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Figure 13. Comparison between Trinomys upper teeth, which presents a in Relationships among extant and fossil echimyids (Rodentia: Hystricognathi)
Figure 13. Comparison between Trinomys upper teeth, which presents a deep sulcus between protoloph and the protocone region in little-worn teeth (indicated by an arrow in the dP4), resulting in a hypoflexus continuous to the paraflexus ('deep main fold' of Moojen, 1948), and Proechimys upper teeth, which do not present a sulcus or have it quite shallow (character 32). A, Trinomys dimidiatus (MN 4016, left series); B, Proechimys gularis (AMNH 67323, right series reversed to the left side). The arrows, in the dP4 of both specimens, show the area between the protoloph and the protocone region. Note that, although the Trinomys specimen is older (has all teeth already worn), the sulcus is present in all teeth; by contrast, in Proechimys, only the unworn M3 presents the sulcus, which is already absent in dP4–M2.
Figure 5 in Relationships among extant and fossil echimyids (Rodentia: Hystricognathi)
Figure 5. Comparison between two upper molar series of Hoplomys showing different levels of wear. A, young individual (AMNH 34218) with the upper teeth only slightly worn (the M2 is unworn, and the M3 is not erupted); B, adult specimen (AMNH 36791) with all teeth already considerably worn. Note that, in the older specimen, the flexi are generally shorter than those of the young individual, with some of them presenting subdivisions (paraflexus of M1; meta- and neoflexus of M2), or even reaching a stage of complete disappearance (neoflexus of the dP4). See text for discussion.
Figure 10 in Relationships among extant and fossil echimyids (Rodentia: Hystricognathi)
Figure 10. Left lower series of Echimys semivillosus (AMNH 130794), showing an antero-lingual extension of the hypoconid (arrow in the non-worn M 2) that makes contact with the hypolophid (character 25: state 1).
Figure 7 in Postcranial element shape and function: assessing locomotor mode in extant and extinct mustelid carnivorans
Figure 7. Plots of centroid size and canonical variates scores for each element. A, humerus. B, ulna. C, femur. D, tibia.
Figure 6 in Postcranial element shape and function: assessing locomotor mode in extant and extinct mustelid carnivorans
Figure 6. Tibia element deformations from the consensus configuration produced by the CVA analysis for locomotor mode; each deformation represents the shape corresponding to the mean CVA score for a particular locomotor group.
Figure 3 in Postcranial element shape and function: assessing locomotor mode in extant and extinct mustelid carnivorans
Figure 3. Humeral element deformations from the consensus configuration produced by the CVA analysis for locomotor mode; each deformation represents the shape corresponding to the mean CVA score for a particular locomotor group.
Figure 2 in Postcranial element shape and function: assessing locomotor mode in extant and extinct mustelid carnivorans
Figure 2. Canonical variates axes for CVA analyses on locomotor mode of extant and fossil mustelids. Symbol types represent locomotor modes and different colour symbols represent genera within locomotor modes. A, humerus. B, ulna. C, femur. D, tibia.
Figure 1 in Postcranial element shape and function: assessing locomotor mode in extant and extinct mustelid carnivorans
Figure 1. Landmark placement on four postcranial elements (Martes pennanti as representative species). A, humeral distal extremity. B, ulnar proximal extremity. C, femoral proximal extremity. D, complete tibia, cranial aspect.
FIG. 5. — Phylogenetic hypotheses including Podocnemis tatacoensis n in A new fossil turtle ends the controversy on the occurrence of the extant genus Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 at the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia
FIG. 5. — Phylogenetic hypotheses including Podocnemis tatacoensis n. sp.: A, strict consensus of 192 most parsimonious trees (MPTs), obtained from the first analysis (all taxa, all morphological characters), tree length (TL) = 1318, consistency index (CI) = 0.275, retention index (RI) = 0.741, see the full tree in Supplementary Data S3 (Appendix 3); B, close up of the Podocnemis clade shown in (A). C, close up of the Podocnemis clade obtained in the strict consensus from the second analysis excluding all fossil Podocnemis except P. tatacoensis n. sp., see the full tree in Supplementary Data S4 (Appendix 4), MPTs = 48, TL = 1310, CI = 0.277, and RI = 0.744. Bootstrap (upper) and Bremer support (lower) indices are shown for some clades in (B) and (C); D, close up of the Podocnemis clade obtained from the total evidence analysis that produced a single MPT, TL = 4225, CI = 0.699, and RI = 0.794, as in the morphology only analyses, P. tatacoensis n. sp. is found to be part of Podocnemis and closer to the extant P. unifilis and the fossil P. negrii. Symbol: *, fossil taxa.
FIG. 4 in A new fossil turtle ends the controversy on the occurrence of the extant genus Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 at the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia
FIG. 4. — Left hyoplastron-peripherals region in extant and some fossil podocnemidids: A, B, Podocnemis tatacoensis n. sp., specimen VPPLT-1727; C, D, P. vogli UF- 39060; E, F, P. unifilis MTKD-45847; G, P. unifilis CRI-2778; H, P. unifilis ICN-6455; I, J, P. erythrocephala CRI-6023; K, P. erythrocephala CRI-8207; L, P. erythrocephala CRI-1194; M, N, P. expansa USNM-29476; O, P. expansa NMW-35550; P, P. expansa AMNH-62947; Q, R, P. sextuberculata CRI-6543; S, P. sextuberculata CRI-2830; T, P. sextuberculata CRI-5500; U, V, P. lewyana ICN-7653; W, P. lewyana MNHN-286; X, P. lewyana ICN-1699; Y, Z, P. pritchardi UCMP-63782; A', B', Erymnochelys madagascariensis NMW-1811; C', E. madagascariensis MNHM-1534; D', E. madagascariensis NMW-139; E', F', Peltocephalus dumerilianus CRI-1344; G', Pe. dumerilianus CRI-3295;H', Pe. dumerilianus CRI-7524.Red circle indicates the close-up region showed in the right images. Green arrows indicate the axillary musk foramen of the hyoplastron (character 222), and red arrows indicate the lateral musk foramen or foramina at the hyoplastron-peripherals contact (character 269). Specimens not to scale.
FIG. 3. — Podocnemis tatacoensis n in A new fossil turtle ends the controversy on the occurrence of the extant genus Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 at the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia
FIG. 3. — Podocnemis tatacoensis n. sp. details of its anatomy: A, B, close-up of the keeled neurals 2-4; C, D, left costal 1 in ventral view, sowing the shape of the axillary scar; E, left posterior margin of the carapace showing the bone predation trauma occurred to the peripherals; F, left peripherals 10-11 where the bone healed from the injury increasing the thickness and smoothing the surface; G, H, view of the right pelvic girdle; I, J, close-up of the three lateral musk foramina of the left hyoplastron-peripherals region. Abbreviations: axs, axillary scar; co, costal; hyo, hyoplastron; ili, ilium; isc, ischium; ker, keel rigde; M, marginal scute; mfo, musk foramina; ne, neural; sp, suprapygal; P, pleural scute; pe, peripheral; pub, pubis; py, pygal; res, resin; V, vertebral scute; xip, xiphiplastron. Scale bars: A, B, E, G, H, 2 cm; C, D, 1 cm; F, I, J, 5 mm.
FIG. 2 in A new fossil turtle ends the controversy on the occurrence of the extant genus Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 at the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia
FIG. 2. — Stratigraphic context and temporal frame for Podocnemididae: A, chronostratigraphic context for the Honda Group (La Victoria and Villavieja formations), including the magnetostratigraphy, cartographic units, horizons and radiometric ages, as well as where the fossil podocnemidids occur including Podocnemis tatacoensis n. sp. Redrawn and modified from Montes et al. (2021); B, time of origination for the genera and some species of Podocnemididae based on the molecular hypothesis of Vargas-Ramírez et al. (2008) and fossil record (this study) for the clades that they represent. Abbreviations: Fm, formation; Gr, group; H, Holocene; L, Langhian; M, magnetostratigraphic chrons; Ma, million of years; Pleistoc., Pleistocene; Qut, Quaternary. Dotted lines indicate ghost lineage duration.
FIG. 1. — Podocnemis tatacoensis n in A new fossil turtle ends the controversy on the occurrence of the extant genus Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 at the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia
FIG. 1. — Podocnemis tatacoensis n. sp. from the Middle Miocene (Serravallian), La Tatacoa Desert, Colombia: A, B, carapace in dorsal view; C, D, shell in left lateral view; D, shell in anterior view; F, G, plastron in ventral view. Abbreviations: Abd, abdominal scute; Ana, anal scute; co, costal; ent, entoplastron; epi, epiplastron; Ext, extragular scute; Fem, femoral scute; Hum, humeral scute; hyo, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; Int, intergular scute; M, marginal scute; mes, mesoplastron; mfo, musk foramina; ne, neural; nu, nuchal; P, pleural scute; pe, peripheral; Pec, pectoral scute; sp, suprapygal; py, pygal; V, vertebral scute; xip, xiphiplastron. Reconstructed bones showed in yellow shading. Scale bar: 10 cm.
Dataset frontal sinuses fossil and extant Canidae for DSM analyses
<p>Dataset of 3D files of the frontal sinuses of fossil (<em>Eucyon</em>) and extant Canidae (<em>Canis</em>, <em>Vulpes</em>, <em>Lupulella</em>, <em>Lycaon</em>), for Diffeomorphic surface matching analyses of the article Frosali et al. "First digital study of the frontal sinus of stem-Canini (Canidae, Carnivora): evolutionary and ecological insights" published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.</p>
Figs 24, 25 in New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)
Figs 24, 25. Nemopalpus cancer Wagner & Stuckenberg, sp. n.: (24) wing; (25) terminalia lateral view. (All ¿JXUHV E\ %6). 6FDOH EDUV:)LJ. 24 = Ɨ PP,)LJ. 2ƽ = Ɵ.2 PP.
Figs 21–23 in New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)
Figs 21–23. Nemopalpus similis Wagner & Stuckenberg, sp. n.: (21) wing; (22) terminalia ventral view; (23) WHUJXP 9 DQG FHUFL. ($OO ¿JXUHV E\ %6). 6FDOH EDUV:)LJ. 2Ɨ = Ɨ PP,)LJV 22, 2 = Ɵ.2 PP.
Figs 17–20. Nemopalpus pilipes Tonnoir, 1922 in New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)
Figs 17–20. Nemopalpus pilipes Tonnoir, 1922, holotype: (17) palpus; (18) tergum 9 and cercus, (19) gono- FR[LWH DQG JRQRVW\OXV; (2Ɵ) DHGHDJXV ZLWK SDUDPHUH. ($OO ¿JXUHV E\ 5:). 6FDOH EDUV = Ɵ.2 PP.
Figs 11–16 in New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)
Figs 11–16. Nemopalpus amazonensis Wagner & Stuckenberg, sp. n.: (11) wing, (12) head with palpus and EDVDO DQWHQQDO VHJPHQWV, (Ɨ) EDVDO DQG GLVWDO ÀDJHOORPHUHV ZLWK DVFRLGV; (Ɨ4) VHJPHQWV Ϭ WR 8 DQG WHUPLQDOLD YHQWUDO YLHZ; (Ɨƽ) JRQRVW\OXV; (ƗϬ) WHUJXP 9 DQG FHUFL. ($OO ¿JXUHV E\ %6). 6FDOH EDUV: Fig. 11 = 1 mm, Figs 12, 13 = 0.5 mm, Figs 14–16 = 0.2 mm.
Figs 9, 10 in New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)
Figs 9, 10. Nemopalpus stuckenbergi:DJQHU, VS. Q., Ƃ SDUDW\SH IURP,VOD 7HMD: (9) DEGRPHQ, VHJPHQWV 7±8 DQG WHUPLQDOLD, ODWHUR‒YHQWUDO YLHZ; (ƗƟ) VSHUPDWKHFD (VDPH VFDOH DV ¿J. 9). ($OO ¿JXUHV E\ %6). Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
Figs 1–4 in New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)
Figs 1–4. New fossil species of Nemopalpus: (1–3) N. velteni Wagner, sp. n., male: (1) habitus in amber; (2) head with mouthparts and basal antennomeres; (3) terminalia, dorsal view; (4) N. inexpectatus:DJQHU, VS. Q., PDOH WHUPLQDOLD, ODWHUDO YLHZ. 6RXUFHV RI ¿JXUHV:)LJV Ɨ± (5:);)LJ. 4 (%6 ZLWK additions by RW). Scale bars: Fig. 1 = 0.5 mm; Figs 2, 3 = 0.1 mm; Fig. 4 = scale unknown.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.