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FIGURE 4 in New material of Cretaceoushormiops Lourenço from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Arachnida: Scorpiones: Protoischnuridae)
FIGURE 4. Line drawings of the trichobothrial pattern of Cretaceoushormiops sp., NIGP201697. A, Left pedipalp. B, Right pedipalp. Scale bar = 500 μm.
FIGURE 2 in New material of Cretaceoushormiops Lourenço from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Arachnida: Scorpiones: Protoischnuridae)
FIGURE 2. Details of Cretaceoushormiops sp. under red epifluorescence, NIGP201697. A, Carapace. B, Ventral view of mesosoma. C, Right pectine. D, Left pectine. E, Tergites IV. F, Dorsal view of left pedipalp. G, Dorsal view of right pedipalp. H, Ventral view of left pedipalp. I, Ventral view of right pedipalp. J, Legs I and II. K, Legs III. L, Legs IV. Abbreviation: sp, spiracle. Scale bars = 200 μm in C, D, 400 μm in others.
Fig. 4 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 4. Estimation of ancestral ranges for the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 in four biogeographical regions: Tajik and north Pamir blocks (northern Afghanistan and southern China, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) (A); western Cimmeria, including only the Farah, Helmand, south and central Pamirs (SP and CP, respectively), Karakorum (K) and Band-e Bayan (BB) blocks (present-day Afghanistan and northern Pakistan) (B); northwest Annamite Mountains (Khammouan Karst, Laos) (C); northeast Annamite Mountains (Phong Nha-Ke Montenat (2009), Collett et al. (2015), Robinson (2015), Siehl (2017), and Li et al. (2020).
Fig. 3 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 3. Estimation of divergence times (A) in evolution of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 with palaeogeographical reconstructions (B) indicating tectonic positions and past and present plate boundaries. Geological time periods on phylogeny include Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian,Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic. Divergence ages (in millions of years) plotted on phylogeny. Circled numbers denote three divergence events leading to Pseudochactidae and its three subfamilies.Timeline for origins, dispersal, and diversification of Pseudochactidae as follows: Carboniferous (340 Ma), Pseudochactidae originates near Tajik block (colored grey area), situated among chain of continental blocks and island arcs between Turkestan and Palaeo-Tethys Oceans. Jurassic–Triassic Boundary (202 Ma): Cimmerian continent collides with Eurasia and Indochina in the Jurassic, allowing ancestor of
Fig. 2 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 2. Preferred phylogeny (A) of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 based on simultaneous analysis of the morphological and molecular datasets using Maximum Likelihood with unambiguous morphological synapomorphies optimized. Black circles indicate uniquely derived apomorphic states, white circles, parallel deviations of apomorphic states. Numbers above circles indicate characters, numbers below indicate states (Supp Appendices 2 and 3 [online only]). Dorsal habitus (B–F) of five species of Pseudochactidae: Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov 1998, Babatag, Uzbekistan, ♀ (AMNH) (B), Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço 2007,Tham Xe Bang Fai, Laos, ♀ (AMNH) (C), Aemngvantom thamnongpaseuam Prendini et al. 2021,Tham Nong Pa Seuam, Laos, holotype ♀ (AMNH) (D), Aemngvantom lao (Lourenço 2012),Tham Nam Lot (Lod), Laos, ♀ (AMNH) (E) and Vietbocap canhi Lourenço and Pham 2010,Tiên Sơn, Vietnam,♀ (AMNH) (F). Scale bars = 10 mm.
Fig. 1 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 1. Distribution of subfamilies of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998: Pseudochactinae Gromov 1998, Troglokhammouaninae Prendini et al. 2021, Vietbocapinae Lourenço 2007.
Fig. 5 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains
Fig. 5. Preferred ancestral state reconstruction (A) for the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 using ARD model of troglomorphism index (scale = 1–10) ranging from epigean (score = 1) to hypogean, troglobitic (score = 10). Ecomorphotypes classified as epigean (1–5); hypogean, troglophilic (6–8); and hypogean, troglobitic (9–10). Carapace (B–D) of three pseudochactid species, representing each ecomorphotype: epigean: Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov 1998 (B); troglophilic: Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço 2007 (C); and troglobitic: Vietbocap canhi Lourenço 2010 (D).
Figure 1 in Sperm package morphology in scorpions and its relation to phylogeny
Figure 1. Measures taken from sperm packages of scorpions (Bothriuridae). A, schematic drawings of a general complete sperm package showing body measures used in quantitative analysis. B, schematic drawing of a head of a sperm package indicating general measures from both quantitative and qualitative analysis. C, phylogenetic organization of shapes of sperm packages found in analysed species from the Bothriuridae family (based on Mattoni, 2003; Mattoni & Prendini, 2007). On the right side the general geometric form is represented.
Figure 8 in Sperm package morphology in scorpions and its relation to phylogeny
Figure 8. Optimization of variables of the sperm packages from Bothriuridae scorpions into a phylogenetic (partial) hypothesis for the family. Values under each terminal branch correspond to the values observed in the species, divided by 10. Values under the internal branches are optimal values for hypothetical ancestors. A, optimization of total length (in Mm/10) of sperm packages; lengths of the bars next to the measures are proportional to the values. B, optimization of head–body angle (in degrees/10). Arrows show changes or peculiarities of species or phylogenetic branches (see text).
Figure 4 in Sperm package morphology in scorpions and its relation to phylogeny
Figure 4. Sperm packages from different families of the order Scorpiones. A, Chactas aequinoctialis (Chactidae); B, Megacormus gertschi (Euscorpiidae); C, Euscorpius flavicaudis (Euscorpiidae); D, Caraboctonus keyserlingi (Iuridae); E, Liocheles sp. (Liochelidae); F, Pandinus imperator (Scorpionidae); G, Vaejovis varigatus (Vaejovidae); H, Zabius fuscus (Buthidae); I, Chaerilus variegatus (Chaerilidae).
Figure 7 in Sperm package morphology in scorpions and its relation to phylogeny
Figure 7. Cluster analysis of the sperm package variables in Bothriuridae scorpions. Dendrogram created using group average linkage with the Euclidean distance method.
Figure 6 in Sperm package morphology in scorpions and its relation to phylogeny
Figure 6. Summary of measures from sperm packages in scorpion species of the Bothriuridae family. A, total length; B, head width; C, head–body angle; D, area; E, head length. All of the data obtained are outlined in the box plots with the respective means, standard deviations, the points within which 75% of the data are grouped, and the end values. The x-axis shows all of the species studied. Abbreviations: B., Bothriurus; Br., Brachistosternus; Cm., Centromachetes; Cp., Cercophonius; L., Lisposoma; O., Orobothriurus; T., Timogenes; Th., Thestylus; Tk., Tehuankea; U., Urophonius; V., Vachonia. Species are shown in alphabetical order along the x-axis.
Figure 3 in Sperm package morphology in scorpions and its relation to phylogeny
Figure 3. Sperm package of Timogenes elegans. Light microscope photograph showing the approximate sections of the transmission electronic micrographs. A, head and tail; B, middle pieces and limit between middle pieces and tails; C, bending point. Abbreviations: mp, middle pieces; mp1, first portion of middle pieces; mp2, final part of middle pieces; n, nuclei; t, tails.
Figure 5. Sperm package differences inside a male. A in Sperm package morphology in scorpions and its relation to phylogeny
Figure 5. Sperm package differences inside a male. A, Brachistosternus ferrugineus; B, Bothriurus araguayae; C, Urophonius tregualemuensis; D, Caraboctonus keyserlingi (Iuridae); E, Timogenes elegans: a, folded packages; b, straight packages; c, round packages.
Figure 2 in Sperm package morphology in scorpions and its relation to phylogeny
Figure 2. Sperm packages of different species of the family Bothriuridae. A, Brachistosternus (Leptosternus) angustimanus; B, Brachistosternus (Ministernus) ferrugineus; C, Brachistosternus (Leptosternus) pentheri; D, Centromachetes pococki; E, Centromachetes obscurus; F, Urophonius brachycentrus; G, Urophonius tregualemuensis; H, Bothriurus (Andibothriurus) rochensis; I, Bothriurus (Andibothriurus) burmeisteri; J, Bothriurus (Bothriurus) inermis; K, Bothriurus (Bothriurus) bocki; L, Bothriurus (Bothriurus) bonariensis; M, Bothriurus (Bothriurus) araguayae; N, Timogenes elegans; O, Tehuankea moyanoi; P, Cercophonius squama; Q, Thestylus aurantiurus; R, Orobothriurus sp.
Scorpion demonstration 19-11-2021 ::: Datasets
<p>Scorpion demonstration 19-11-2021 ::: Datasets</p>
Systematic revision of the arboreal Neotropical 'Thorellii' clade of Centruroides Marx, 1890 bark scorpions (Buthidae c.l. Koch, 1837) with descriptions of six new species
<p><span>The arboreal Neotropical '</span><em>thorellii</em><span>' clade of </span><em>Centruroides</em><span> Marx, 1890 bark scorpions (Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837) is revised, using a novel approach to species delimitation. A phylogenetic analysis, based on 112 morphological characters and 1078 aligned DNA nucleotides from the mitochondrial Cytochrome </span><em>c</em><span> Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene, provided the framework for placing singletons from geographically disparate localities (and often with suboptimal preservation) using COI minibarcodes, thereby enlarging the taxon sample for diagnosis and delimitation of morphological species. Six new</span><em> </em><span>species are described, tripling the known diversity in the clade to nine: </span><em>Centruroides </em><em>berstoni</em><span>,</span><em> </em><span>sp. nov.; </span><em>Centruroides </em><em>catemacoensis</em><span>,</span><em> </em><span>sp. nov.; </span><em>Centruroides </em><em>chanae</em><span>,</span><em> </em><span>sp. nov.; </span><em>Centruroides </em><em>cuauhmapan,</em><span> sp. nov.; </span><em>Centruroides </em><em>hamadryas</em><span>,</span><em> </em><span>sp. nov.; </span><em>Centruroides </em><em>yucatanensis</em><span>,</span><em> </em><span>sp. nov. Revised diagnoses are presented for </span><em>Centruroides hoffmanni</em><span> Armas, 1996, </span><em>Centruroides rileyi</em><span> Sissom, 1995, and </span><em>Centruroides schmidti</em><span> Sissom, 1995. Comparative images, a key and distribution maps for all species of the clade are provided, along with a summary of available data for their ecology.</span></p>
Figure 19 in Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau
Figure 19. Odontobuthus tirgari. Habitus, dorsal aspect (A, C), ventral aspect (B, D). A, B, ♀ (ZMFUM 2091). C, D, ♂ (ZMFUM 2092). Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 14 in Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau
Figure 14. Odontobuthus kermanus. Pedipalp femur, dorsal aspect (A, B), patella, dorsal aspect (C, D) and chela, lateral aspect (E, F). A, C, E, holotype ♀ (SMF). B, D, F, paratype ♂ (ZMFUM 1340). Scale bars = 2.5 mm (A, C, E), 1.5 mm (B, D), 2 mm (F).
Figure 9 in Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau
Figure 9. Odontobuthus chabaharensis. Habitus, dorsal aspect (A, C), ventral aspect (B, D). A, B, holotype ♀ (SMF). C, D, paratype ♂ (ZMFUM 1325). Scale bars = 10 mm (A, B), 5 mm (C, D).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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