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525 results for “Displace”
Data from: Interspecific aggression, not interspecific mating, drives character displacement in the wing colouration of male rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina)
Traits that mediate intraspecific social interactions may overlap in closely related sympatric species, resulting in costly between-species interactions. Such interactions have principally interested investigators studying the evolution of reproductive isolation via reproductive character displacement (RCD) or reinforcement, yet in addition to reproductive interference, interspecific trait overlap can lead to costly between-species aggression. Previous research on rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina spp.) demonstrated that sympatric shifts in male wing colour patterns and competitor recognition reduce interspecific aggression, supporting the hypothesis that agonistic character displacement (ACD) drove trait shifts. However, a recent theoretical model shows that RCD overshadows ACD if the same male trait is used for both female mate recognition and male competitor recognition. To determine whether female mate recognition is based on male wing coloration in Hetaerina, we conducted a phenotype manipulation experiment. Compared to control males, male H. americana with wings manipulated to resemble a sympatric congener (H. titia) suffered no reduction in mating success. Thus, female mate recognition is not based on species differences in male wing coloration. Experimental males did, however, experience higher interspecific fighting rates and reduced survival compared to controls. These results greatly strengthen the case for ACD and highlight the mechanistic distinction between ACD and RCD.
Data from: Single mechanosensory neurons encode lateral displacements using precise spike timing and thresholds
During locomotion, animals rely on multiple sensory modalities to maintain stability. External cues may guide behavior, but they must be interpreted in the context of the animal's own body movements. Mechanosensory cues that can resolve dynamic internal and environmental conditions, like those from vertebrate vestibular systems or other proprioceptors, are essential for guided movement. How do afferent proprioceptor neurons transform movement into a neural code? In flies, modified hindwings known as halteres detect forces produced by body rotations, and are essential for flight. The mechanisms by which haltere neurons transform forces resulting from three-dimensional body rotations into patterns of neural spikes are unknown, however. We use intracellular electrodes to record from haltere primary afferent neurons during a range of haltere motions. We find that spike timing activity of individual neurons changes with displacement, and propose a mechanism by which single neurons can encode three-dimensional haltere movements during flight.
Data from: Ecological character displacement between the sexes
Theory suggests the evolution of sexual dimorphism in ecologically relevant traits can evolve purely through competition between the sexes for a shared resource. Although more parsimonious hypotheses exist for the evolution of ecological sexual dimorphisms, there are some underappreciated reasons to expect that competition may often play some role in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Here, we build on past work to outline a set of sufficient criteria to demonstrate a role for resource competition in the evolution of sexual dimorphism, the most critical of which is that resource competition can be directly linked to sexual divergence along the axis of ecologically-relevant dimorphism. We then compare the geometry of fitness surfaces across experimental manipulations of density and sex ratio in a semiaquatic salamander (Notophthalmus viridescens). We find consistent disruptive selection on multivariate sexual dimorphism in feeding morphology, which increases in strength with density. Fitness and the strength of divergent selection are negative-frequency dependent in the manner expected under competition-driven divergence between the sexes. Our results constitute direct evidence of resource competition as a driver of sexually-antagonist selection and consequently the evolution of sexual dimorphism, showing how cause and effect can be separated in studies of ecological sexual dimorphism. We suggest resource competition may contribute to sexual divergence jointly with other sources of sex-biased selection, especially when ecological opportunity is sex-specific. EndDryadContent
FIGURE 12 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 12. Cletodes meyerorum sp. nov., female. A. P1, B. P2. Scale bar: 50 µm.
FIGURE 5 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 5. Echinocletodes voightae sp. nov., female. A. P2, B. P3. Scale bar: 50 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 6. Echinocletodes voightae sp. nov. A. P4 female, B. P5 male. All scale bars: 50 µm.
Data set: Reproductive character displacement in genital morphology in Ohomopterus ground beetles
<p>Genital morphology reveals rapid diversification among species, and species-specific divergence in genital morphology may result in reproductive isolation and promote speciation. Natural selection against maladaptive hybridization may cause species-specific genital divergence. In this context, divergence in mating traits is expected to be greater between sympatric populations than between allopatric populations in a pair of species, known as reproductive character displacement (RCD). However, there are few examples of RCD in the genital morphology of closely related species. Additionally, processes leading to RCD have rarely been inferred. In this study, we examined RCD and its underlying mechanisms by focusing on species-specific genital morphologies of closely related <i>Ohomopterus</i>ground beetle species. A morphological analysis showed patterns of RCD in species-specific genital parts in both sexes. Interspecific hybridization was confirmed by a mate choice experiment and by a population genetic analysis indicating extensive interspecific gene flow, suggesting that reinforcement is the most plausible process underlying the observed RCD. We found variation in the degree of displacement in contact zones, which may correspond with the ongoing process of genital evolution and speciation. Our results provide support for the lock-and-key hypothesis of genital evolution in closely related <i>Ohomopterus </i>species.</p>
Load-Displacement History Data and Video Recording of Norway Spruce Compression Experiment Perpendicular to Grain Direction
<p>This dataset contains load-displacement history of Norway Spruce compression experiments perpendicular to grain direction and the video recordings. The experiment utilized the Zwick RK 250/50 <em>Universal Testing Machine</em> (UTM) with HBM U2A load cell set at 200kN capacity, while video was recorded by Canon EOS 5DS R mounted on a tripod. Unfortunately the recording failed while recording specimen 3, hence only part of the beginning of the experiment is available.</p>
Data set for displacement-based multi-modal formulation of Koiter's method applied to cylindrical shells
<p>These results complement the results reported in the AIAA SciTech 2022 publication "Displacement-based multi-modal formulation of Koiter's method applied to cylindrical shells", presented in the Special Session in Honor of Prof. Dr. Johann Arbocz.</p> <p>A preprint of is already available as:</p> <blockquote> <p>Castro SGP, Jansen E. Displacement-based multi-modal formulation of Koiter's method applied to cylindrical shells. EngrXiv Preprints, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/92xvf">doi:10.31224/osf.io/92xvf</a>.</p> </blockquote> <p>The results are generated using the bfsccylinder module version 0.3.12, see file <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5667978/files/bfsccylinder-0.3.12.zip">bfsccylinder-0.3.12.zip</a>, also available in PyPi (<a href="https://pypi.org/project/bfsccylinder/">https://pypi.org/project/bfsccylinder/</a>). The composites module is also needed, see file <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5667978/files/composites-0.4.18.zip">composites-0.4.18.zip</a>, also available in PyPi (<a href="https://pypi.org/project/composites/">https://pypi.org/project/composites/</a>).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Main analysis scripts:</strong></p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5667978/files/koiter_cylinder_von_Karman.py?download=1">koiter_cylinder_von_Karman.py</a> has the analysis function using Donnell-type or Von Kárman-type shell kinematics.</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5667978/files/koiter_cylinder_Sanders.py">koiter_cylinder_Sanders.py</a> has the analysis function using Sanders-type shell kinematics.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Verification case: Water's composite cylindrical shell</strong></p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5667978/files/v00_DIANA_Waters_shell.zip">v00_DIANA_Waters_shell.zip</a> reference results obtained with a converged model using DIANA Q40L elements</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5667978/files/v00_Waters_composite_cylindrical_shell_sanders.py">v00_Waters_composite_cylindrical_shell_sanders.py</a> script to run the verification case</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5667978/files/v00_Waters_composite_cylindrical_shell_sanders.results">v00_Waters_composite_cylindrical_shell_sanders.result</a> results saved in an object file saved using Pickle, can be loaded with `pickle.load()`</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5667978/files/v00_Waters_composite_cylindrical_shell_sanders_b_ijkl.txt">v00_Waters_composite_cylindrical_shell_sanders_b_ijkl.txt</a> b_ijkl coefficients for this case, with 10 modes in the Koiter expansion</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/5667978/files/v00_Waters_composite_cylindrical_shell_sanders_output.txt">v00_Waters_composite_cylindrical_shell_sanders_output.txt</a> printed output</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Reproductive character displacement and potential underlying drivers in a species-rich and florally diverse lineage of tropical angiosperms (Ruellia; Acanthaceae)
Reproductive character displacement is a pattern whereby sympatric lineages diverge more in reproductive character morphology than allopatric lineages. This pattern has been observed in many plant species, but comparably few have sought to disentangle underlying mechanisms. Here, in a diverse lineage of Neotropical plants (Ruellia; Acanthaceae), we present evidence of reproductive character displacement in a macroevolutionary framework (i.e., among species) and document mechanistic underpinnings. In a series of inter-specific hand pollinations in a controlled glasshouse environment, we found that crosses between species that differed more in overall flower size, particularly in style length, were significantly less likely to produce viable seeds. Further, species pairs that failed to set seed were more likely to have sympatric distributions in nature. Competition for pollinators and reinforcement to avoid costly inter-specific mating could both result in these patterns and are not mutually exclusive processes. Our results add to growing evidence that reproductive character displacement contributes to exceptional floral diversity of angiosperms.
Orientation behavior of riparian Long-Jawed Orb Weavers (Tetragnatha elongata) after displacement over water
<p>Many organisms possess remarkable abilities to orient and navigate within their environment to achieve goals. We examined the orientation behavior of a riparian spider, the Long-Jawed Orb Weaver (<i>Tetragnatha elongata</i>), when displaced onto the surface of the water. When displaced, spiders move with alternating movements of the first three leg-pairs while dragging the most posterior pair of legs behind them. In addition, spiders often perform a series of orientation behaviors consisting of concentric circles before ultimately choosing a path of travel directly towards the nearest point to land. While the number of orientation behaviors increased with increasing distance from shore, distance had no effect on the direction of travel, which was significantly oriented toward the closest shoreline. These results indicate a complex ability to orient toward land when displaced onto water, possibly to decrease the amount of time on the surface of the water and thus decrease predation risk.</p>
Extensive pollinator sharing does not promote character displacement in two orchid congeners
<p>Pollinator sharing between close relatives can be costly, which can promote pollination niche partitioning and floral divergence. This should be reflected by a higher species divergence in sympatry than in allopatry.</p> <p>We tested this hypothesis in two orchid congeners with overlapping distributions and flowering times. We characterized floral traits and pollination niches and quantified pollen limitation in 15 pure and mixed populations, and we measured phenotypic selection on floral traits and performed controlled crosses in one mixed site.</p> <p>Most floral traits differed between species, yet pollinator sharing was extensive. Only the timing of scent emission diverged more in mixed than in pure sites, and this was not mirrored by the timing of pollinator visitation. We did not detect divergent selection on floral traits. Seed production was pollen limited in most populations, but not more severely in mixed than in pure sites. Interspecific crosses produced the same or a higher proportion of viable seeds than intraspecific ones.</p> <p>The two orchid species attract the same pollinator species despite showing divergent floral traits. Yet, this does not promote character displacement, implying a low cost of pollinator sharing. Our results highlight the importance of characterizing both traits and ecological niches in character displacement studies.</p>
The cGPS-derived postseismic displacements related to the 2021 Maduo earthquake in Qinghai province, China
<p>The dataset includes the cGPS-derived postseismic displacements related to the 2021 Maduo earthquake in Qinghai province, China. The tectonic deformations and the seasonal-like deformations are removed from the original GPS time series. Pre-earthquake observations are contained in some of the cGPS data.</p>
A Comparison of Two Methods For Resolving Displacement Heights in Fitting Logarithmic Windspeed and Air Temperature Profiles
<p>This respository houses a distribution of percentage errors as a comparison between estimated aerodynamic parameters and their known values. This helps to test and quantify the overall accuracy of a new method to resolve the displacement heights in fitting logarithmic windspeed and temperature profiles. This dataset is associated with the MRes project '<span>Aerodynamic Roughness Controlled by Wind Direction, with Implications for Glacial Surface Energy Balance and Melt Rate</span>', by Josh Abrahams, University of Leeds. </p>
Unit emission data for Tikka et al. (2024) Displacement factors for aerosol emissions from alternative forest biomass use
<p>This dataset contains compiled unit emission data used in displacement factor calculations in Tikka et al. (2024) Displacement factors for aerosol emissions from alternative forest biomass use. The original sources are provided in the file.</p>
Data from: Positive feedback between ecological and reproductive character displacement in a young avian hybrid zone
Character displacement can reduce costly interspecific interactions between young species. We investigated the mechanisms behind divergence in three key traits - breeding habitat choice, timing of breeding and plumage coloration - in Ficedula flycatchers. We found that male pied flycatchers became expelled from the preferred deciduous habitat into mixed forest as the superior competitor, collared flycatchers, increased in numbers. The peak in food abundance differs between habitats, and the spatial segregation was paralleled by an increased divergence in timing of breeding between the two species. Male pied flycatchers vary from brown to black with brown coloration being more frequent in sympatry with collared flycatchers, a pattern often proposed to result from selection against hybridization, i.e. reinforcement. In contrast to this view, we show that brown male pied flycatchers more often hybridize than black males. Male pied flycatcher plumage coloration influenced the territory obtained in areas of co-occurrence with collared flycatchers, and brown male pied flycatchers experienced higher relative fitness than black males when faced with heterospecific competition. We suggest that allopatric divergence in resource defense ability causes a feedback loop at secondary contact where male pied flycatchers with the most divergent strategy compared to collared flycatchers are favored by selection.
DISPLACE Corpus 2023: Dev Set
<p>The DISPLACE challenge entailed a first of kind task to perform speaker and language diarization on the same data, as the data contains multi-speaker social conversations in multi-lingual code-mixed speech. In multi-lingual communities, social conversations frequently involve code-mixed and code-switched speech. In such cases, various speech processing systems need to perform the speaker and language segmentation before any downstream task. The current speaker diarization systems are not equipped to handle multi-lingual conversations, while the language recognition systems may not be able to handle the same talker speaking in multiple languages within the same recording. With this motivation, the DISPLACE challenge addressed Speaker Diarization (SD) in multi-lingual settings and Language Diarization (LD) in multi-speaker settings, using the same underlying dataset. For this challenge, a natural multi-lingual, multi-speaker conversational dataset was distributed. </p> <p>More details about the dataset can be found at </p> <p>https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/pdfs/interspeech_2023/baghel23_interspeech.pdf <br> </p>
The Effect of Left Uterine Displacement on Parturient Cardiovascular System
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02828176. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 0. Publications: 4.
Comparison of Two Gingival Displacement Procedures
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02716727. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Cast Immobilization for Non-Displaced Scaphoid Fractures
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00916539. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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