

The ability to dominate conspecifics and thereby gain access to resources depends on a number of traits and skills. Experience of dominance relationships during development is a potential source of learning such skills. We here study the importance of social experience, aggressiveness, and morphological traits for competitiveness in social interactions (winning duels) in male domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). We let males grow up either as a single (dominant) male or as an intermediately ranked male in a group of males, and measured their success in duels against different opponents. We found that single-raised males had lower competitive ability than group-raised males, and that aggression and comb size had positive effects on competitive ability. This indicates that experience of dominance interactions increases future success in duels. We similarly studied the consequences of growing up as a dominant or subordinate in a pair of males, finding no statistically significant effect of the dominance position on competitive ability. Finally, we found that males were consistent over time in competitive ability. We conclude that social experience increases competitive ability in male domestic fowl, but that certain behavioural and morphological characteristics have an equal or even stronger influence on duel outcomes.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Ecological and social outcomes of urbanization in farming systems

This dataset contains the data extracted for a systematic review on ecological and social outcomes of urbanization in farming systems. It is based on the papers selected after scooping and screeing done in February 2019. The file also contains the four factors- continents, national GDP per-capita, city/town population size and dominant farming systems of the cases which potentially influenced those ecological and social outcomes.

Young but not defenseless: Antifungal activity during embryonic development of a social insect

Termites live in environments heavily colonized by diverse microbial communities, including pathogens. Eggs laid within the nest likely experience similar pathogenic pressures as their older nestmates. Consequently, they may have also been under selective pressures to be immune-competent. Through in vitro experiments, we tested the ontogeny, location and strength of embryos' antifungal activity against the fungus Metarhizium brunneum. Extraembryonic washes and intraembryonic components were incubated with fungal conidia, which was then scored for viability. Fungistatic activity was location- and stage-dependent. Extraembryonic washes had relatively weak antifungal activity. Conversely, intraembryonic contents were highly antifungal, exhibiting increased potency through development. Boiling both embryonic washes and intraembryonic contents rescued conidia viability, indicating the antifungal agent(s) is (are) heat-sensitive, and likely proteinaceous. Embryonic protein profiles shifted from putative vitellogenins in young embryos to multiple proteins in subsequent stages, suggesting that the increase in fungistatic activity may be due to the expression of endogenous proteins during embryogenesis. This study is the first to address embryonic antifungal activity in a hemimetabolous, eusocial taxon. Our results support the hypothesis that microbes have been significant agents of selection, fostering the evolution of antifungal properties in termite eggs, the most immature and supposed, most vulnerable stage of development.

Unobtrusive tracking of interpersonal orienting and distance predicts the subjective quality of social interactions

Interpersonal coordination of behavior is essential for smooth social interactions. Measures of interpersonal behavior, however, often rely on subjective evaluations, invasive measurement techniques or gross measures of motion. Here, we constructed an unobtrusive motion tracking system that enables detailed analysis of behavior at the individual and interpersonal levels, which we validated using wearable sensors. We evaluate dyadic measures of joint orienting and distancing, synchrony and gaze behaviors to summarize data collected during natural conversation and joint action tasks. Our results demonstrate that patterns of proxemic behaviors, rather than more widely used measures of interpersonal synchrony, best predicted the subjective quality of the interactions. Increased distance between participants predicted lower enjoyment, while increased joint orienting toward each other during cooperation correlated with increased effort reported by the participants. Importantly, the interpersonal distance was most informative of the quality of interaction when task demands and experimental control were minimal. These results suggest that interpersonal measures of behavior gathered during minimally constrained social interactions are particularly sensitive for the subjective quality of social interactions and may be useful for interaction-based phenotyping for further studies.

Radical change: Temporal patterns of oxidative stress during social ascent in a dominance hierarchy

Dominant individuals have priority access to mates and resources. However, high rank can be costly too, especially when it is maintained by intense agonistic behavior. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a potential cost of social dominance. However, social dominance hierarchies can be dynamic, and few studies have examined the cost of social dominance when males are changing status. We studied temporal changes in markers of oxidative stress during social ascent in the East African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. After removing the dominant male, males ascended from subordinate to dominant status. On the first day of social ascent, immediately after the dominant male removal, the newly dominant male showed lower levels of plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC). However, we found that liver TAC and liver superoxide dismutase, an enzymatic antioxidant, were significantly upregulated on day 1 and 2 of social ascent, respectively. By day 14, all markers of oxidative stress were similar to those observed in stable dominant males, which has higher levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) compared to subordinate males. We conclude that markers of oxidative stress vary dramatically during social ascent in a time- and tissue-sensitive manner. Our study provides a more nuanced look at the oxidative cost of social dominance and highlights the importance of considering temporal changes in markers of oxidative stress during important life-history events.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Analysis of the Emerging Source Citation Index (coverage and impact) in social science and humanities (2005-2018)

The information presented is supplementary material to the paper " Is the Emerging Source Citation Index an aid to assess the citation impact in social science and humanities? "

Data accompanying the Registered Report: Does unfairness sound wrong? A cross-domain investigation of expectations in music and social decision-making.

This study was interested in investigating the existence of a shared psychological mechanism for the processing of expectations across domains. The literature on music and language shows that violations of expectations produce similar neural responses and violating the expectation in one domain may influence the processing of stimuli in the other domain. Like music and language, our social world is governed by a system of inherent rules or norms, such as fairness. The study therefore aimed to draw a parallel to the social domain and investigate whether a manipulation of melodic expectation can influence the processing of higher-level expectations of fairness. Specifically, we aimed to investigate whether the presence of an unexpected melody enhances or reduces participants' sensitivity to the violations of fairness and the behavioural reactions associated with these. We embedded a manipulation of melodic expectation within a social decision-making paradigm, whereby musically expected and unexpected stimuli will be simultaneously presented with fair and unfair divisions in a third-party altruistic punishment game. Both behavioural and EEG responses were recorded. Results from the pre-planned analyses show that participants are less likely to punish when the melodic stimuli are more unexpected and that violations of fairness norms elicit MFN-life effects. However, since no significant interactions between melodic expectancy and fairness of the division were found, results fail to provide evidence of a shared mechanism for the processing of expectations. Exploratory analyses show two additional effects: i) unfair divisions elicit an early attentional component (P2), likely associated with stimulus saliency, and ii) mid-value divisions elicit a late MFN-like component, likely reflecting stimulus ambiguity. Future studies could build on these results to further investigate the effect of the cross-domain influence of music on the processing of social stimuli on these early and late components.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Violations found from social distancing method

Images with violations detected based on a social distancing algorithm.

Raw and aggregated data for the study introduced in the article "Citing and referencing habits in Medicine and Social Sciences journals in 2019"

This dataset contains all the raw data and aggregated data subject of the study introduced in the article "Citing and referencing habits in Medicine and Social Sciences journals in 2019". The study is based on the bibliographic and citation data contained in 213 articles published in 46 journals in two subject areas: Medicine and Social Sciences. The articles contained a total amount of 9,911 bibliographic references and 16,193 mentions and quotations overall. In particular, the raw data are about 27 journals, 132 articles, 5,340 bibliographic references, 8,400 mentions and 5 quotations in Medicine, and 19 journals, 81 articles, 4,571 bibliographic references, 6,953 mentions and 835 quotations in Social Sciences. The dataset is composed of three files: <ul> <li>the file "medicine-journals.csv" contains the raw data of the articles published in Medicine journals;</li> <li>the file "social-sciences-journals.csv" contains the raw data of the articles published in Social Sciences journals;</li> <li>the file "aggregated-data-medicine-social-sciences.csv" contains the aggregated data created considering the raw data in the previous files, which have been used to creating all the tables and figures in the article.</li> </ul>

Data from: Social and emotional contexts predict the development of gaze following in early infancy

The development of gaze following begins in early infancy and its developmental foundation has been under heavy debate. Using a longitudinal design (N = 118), we demonstrate that attachment quality predicts individual differences in the onset of gaze following, at 6 months of age, and that maternal postpartum depression predicts later gaze following, at 10 months. In addition, we report longitudinal stability in gaze following from 6 to 10 months. A full path model (using attachment, maternal depression, and gaze following at 6) accounted for 21 % of variance in gaze following at 10 months. These results suggest an experience-dependent development of gaze following, driven by the infant's own motivation to interact and engage with others (the social-first perspective).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2020View details →

Figure 1 from: Starr CK, Bhukal R, Ballah ST (2020) Observations of neotropical social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) preying on eggs and tadpoles of the frog Engystomops pustulosus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 78: 91-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.78.54409

Figure 1 Stages in the disintegration of Engystomops pustulosus foam nests. a Stage 1; fresh, domed above the water b Stage 2; distinctly flatter, but still coherent c Stage 3; very flat and losing coherence.

Data from: Context-dependent consequences of colour biases in a social fish

Colourful visual signals can provide receivers with valuable information about food, danger, and the quality of social partners. However, the value of the information that colour provides varies depending on the situation, and colour may even act as a sensory trap where signals that evolved under one context are exploited in another. Despite some elegant early work on colour as a sensory trap, few empirical studies have examined how colour biases may vary depending on context and under which situations biases can be overridden. Here, using Neolamprologus pulcher, a highly social cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika, we conducted a series of experiments to determine colour biases and investigate the effects of these biases under different contexts. We found that N. pulcher interacted the most with yellow items and the least with blue items. These biases were maintained during a foraging-based associative learning assay, with fish trained using yellow stimuli performing better than those trained using blue stimuli. However, these differences in learning performance did not extend to reversal learning; fish were equally capable of forming new associations regardless of the colour they were initially trained on. Finally, in a social choice assay, N. pulcher did not display a stronger preference for conspecifics whose yellow facial markings had been artificially enhanced. Together, these findings suggest that the influence of colour biases varies under different contexts and support the situational dependency of colour functions.

Data from: Translocation experiments show dialects are socially learned in marmoset monkeys

The acoustic properties of vocalizations in common marmosets differ between populations. These differences may be the result of social vocal learning, but they can also result from environmental or genetic differences between populations. We performed translocation experiments to separately quantify the influence of a change in the physical environment (experiment 1), and a change in the social environment (experiment 2) on the acoustic properties of calls from individual captive marmosets. If population differences were due to genetic differences, we expected no change in the vocalizations of the translocated marmosets. If differences were due to environmental factors, we expected vocalizations to permanently change contingent with environmental changes. If social learning was involved, we expected that the vocalizations of animals translocated to a new population with a different dialect would become more similar to the new population. In experiment 1, we translocated marmosets to a different physical environment without changing the social composition of the groups or their neighbours. Immediately after the translocation to the new facility, one out of three call types showed a significant change in call structure, but 5-6 weeks later, the calls were no longer different from before the translocation. Thus, the novel physical environment did not induce long lasting changes in the vocalizations of the marmosets. In experiment 2, we translocated marmosets to a new population with a different dialect. Importantly, our previous work had shown that these two populations differed significantly in vocalization structure. The translocated marmosets were still housed in their original social group, but after translocation they were surrounded by the vocalizations from neighbouring groups of the new population. The vocal distance between the translocated individuals and the new population decreased for two out of three call types over 16 weeks. Thus, even without direct social contact or interaction, the vocalizations of the translocated animals converged towards the new population, indicating that common marmosets can modify their calls due to acoustic input from conspecifics alone, via crowd vocal learning. To our knowledge, this is the first study able to distinguish between different explanations for vocal dialects as well as to show crowd vocal learning in a primate species.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2020View details →

Dataset to study "Social dynamics of values, taboos, and perceived threats around sacred groves in Kurdistan, Iran"

This dataset includes the raw data of a survey of 205 local residents in Kurdistan province, Iran. The "Dataset" sheet presents respondents' socio-demographic characteristics (distance to Baneh city, age group, gender, formal education, traditional lifestyle) and Likert-scale answers (ranging from 1 to 5) on agreement with several statements on values, taboos, and perceived threats around sacred groves in Kurdistan. The full statements are cited in the "Statements" sheet. The complete method is described in: Plieninger, T., Quintas-Soriano, C., Torralba, M., Samani, M.K. & Shakeri, Z. (2020): Social dynamics of values, taboos, and perceived threats around sacred groves in Kurdistan, Iran. People and Nature, in press.

Dynamic encoding of social threat and spatial context in the hypothalamus - calcium activity recordings and behavioural dataset

Social aggression and avoidance are defensive behaviors expressed by territorial animals in a manner appropriate to spatial context and experience. The ventromedial hypothalamus controls both social aggression and avoidance, suggesting that it may encode an general internal state of threat modulated by space and experience. Here we show that neurons in the mouse ventromedial hypothalamus are activated both by the presence of a social threat as well as by a chamber where social defeat previously occurred. Moreover, under conditions where the animal could move freely between a home and defeat chamber, firing activity emerged that predicted the animal's position, demonstrating the dynamic encoding of spatial context in the hypothalamus. Finally, we found that social defeat induced a functional reorganization of neural activity as optogenetic activation could elicit avoidance after, but not before social defeat. These findings reveal how the hypothalamus dynamically encodes spatial and sensory cues to drive social behaviors.

Data from: Interactive effects of social environment, age and sex on immune responses in Drosophila melanogaster

Social environments have been shown to have multiple effects on individual immune responses. For example, increased social contact might signal greater infection risk and prompt a prophylactic upregulation of immunity. This differential investment of resources may in part explain why social environments affect ageing and lifespan. Our previous work using Drosophila melanogaster showed that single-sex social contact reduced lifespan for both sexes. Here, we assess how social interactions (isolation or contact) affect susceptibility to infection, phagocytotic activity and expression of a subset of immune and stress related genes in young and old flies of both sexes. Social contact had a neutral, or even improved, effect on post-infection lifespan in older flies and reduced the expression of stress response genes in females, however it reduced phagocytotic activity. Together, these findings indicate that social contact in D. melanogaster does not have a predictable impact on immune responses and does not simply trade-off immune investment with lifespan.