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Umbilicaria phaea var. coccinea: conservation status, variety rank, and secondary chemistry
<p><span>Originally described from a single collection in northern California, <em>Umbilicaria phaea</em> var. <em>coccinea</em> has since been reported from additional sites in California, Oregon, and Washington. Although relatively rare in all three states, there is currently no conservation status for <em>U. phaea</em> var. coccinea in California. Developing conservation strategies and status ranks requires a sound understanding of distribution, frequency, habitat requirements, and taxonomic placement. Therefore, we evaluated distributions and constructed climate envelope models for both varieties of <em>U. phaea</em>. <em>Umbilicaria phaea</em> var. <em>coccinea</em> appears to be restricted to relatively small habitats within the range of <em>U. phaea</em> var. <em>phaea</em> and is only locally common in portions of the Klamath River watershed. To assess evolutionary relationships between the varieties, we evaluated four molecular loci: ITS2, LSU, Mcm7, and mtSSU. A combined phylogeny using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference indicated that <em>U. phaea</em> is monophyletic. Within the <em>U. phaea</em> clade, var. coccinea and var. phaea do not form mutually exclusive, monophyletic clades; instead, individuals are intermixed. Based on variation in pigment production, morphology, and geographic distribution, we recommend continued designation of <em>U. phaea</em> var. <em>coccinea</em> as a variety. To better understand the chemical diversity within <em>U. phaea</em>, we compared </span><span>qualitative differences between secondary metabolite profiles of </span><em><span>U. phaea</span></em><span> var. phaea and <em>U. phaea</em> var. <em>coccinea</em></span><span> acetone </span><span>extracts using </span><span>ultraperformance-liquid chromatography high resolution tandem mass spectrometry</span><span> in negative ion mode. UV spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography and chemical spot testing were used to further characterize the compounds present. </span><span>Overall, </span><span>ten compounds were detected in extracts of <em>U. phaea</em> var. <em>phaea</em> and <em>U. phaea</em> var. <em>coccinea</em>. </span><span>Five previously known chemical substances were identified in both </span><span><em>U. phaea</em> </span><span>varieties including</span><span>: orsellinic acid, lecanoric acid, hiascic acid, gyrophoric acid, and </span><span>orsellinylgyrophorate</span><span>, along with four unknown metabolites. One additional unknown substance whose chemical properties are consistent with a polyhydroxylated anthraquinone pigment was detected only in </span><span><em>U. phaea</em> </span><span>var. </span><em><span>coccinea</span></em><span>. Given its rarity, chemical uniqueness, and distinct ecological association, </span><em><span>U. phaea</span></em><span> var. <em>coccinea</em> warrants a protected status throughout its range.</span></p>
Sacred groves of Central India: Diversity status, carbon storage and conservation strategies
<p>Sacred groves (SGs) play an important role in the conservation of local biodiversity and provide numerous ecosystem services worldwide. We studied how the ecological status of Central Indian SGs contributes to regional tree diversity and carbon (C) storage. We inventoried the trees in fifty-nine SGs of Madhya Pradesh and recorded a total of 109 tree species (90 genera, 40 families). The most species-rich families were Fabaceae, Combretaceae, Malvaceae and Moraceae. The tree density ranged from 75 to 925 individuals ha<sup>-1</sup> (mean: 398 ± 32 individuals ha<sup>-1</sup>), while the basal area varied from 2.5 to 69.2 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup> (mean: 24.2 ± 1.9 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>). The total C stock {tree C + soil organic C (SOC; 0-30 cm)} ranged from 44.7 to 455.4 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> (mean: 153.8 ± 9.6 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) across the SGs. The studied SGs represented 74.7% of the total tree diversity and contained 33.1% higher total C stock than the forests of the state. Tree C stock was significantly positively correlated with tree basal area (<em>r<sub>57</sub></em> = 0.965,<em> P</em> < 0.0001), distance from the nearest village (<em>r<sub>57</sub></em> = 0.432, <em>P</em> < 0.001) and number of years of existence (<em>r<sub>57</sub></em> = 0.615, <em>P</em> < 0.0001). The present study highlighted the crucial role of the studied SGs in sustaining regional biodiversity and storing significant amounts of C in biomass and soil. Continued conservation efforts and contained anthropogenic interferences are necessary in order to maintain the current role of these SGs as biodiversity and carbon reservoirs of Central India.</p>
Genomic analyses show extremely perilous conservation status of African and Asiatic cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
<p><span>We live in a world characterised by biodiversity loss and global environmental change. The extinction of large carnivores can have ramifying effects on ecosystems like an uncontrolled increase in wild herbivores, which in turn can have knock-on impacts on vegetation regeneration and communities. Cheetahs (</span><em><span>Acinonyx jubatus</span></em><span>) serve important ecosystem functions as apex predators; </span><span>yet, they are quickly heading towards an uncertain future. Threatened by habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and illegal trafficking, there are only approximately 7,100 individuals remaining in nature. We present the most comprehensive genome-wide analysis of cheetah phylogeography and conservation genomics to date, assembling samples from nearly the entire current and past species' range. We show that their phylogeography is more complex than previously thought, and that East African cheetahs (<em>A. j. raineyi</em>) are genetically distinct from Southern African individuals (<em>A. j. jubatus</em>), warranting their recognition as a distinct subspecies. </span><span>We found strong genetic differentiation between all classically recognised subspecies, thus refuting earlier findings that cheetahs show only little differentiation. The strongest differentiation was </span><span>observed</span><span> between the Asiatic </span><span>and all the African subspecies.</span> <span>We detected high inbreeding in the Critically Endangered Iranian (<em>A. j. venaticus</em>) and North-western (<em>A. j. hecki</em>) subspecies, and show that overall cheetahs, along with snow leopards, have the lowest genome-wide heterozygosity of all the big cats. This further emphasizes the cheetah's perilous conservation status. Our results provide novel and important information on cheetah phylogeography that can support evidence-based conservation policy decisions to help protect this species. This is especially relevant in light of ongoing and proposed translocations across subspecies boundaries, and the increasing threats of illegal trafficking.</span></p>
Fig. 1 in Troubled giants: The updated conservation status of the coconut crab (Birgus latro)
Fig. 1. Updated global distribution of Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767).
Fig. 3 in Troubled giants: The updated conservation status of the coconut crab (Birgus latro)
Fig. 3. Updated distribution of Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767) in the Pacific Ocean region.
Fig. 2 in Troubled giants: The updated conservation status of the coconut crab (Birgus latro)
Fig. 2. Updated distribution of Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767) in the Indian Ocean region.
Fig. S1c in The distribution and conservation status of the Dwarf Marsupial Frog (Flectonotus fitzgeraldi, Anura, Hemiphractidae) in Trinidad, Tobago, and Venezuela
Fig. S1c. Presence and total area of Flectonotus fitzgeraldi occurrence in Venezuela.
Fig. S1b in The distribution and conservation status of the Dwarf Marsupial Frog (Flectonotus fitzgeraldi, Anura, Hemiphractidae) in Trinidad, Tobago, and Venezuela
Fig. S1b. Presence and total area of Flectonotus fitzgeraldi occurrence in Tobago.
Fig. S1a in The distribution and conservation status of the Dwarf Marsupial Frog (Flectonotus fitzgeraldi, Anura, Hemiphractidae) in Trinidad, Tobago, and Venezuela
Fig. S1a. Presence and total area of Flectonotus fitzgeraldi occurrence in Trinidad.
Figure 10 in The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy
Figure 10. Black Noddy Anous minutus, off Rani, 6 August 2015 (© Nigel Voaden)
Figure 11 in The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy
Figure 11. Biak Scops Owl Otus beccarii, Biak, 5 July 2017 (© Daniel Lopez-Velasco)
Figure 7 in The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy
Figure 7. Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Biak, 26 June 2019 (© Phil Chaon)
Figure 9 in The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy
Figure 9. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata, Biak, November 2017 (© Andy Walker)
Figure 6 in The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy
Figure 6. Melanistic Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis, Biak, October 2012 (© Richard Noske)
Figure 8 in The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy
Figure 8. Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus, Biak, 24 September 2019 (© Peter Langsley)
Figure 13 in The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy
Figure 13. Male Biak Monarch Symposiachrus brehmii, Biak, 5 July 2017 (© Daniel Lopez-Velasco)
Figure 2 in The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy
Figure 2. Biak showing locations mentioned in the text.
Figure 3 in The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy
Figure 3. Spotted Whistling Duck Dendrocygna guttata, Biak, 14 November 2018 (© Andy Walker)
Figure 4 in The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy
Figure 4. Superb Fruit Dove Ptilinopus superbus, Biak, 8 September 2019 (© Ken Behrens)
Figure 2 in Conservation Note on the Status of the Rare Endemic Marquesan Snout Butterfly, Libythea collenettei
Figure 2. Maps highlighting sampling localities for the three islands visited in February, 2018.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.