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Fig. 3 RDFs with interlocking barbs. a DIP-V-16111 in Ornamental feathers in Cretaceous Burmese amber: resolving the enigma of rachis-dominated feather structure

Fig. 3 RDFs with interlocking barbs. a DIP-V-16111 overview with asymmetrical vanes (arrowheads at base of each vane); b DIP-V-16111 barb structure; c DIP-V-16111 barbules with hooklets (inset and arrowheads); d DIP-SY-06231 overview with plumulaceous feathers trapped on drying line (arrowheads), and more detailed view of barb and barbule structure (inset). Scale bars = 2 mm in (a); 0.5 mm in (b); 0.1 mm in (c); 5 mm in (d); 0.2 mm in (d) inset

Fig. 2 in Ornamental feathers in Cretaceous Burmese amber: resolving the enigma of rachis-dominated feather structure

Fig. 2 RDF variations in rachis apices and cross-sectional profiles. a close-up of one of the two feather apices in DIP-V-16186, with tapered rachis leading to just rachidial ridge (arrowhead); b apex of DIP-V-17109 with broad rachis extending to the end of the vanes (arrowhead); c close-up of the tip of DIP-V-15125, with twisted rachis (arrowhead); d oblique dorsal cross-sectional view of rachis in DIP-V-16202 exhibiting an expansion on the edges (left and right arrowheads) and thin rachidial ridge (center arrowhead), with barbs attaching to rachis laterally (arrows); e cross-section of the rachis of DIP-V-16208; f SEM image of DIP-V-16207, corresponding to e; g DIP-V-17109 oblique ventral view of rachis cross-section in one of the two feathers; h DIP-V-17127 rachis cross-section in oblique lateral view, with rami originating slightly below (left) and exactly on the edge (right), plus thin rachidial ridge. Arrows/arrowheads denote same structures in (d–h). Scale bars = 2 mm in (a); 0.25 mm in (b, d, g and h); 0.05 mm in (c); 0.1 mm in (e and f)

Fig. 1 in Ornamental feathers in Cretaceous Burmese amber: resolving the enigma of rachis-dominated feather structure

Fig. 1 Morphological diversity and rachis structure. RDFs exhibit at least three general outlines: a with barbs that appear to extend all the way down rachis, one of the two feathers in DIP-V-16186; b with naked rachis basally, DIP-V-16208 overview; c with more pointed apices and narrower vanes, one of the two feathers in DIP-V-16186. The general structure of all RDFs shares some common features: d diagram of RDF indicating rachidial ridge (dark red), and fused and unfused barb ridges making up rachis (blue), with barbule distribution indicated only on right side of feather apex (pale red), and with cross-sections showing branching pattern of barbs within vaned section of RDF (upper section), and tissue generation at follicle (lower level) required to produce barbs at posterior margin, or along lateral margin of rachis (right side vs. left side of each section, respectively). Rachidial ridge variants include: e prominent ridge throughout length, DIP-V-17138; f faint, DIP-SY-06231; g or even sporadic, MCAC-0322. Arrowheads in f and g indicate barbs attached to posterior margin of rachis, while arrows indicate those attached to lateral surface. Abbreviations: ant – anterior, lam – lamina, lb. – lateral barb, pmb – posterior margin barb, post – posterior, rr – rachidial ridge. Scale bars = 2 mm in (a, b, c, e and f); 0.5 mm in (g)

FIGURE 4 in Myanmaro primus gen. et sp. nov., the first orthoclad (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber

FIGURE 4. Myanmaro primus sp. nov., holotype, adult male (F1a LSZ DIZP, mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, ~100 Ma; Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, Myanmar). Hypopygium in dorsal (A) and ventral view (B), C gonocoxite (grey) and gonostylus (blue) with articulate lobe (green), D distal part of anal tergite and anal point, E inferior volsella. Scale bars: 50 µm (A, B), 25 µm (C–E).

FIGURE 3 in Myanmaro primus gen. et sp. nov., the first orthoclad (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber

FIGURE 3. Myanmaro primus sp. nov., holotype, adult male (F1a LSZ DIZP, mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, ~100 Ma; Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, Myanmar): A–D tibial spurs of fore (A, B), mid (C) and hind leg (D); E–H pseudospurs of mid leg tarsomere 1 (E), 2 (F), 3 (G) and 4 (H). Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Myanmaro primus gen. et sp. nov., the first orthoclad (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber

FIGURE 1. IR (ATR) spectrum (no. 13998 IAA) obtained from examined amber (mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, ~100 Ma; Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, Myanmar).

FIGURE 2 in Myanmaro primus gen. et sp. nov., the first orthoclad (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Cretaceous Burmese amber

FIGURE 2. Myanmaro primus sp. nov., holotype, adult male (F1a LSZ DIZP, mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, ~100 Ma; Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, Myanmar): A inclusion in amber, B habitus, C head and antenna (white arrows: borders between flagellomeres, grey arrow: incomplete fusion), D wing, E base of wing, F punctation of wing membrane below RM area. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 1 mm (B), 100 µm (C–F).

FIGURE 3 in Zorotypus hukawngi sp. nov., a Fossil Winged Zoraptera (Insect) in Burmese Amber

FIGURE 3. Zorotypus hukawngi sp. nov., holotype (CSCLRCAB100005). A. Head with right antenna. B. Left antenna. C. Forebody with forewings. D. Left metafemur. Abbreviations: 1–7 = metafemoral spines 1–7; a1–a8 = antennomeres I–VIII; msn = mesonotum; mtn = metanotum; prn = pronotum. Scale bars: 0.1mm.

FIGURE 2 in Zorotypus hukawngi sp. nov., a Fossil Winged Zoraptera (Insect) in Burmese Amber

FIGURE 2. Ventral habitus of Zorotypus hukawngi sp. nov., female. Abbreviations: fw = forewing; hw = hindwing. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Zorotypus hukawngi sp. nov., a Fossil Winged Zoraptera (Insect) in Burmese Amber

FIGURE 4. Zorotypus hukawngi sp. nov., holotype (CSCLRCAB100005). A. Left metatibia. B. Claws. C. Cerci with apical spinelike setae. D. Forewing with jugate setae. Abbreviations: a, b = metatibial spines a, b; fjs = jugate setae of forewing. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

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FIGURE 2 in The "hairy beast " - Zorotypus hirsutus sp. n., an unusual new species of Zoraptera (Insecta) from Burmese amber

FIGURE 2. Zorotypus hirsutus sp. n.. A: Head in frontal view. Left labial palp behind bubble and barely visible. B: Abdomen in dorsal view. C: Abdomen and metalegs in ventral view. ce, cercus; e, compound eye; ga, galea; lbp, labial palp; la, lacinia; lr, labrum; md, mandible; mxp, maxillary palp; T7, seventh abdominal tergum. Asterisk: lobe-like structure. Scales = 0.2 mm.

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FIGURE 1 in The "hairy beast " - Zorotypus hirsutus sp. n., an unusual new species of Zoraptera (Insecta) from Burmese amber

FIGURE 1. Zorotypus hirsutus sp. n., holotype (BUB2785). A, B: Habitus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views. C: Head in frontal view. D: Thorax in dorsal view. E: Left foreleg. F: Abdomen and right legs in ventral view; inset: an enlargement of right metafemur with an additional spine. G: Right metatarsus; inset: enlargement of right meta-pretarsus apex. 1–8, metafemoral spines 1–8; 6+, the additional metafemoral spine; a, b, metatibial spines a, b; a1–8, antennomeres I–VIII; bac, bristles arranged as comb; ce, cercus; cx1, procoxa; e, compound eye; fe1, profemur; ga, galea; lbp, labial palp; lr, labrum; mxp, maxillary palp; oc, ocelli; S8, eighth abdominal sternum; sp, spurs; th1, prothorax; ti1, protibia. Black and white arrows show the distinct spine between metacoxae and tiny metatibial spine, respectively. Black and white arrowheads show pulvilli and empodium, respectively. Asterisk shows the lobe-like structure (see the Remarks). Scales = 0.5 mm in A–B; 0.2 mm in C– F; 0.1 mm in G.

FIGURE 3 in A new genus and species of Elcanidae (Insecta: Orthoptera) from Cretaceous Burmese amber

FIGURE 3. Elcanonympha diana gen. et sp. nov., inner view of left metatibia and metatarsus showing arrangement of subapical and apical metatibial spurs and spination of metabasitars.

FIGURE 2 in †Bittacopsocus- a new bizarre genus of †Permopsocida (Insecta) from Burmese Cretaceous amber

FIGURE 2. †B. megacephalus, line drawing. Abbreviations: ab—abdomen, cx—coxa, fe—femur, fl—flagellomere, pedpedicellus, prn—pronotum, sc—scapus, ta—tarsomere, tr—trochanter.

FIGURE 6 in †Bittacopsocus- a new bizarre genus of †Permopsocida (Insecta) from Burmese Cretaceous amber

FIGURE 6. †B. megacephalus, abdomen. A, entire abdomen, right side; B, posterior abdomen, left side. Abbreviations: parparamere, prp—paraproct, sVIII—sternum VIII.

FIGURE 5 in †Bittacopsocus- a new bizarre genus of †Permopsocida (Insecta) from Burmese Cretaceous amber

FIGURE 5. †B. megacephalus, wing bases. A, forewing; B, hindwing. Abbreviations: A1, A2—anal veins, Ap—areola postica, CuA-CuP specialized crossvein, CuA—cubitus anterior, M—media, RA—radius anterior, RP—radius posterior, ScP—subcosta posterior.

FIGURE 4 in †Bittacopsocus- a new bizarre genus of †Permopsocida (Insecta) from Burmese Cretaceous amber

FIGURE 4. †B. megacephalus, wings. Abbreviations: Ap—areola postica, C—costa, CuA—cubitus anterior, M—media, RA—radius anterior, RP—radius posterior, ScP—subcosta posterior.

FIGURE 3 in †Bittacopsocus- a new bizarre genus of †Permopsocida (Insecta) from Burmese Cretaceous amber

FIGURE 3. †B. megacephalus, line drawings, A, head, dorsolateral view; B, ventrolateral view. Abbreviations: aclanteclypeus, atp—anterior tentorial pit, ce—compound eye, col—collar, cor—coronal suture, cre—transverse crest, cx—coxa, ga—galea, lbr—labrum, md—mandible, oc—ocellus, pcl—postclypeus, ped—pedicellus, pl—labial palp, pmx—maxillary palp, sc—scapus.

FIGURES 9–15. FIGURE 9 in Five new species of Rohrthrips (Thysanoptera: Rohrthripidae) from Burmese amber, and the evolution of Tubulifera wings

FIGURES 9–15. FIGURE 9. Haplothrips haideeae Mound & Minaei (Phlaeothripidae), wing base, s1–s3: subbasal wing setae, indicated white: wing vein, indicated black: rudiment of paired setiform process. FIGURES 10–15. R. schizovenatus sp. n. holotype female: (10) dorsal view; (11) distal part of wing vein; (12) posterior margin of hind wing (fringes embedded in wing membrane); (13) distal margin of fore wing (fringes on sockets); (14) position of spiracles on segment VIII (indicated black); (15) fungal spores (light yellowish dots) inside the body (inverted transmission light image).

FIGURES 5–8 in Five new species of Rohrthrips (Thysanoptera: Rohrthripidae) from Burmese amber, and the evolution of Tubulifera wings

FIGURES 5–8. Rohrthrips spp. (5) R. maryae sp. n. holotype male, dorsal view. R. patrickmuelleri sp. n. holotype female 6– 8: (6) dorsal view; (7) surface pattern of wings (phase contrast), indicated red: longitudinally orientated surface pattern, indicated black: submarginal ridge; (8) basal part of wings (phase contrast), indicated white: wing vein, indicated red: longitudinally orientated surface pattern, indicated black: microtrichia.