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19,493 results for “Populism”
Data from: Versatile MRI Acquisition and Processing Protocol for Population-Based Neuroimaging
<p>This data repository contains an example of the acquired MRI sequences and the output of the post-processing pipelines in the Rhineland Study. An overview and information about the MRI sequences and post-processing pipelines can be found in our work 'Versatile MRI Acquisition and Processing Protocol for Population-Based Neuroimaging.' (under-submission)</p>
Weak response to selection on stigma-anther distance in a primarily selfing population of yellow monkeyflower
<p>Stebbins hypothesized that selfing lineages are evolutionary dead ends because they lack adaptive potential. While selfing populations often harbor limited nucleotide variability compared to closely related outcrossers, reductions in the genetic variability of quantitative characters remain unclear, especially for key traits determining selfing rates. Yellow monkeyflower (<em>Mimulus guttatus</em>) populations generally outcross and maintain extensive quantitative genetic variation in floral traits. Here, we study the Joy Road population (Bodega Bay, California, USA) of <em>M. guttatus</em>, where individuals exhibit stigma-anther distances typical of primarily selfing monkeyflowers. We show that this population is closely related to nearby conspecifics on the Pacific coast with a modest 33% reduction in genome-wide variation compared to a more highly outcrossing population. A five-generation artificial selection experiment challenged the hypothesis that the Joy Road population harbors comparatively low evolutionary potential in the stigma-anther distance, a critical determinant of selfing rate in <em>Mimulus</em>. Artificial selection generated a weak phenotypic response, with low realized heritabilities (0.020-0.028) falling 84% below those measured for floral characters in more highly outcrossing <em>M. guttatus</em>. These results demonstrate substantial declines in evolutionary potential with a transition toward selfing. Whether these findings explain infrequent reversals to outcrossing or general limits on adaptation in selfers requires further investigation.</p>
Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms reveal the genetic diversity and population structure of Creole goats from northern Peru
<p>Goat farming constitutes a significant source of income for farmers in northern Peru. There is currently an absence of information about the genetics of Peruvian Creole goats that would enable us to understand their origins and genetic spread. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity of Creole goats from northern Peru using SNP markers. This study involved the collection of 192 male Creole goats from three key goat production regions in northern Peru. These goat samples were genotyped using the GGPGoat70k SNP panel. To explore the genetic influence of other breeds on Peruvian Creole goats, our dataset was combined with previously published SNP genotypes. External data set includes multiple breeds genotypes sampled from Argentina, Brazil, Spain, and Alpine breed from Italy, France, and Switzerland. After quality control 52,832 autosomal SNPs were used to assess genetic diversity in the Peruvian goats. For the population structure analysis of the merged data 20,513 common SNPs were used. Estimations for expected heterozygosity (H<sub>e</sub>), observed heterozygosity (H<sub>o</sub>), and inbreeding coefficient (F<sub>IS</sub>) were computed for the Peruvian groups. AMOVA, principal component analysis and ADMIXTURE were conducted to evaluate the population structure in the two data sets, Peru and merged. The results revealed a considerable genetic diversity, with H<sub>o</sub> values ranging from 0.40 to 0.41 for the Peruvian sampling groups, and inbreeding coefficient was notably low for Peruvian goat. The population structure analysis demonstrated a distinction (p< 0.05) from other breeds. These findings suggest a level of genetic differentiation of the Peruvian goat population among other breeds, although further research is needed considering samples from other Peruvian areas. We expect this study will contribute to define genetic management strategies to prevent the loss of genetic diversity in Peruvian goat populations and for upcoming advancements in this field.</p>
Monitoring melanoma patients on treatment reveals a distinct macrophage population driving targeted therapy resistance
<p><span>Resistance to targeted therapy remains a major clinical challenge in melanoma patients. To uncover resistance mechanisms, we performed single cell RNA sequencing of fine needle aspirates from resistant and responding tumors from melanoma patients before and during BRAFi/MEKi treatment. Among the genes most differentially expressed between malignant cells from resistant vs. responding tumors was POSTN encoding the secreted factor periostin. POSTN was predicted to predominantly signal to a macrophage population associated with targeted therapy resistance (TTR). Accordingly, tumors from patients with fast disease progression after targeted therapy exhibited high POSTN expression levels as well as high numbers of TTR macrophages, and POSTN was able to polarize macrophages towards a TTR phenotype. In a mouse model in vivo, POSTN expression protected melanoma from targeted therapy, which was associated with a phenotype change of intratumroal macrophages. Finally, polarized TTR macrophages protected melanoma cells from MEKi-induced killing through CD44 receptor expression on melanoma cells. Thus, interfering with the protective activity of TTR macrophages might represent a strategy to overcome resistance to targeted therapy in melanoma.</span></p>
Fig. 1 in Genetic diversity of Egyptian populations of the African Common Toad (Sclerophrys regularis, Reuss 1833)
Fig. 1. Map of the sampled localities.
Data from: The basic-reproduction number of infectious diseases in spatially structured host populations
<p>The spatial structure of a host population has a profound effect on the dynamics of infectious diseases. The basic reproduction number, a central quantity in the study of epidemic dynamics, is affected by host clustering as well as host density. Several authors have developed methods to quantify the basic reproduction number in a spatially structured host population. The methods used and the expressions derived are however difficult to apply to real life spatial host structures. In this paper we introduce an explicit expression for the basic reproduction number using the O-ring statistic, developed in spatial statistics, that quantifies the host density as a function of the distance from a randomly selected host individual. The O-ring statistic is frequently used in the study of the ecology of spatially structured plant populations, being a convenient summary of the properties of a landscape by way of a single function. The connection we develop between spatial statistics and epidemic dynamics can be used to study the effect of host spatial pattern on the basic reproduction number of infectious diseases. As well as showing how explicit expressions for the basic reproduction number can be derived for landscapes with standard structures, our expression for the basic reproduction number is tested against a simulation model. The model structure in our simulation is motivated by the spread of a plant disease epidemic, although it is applicable more broadly. The agreement between our analytic expression for the basic reproduction number and the corresponding numeric quantity extracted from simulations is close to perfect across a wide range of landscape structures and model parameterisations, and including cases in which more than one species of host is at risk of infection.</p>
Data from: Population and community consequences of perceived risk from humans in wildlife
<p><span>Human activities catalyze risk avoidance behaviors in wildlife across taxa and systems. However, the broader ecological significance of human-induced risk perception remains unclear, with a limited understanding of how phenotypic responses scale up to affect population or community dynamics. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of non-consumptive effects (NCE; population effects) and trait-mediated indirect effects (TMIE; community effects) of anthropogenic disturbances. This dataset includes all papers identified from the comprehensive review of the different types of human-induced behavioral and physiological phenotypic change and their influence on vital rates and population parameters in wildlife. All papers in this database tested for a human-induced NCE or TMIE in wildlife but not all found evidence for an effect. Many of the papers did not explicitly measure the presumed phenotypic change linking human activity to vital rates or population parameters. The authors, paper title, journal, publication year, type of human disturbance, species, system, phenotypic response measured, demographic response measured, if a demographic effect was found, and whether an NCE or TMIE was tested are all included in the dataset. In addition, we include the source of the paper in our dataset (i.e. whether it came up in our Web of Science search, as a citing paper of Frid and Dill (2002), or in a review paper on human-induced fear in wildlife; column A). The papers in which multiple NCE or TMIE pathways were tested may have multiple values in a single cell. Papers are sorted alphabetically by author. Evidence for human-induced NCEs and TMIEs is mixed, with half of published studies finding a relationship between human activities, phenotypic change, and population outcomes. Strong research biases in taxa, systems, human disturbance type, and demographic measures prevent unified inference about the prevalence of population responses to human activities. Coexistence with and conservation of wildlife requires additional research linking human-induced phenotypic change to population and community outcomes.</span></p>
Morphological and phenological variation of flower colour morphs in a wild population of Opuntia streptacantha (Cactaceae)
<p>[ESP]</p> <p>Este repositorio contiene archivos .csv y .r, de los datos se utilizaron para el análisis estadístico del artículo de Manzanarez-Villasana y Mandujano en Plant Ecology and Evolution ( <a href="https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.112250" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.112250</a>)</p> <p>[ENG]</p> <p>This repository contains .csv and .r files of the data used for the statistical analysis of the article by Manzanarez-Villasana and Mandujano in Plant Ecology and Evolution (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.112250" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.112250</a>).</p>
20231120-MTOA: Single-tasking agent populations cannot achieve equitable task exploration.
<p>This archive contains the results of a multi-agent simulation experiment [1] carried out with Lazy lavender [2] environment.<br><br>Experiment Label: 20231120-MTOA<br><br>Experiment design: Single-tasking agents are periodically replaced by new, naive ones. The new agents are trained by previously existing agents. The selection of the teaching agents is based on different selection criteria. These include: (a) low/high acquired compensation, (b) low/high success rate, (c) random selection.<br><br>Hypotheses: Favoring the reproduction of agents with the lowest success rate will improve the maximum accuracy and re-balance the tasks representation.<br><br>Detailed information can be found in index.html or notebook.ipynb.<br><br>[1] <a href="https://sake.re/20231120-MTOA">https://sake.re/20231120-MTOA</a><br>[2] <a href="https://gitlab.inria.fr/moex/lazylav/">https://gitlab.inria.fr/moex/lazylav/</a><br><br></p>
20231220-MTOA: Multitasking agent populations can achieve equitable task exploration to the detriment of their agents' average and maximum accuracy.
<p>This archive contains the results of a multi-agent simulation experiment [1] carried out with Lazy lavender [2] environment.<br><br>Experiment Label: 20231220-MTOA<br><br>Experiment design: Agents improve task equitability by favoring the reproduction of agents with rare and conflicting knowledge.<br><br>Experiment setting: Each agent is initially trained on all tasks. The agents then carry all tasks. When they disagree the following take place:</p> <p>(a) The agent with the lower score will adapt its knowledge accordingly. If its memory limit is attained, the agent will try to forget knowledge.</p> <p>(b) The agent with the highest score will decide for both agents. If this agent's decision is correct, the agent will receive the points corresponding to both agents.</p> <p>Every 20000 games, 9 new agents are born and 9 agents are removed. Each new agent will be trained with examples provided by two parents.The first parent is selected either randomly, or based on their collected points/success rate (low success rate, high success rate, low points, high points).</p> <p>The second parent is selected based on its success rate with respect to the first parent (parent 2 is the the agent that agrees more often with parent 1).Agents undertake 3 tasks having a limited memory, enough for learning 1/3 tasks accurately (4 and 12 classes respectively)</p> <p><br>Hypotheses: Favoring the reproduction of agents with the lowest success rate (agents that agree less with their peers) will allow agent populations to equally explore all tasks. Hence, agent populations will become equally accurate on all tasks and thus improve their efficiency.<br><br>Detailed information can be found in index.html or notebook.ipynb.<br><br>[1] <a href="https://sake.re/20231220-MTOA">https://sake.re/20231220-MTOA</a><br>[2] <a href="https://gitlab.inria.fr/moex/lazylav/">https://gitlab.inria.fr/moex/lazylav/</a><br><br></p>
Data from: Density matters: How population dynamics of house mice (Mus musculus) inform the epidemiology of Leptospira
<p>Rodents are maintenance hosts of numerous pathogens, and both their density and the pathogen prevalence determine the risk they pose to other animals or humans. However, density is often overlooked. We investigated a capture-mark-recapture-sampling strategy to study introduced mice (<em>Mus musculus</em>) and <em>Leptospira</em> as a model and demonstrate the advantages of a combined approach. We estimated population density and <em>Leptospira</em> prevalence in mice in a replicated longitudinal survey conducted between 2016 and 2018. Capture-mark-recapture sessions were undertaken at two sites in Spring and Autumn and blood and kidney samples were collected at the end of each session. Mouse density and areas of activity were estimated using spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) models and both were compared between <em>Leptospira</em> positive and negative mice. <em>Leptospira </em>exposure and shedding status were estimated using Microscopic Agglutination Test, and a combination of culture and <em>lipL32</em> PCR on kidneys. <em>Leptospira </em>prevalence was higher in spring (83% to 86%) than in autumn (31% to 37%) and mouse densities simultaneously varied from 3.6 to 55.9/ha. However, despite these variations in prevalence and density, the density of infected animals remained relatively constant over time (3 to 8/ha). Shedding or being seropositive was also associated with the activity of mice. Shedding or seropositive mice had a larger activity area, and seropositive mice were trapped on average one day earlier than seronegative mice. </p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Our results show how understanding the population dynamics of pathogen-carrying rodents is critical in epidemiology. The wider movement patterns and easier encounters of positive mice highlight the possibility of biases in classical prevalence surveys and have implications for disease transmission within and between species. Importantly, and quite counter-intuitively, <em>Leptospira</em> prevalence was negatively associated with mouse density, resulting in a constant density of shedders that contradicts the conventional view of higher exposure risk at high rodent density. More broadly, such hybrid sampling designs can improve animal and disease control policies and better inform modelling studies by providing more parameter estimates than classical prevalence surveys.</p>
Data from: Consequences of repeated sarcoptic mange outbreaks in an endangered mammal population
<p>Diseases and parasites are important drivers of population dynamics in wild mammal populations. Small and endangered populations that overlap with larger, reservoir populations are particularly vulnerable to diseases and parasites, especially in ecosystems highly influenced by climate change. Sarcoptic mange, caused by a parasitic mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), constitutes a severe threat to many wildlife populations and is today considered a panzootic. The Scandinavian arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is endangered with a fragmented distribution and is threatened by e.g., red fox (Vulpes vulpes) expansion, prey scarcity and inbreeding depression. Moreover, one of the subpopulations in Scandinavia has suffered from repeated outbreaks of sarcoptic mange during the past decade, most likely spread by red foxes. This was first documented in 2013 and then again 2014, 2017, 2019, 2020 and 2021. We used field inventories and wildlife cameras to follow the development of sarcoptic mange outbreaks in this arctic fox subpopulation with specific focus on disease transmission and consequences for reproductive output. In 2013-14, we documented visual symptoms of sarcoptic mange in about 30% of the total population. Despite medical treatment, we demonstrate demographic consequences where the number of arctic fox litters plateaued and litter size was reduced after the introduction of S. scaibei. Furthermore, we found indications that mange likely was transmitted by a few arctic foxes travelling between several dens, i.e., "super-spreaders". This study highlights sarcoptic mange as a severe threat to small populations and can put the persistence of the entire Scandinavian arctic fox population at risk.</p>
Figure 4 in The introduction of Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae) on Ilha Grande, Southeast Brazil, from initial stages to an established population
Figure 4. The overall abundance of Physa acuta on the eight collecting stations (CS).
Figure 5 in The introduction of Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae) on Ilha Grande, Southeast Brazil, from initial stages to an established population
Figure 5. Relationship of shell height and width of Physa acuta from Ilha Grande.
Figure 2 in The introduction of Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae) on Ilha Grande, Southeast Brazil, from initial stages to an established population
Figure 2. Variation of the total abundance of Physa acuta in an impacted stream of Ilha Grande.
Data: Approaching a population level assessment of body size in pinnipeds using drones, an early warning of environmental degradation.
<p>Data and R sctipts for measuring harbour seal body sizes and estimating mass based on .shp files containing outlines. Associated with the manusctipt currently titled "Approaching a population level assessment of body size in pinnipeds using drones, an early warning of environmental degradation."</p> <p>1_Seal_Volume_Function.R: A function for the estimation of length, width, and ellipsoid volume of harbour seals from georeferenced polygons representing individual outlines 2_Polygon_Process.R: This script uses the curved_length_vol function (1_Seal_Volume_Function.R) to process a folder full of .shp file subfolders containing georeferenced polygons representing individual outlines and outputs a .csv with estimates of length, width, and ellipsoid volume for each individual. 3_Calibration.R: This script processes and calibrates summarized harbor seal measurements based on reference to known individuals</p> <p>CSV_Files: Folder containing data files</p> <p>Known_Seals.csv: True measurments of length and mass for known seals with derived estimates of 'true' width and volume. Drone based estimates of length, width, simple and complex volume for the same individuals, information on pose.</p> <p>measurments.csv: Drone based estimates of length, width, simple and complex volume for all individuals.</p> <p>Pup_growth.csv: Data on pup mass by age from Harding et al. 2005 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00945.x" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00945.x</a>).</p> <p>Slottsskogen_Data.csv: True and drone based measurments for individual captive harbour seals taken on two seperate occasions.</p> <p>Summarised_Weights.csv: True measurments of length, girth, and mass for harbour seals.</p>
Multi-Generational Black Hole Population Analysis with an Astrophysically Informed Mass Function
<p>We analyze the population statistics of black holes in the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA GWTC-3 catalog using a parametric mass function derived from simulations of massive stars experiencing pulsational pair-instability supernovae (PPISN). Our formalism enables us to separate the black hole mass function into sub-populations corresponding to mergers between objects formed via different astrophysical pathways, allowing us to infer the properties of black holes formed from stellar collapse and black holes formed via prior mergers separately. Applying this formalism, we find that this model fits the data better than the powerlaw+peak model with Bayes factor 9.7±0.1. We measure the location of the lower edge of the upper black hole mass gap to be 84.05<sub>-12.88</sub><sup>+17.19</sup> M<sub>☉</sub>, providing evidence that the 35M<sub>☉</sub> Gaussian peak detected in the data using other models is not associated with the PPISN pile-up predicted to precede this gap. Incorporating spin, we find that the normalized spins of stellar remnant black holes are close to zero while those of higher generation black holes tend to larger values. All of these results are in accordance with the predictions of stellar structure theory and black hole merger scenarios. Finally, we combine our mass function with the spectral siren method for measuring the Hubble constant to find H₀=36.19<sub>-10.91</sub><sup>+17.50</sup> km/s/Mpc and discuss potential explanations of this low value. Our results demonstrate how astrophysically-informed mass functions can facilitate the interpretation of gravitational wave catalog data to provide information about black hole formation and cosmology. Future data releases will improve the precision of our measurements.</p>
Genetic variability and Population structure of two sympatric cownose rays Rhinoptera (Myliobatiformes, Rhinopteridae) in the Western Atlantic Ocean
<p><em><span><span>We analyzed sequences of COI and Cytb genes for Rhinoptera bonasus (COI: 230; 11 haplotypes, Cytb: 108; 12 haplotypes) and R. brasiliensis (COI: 181; 10 haplotypes, Cytb: 105; eight haplotypes ) to investigate the genetic diversity and their relationship with environmental variables, genetic structure, as well as demographic parameters. </span></span></em></p>
Automatic Ontology Population Results
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Monkey V1/V2 neuronal population response to drifting gratings with varying orientation and contrast
<p>Correlated variability in the visual cortex is modulated by stimulus properties. The stimulus dependence of correlated variability impacts stimulus coding and is indicative of circuit structure. An affine model combining a multiplicative factor and an additive offset has been proposed to explain how correlated variability in primary visual cortex (V1) depends on stimulus orientations. However, whether the affine model could be extended to explain modulations by other stimulus variables or variability shared between two brain areas is unknown. Motivated by a simple neural circuit mechanism, we modified the affine model to better explain the contrast-dependence of neural variability shared within either primary or secondary visual cortex (V1 or V2) as well as the orientation-dependence of neural variability shared between V1 and V2. Our results bridge neural circuit mechanisms and statistical models, and provide a parsimonious explanation for the stimulus-dependence of correlated variability within and between visual areas.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.