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565 results for “Herbivory”
L-DOPA functions as a plant pheromone for belowground anti-herbivory communication
<p>Dataset published in Letter for Ecology Letters</p> <p>While mechanisms of plant-plant communication for alerting neighbouring plants of an imminent insect herbivore attack have been described aboveground via the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), we are yet to decipher the specific components of plant-plant signalling belowground. Using bioassay-guided fractionation, we isolated and identified the non-protein amino acid , released from roots of Acyrtosiphon pisum aphid-infested Vicia faba plants, as an active compound in triggering the production of VOCs released aboveground in uninfested plants. In behavioural assays, we show that after contact with healthy plants become highly attractive to the aphid parasitoid (Aphidius ervi), as if they were infested by aphids. We conclude that neurotransmitter precursor L-DOPA, originally described as a brain can also enhance immunity in plants.</p>
Global insect herbivory and its response to climate change
<p>Data and code for paper '<em>Global insect herbivory and its response to climate change</em>'. To obtain more comprehensive data, please download the <a href="../records/11047796"><strong>new version</strong></a> of the file from Zenodo.</p> <p>Mu Liu, Peixi Jiang, Jonathan M. Chase, Xiang Liu,<br>Global insect herbivory and its response to climate change,<br>Current Biology,<br>2024,<br><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.062">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.062</a>.</p>
Herbivory and allelopathy contribute jointly to the diversity-invasibility relationship
<p><span>To construct experimental communities of different species richness (1, 2, 4 and 8 species), we used eight native species (<em>Arctium lappa</em> L., <em>Patrinia villos</em>a (Thunb.) Juss., <em>Achyranthes bidentata</em> Bl.,<em> Reynoutria japonica </em>Houtt., <em>Taraxacum mongolicum</em> Hand.-Mazz., <em>Plantago asiatica</em> Ledeb., <em>Platycodon grandiflorus</em> (Jacq.) A. DC., <em>Antenoron filiforme</em> (Thunb.) Rob. et Vaut.). These species were chosen because they are common in natural shrub-grassland communities in the Zhejiang province, China, and two of them, <em>P. villosa</em> and <em>A. bidentata</em>, are usually very dominant in those communities. <em>Solidago canadensis</em> L. was selected as the invader.</span></p> <p><span>In May 2017, we prepared 188 plots of 2 m × 2 m in a previous agricultural field that had been abandoned seven years earlier, in Luqiao (121°23′46.16″ E, 28°31′21.62″ N). During October to December 2016, the top 10 cm of the soil was removed to deplete the seed bank, and the remaining soil was ploughed and repeatedly rotovated to produce a fine soil. In March to April 2017, the plots were weeded three times to further deplete the seed bank. The experimental area was divided into four blocks of 47 plots. In each plot, we constructed monocultures for each of the eight species with one replicate each, six two-species mixtures of different compositions and with three replicates each, six four-species mixtures with different compositions and three replicates each, and one eight-species mixture with three replicates. Each native species was used in an equal number of plots at each species-richness level. When the invasion treatment started, we also established three monoculture plots of the invader (<em>S. canadensis</em>) to assess potential side effects of activated carbon application</span></p>
Data for "An insect pheromone primes tolerance of herbivory in goldenrod plants"
<p>Data for "An insect pheromone primes tolerance of herbivory in goldenrod plants"</p><p>Data include all raw data necessary for the analyses of the manuscript. These include data on the growth, flower production, rhizome production, and gall induction of goldenrod plants (<i>Solidago altissima</i>) after exposure to a priming cue gradient and a specialist herbivore that is the source of the priming cue. It also contains data on female herbivore oviposition preference.</p><p> </p><p>Description of the data and file structure</p><p>The data are divided into four sheets. The first contains data necessary for analyses presented in the main text. The second contains data for analyses presented in the supplement. The third presents data from a separate experiment presented in the supplement, and the fourth contains R code for the analyses performed.</p><p> </p><p>Sharing/Access information</p><p>These data are currently only available on Zenodo.</p>
Plant responses to ramet density and herbivory under natural field conditions: Impacts on volatile organic compound emissions and seed production
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: The effect of conspecific density, herbivory, and bamboo on seedling dynamics of a dominant oak in a neotropical highland forest
Conspecific negative density-dependence (CNDD) is one of the main mechanisms influencing diversity maintenance in tropical forests. Tropical highland forests, in contrast to most lowland forests, are commonly dominated by a few tree species, and testing the importance of density dependence effects on seedling establishment of dominant trees may provide insights on the mechanisms regulating population dynamics and forest composition of tropical highlands. We tested the effect of CNDD regulation on seedling survival and recruitment of Quercus costaricensis, a monodominant oak in the Talamanca highland forests of Costa Rica. We used Ripley's K and generalized linear mixed models to test the effects of conspecific density, distance to the nearest adult, density of Chusquea bamboo shoots, and herbivory on the annual survival probability of 3579 seedlings between 2014 and 2017. We did not find a significant effect of CNDD on seedling survival. However, bamboo density and herbivory both significantly decreased oak seedling survival. All seedlings had signs of herbivory and predator satiation may explain the lack of density dependent regulation in seedlings of this species. We argue that the lack of intraspecific density regulation at the seedling stage may contribute to explain the dominance of Q. costaricensis in the highland forests of Costa Rica. Local seedling dynamics of this endemic oak are instead regulated by herbivory and the density of Chusquea.
Supplementary material 1 from: Cardarelli E, Musacchio A, Montagnani C, Bogliani G, Citterio S, Gentili R (2018) Ambrosia artemisiifolia control in agricultural areas: effect of grassland seeding and herbivory by the exotic leaf beetle Ophraella communa. NeoBiota 38: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.38.23562
Tables S1–S2, Figures S1–S2 : Explanation note: Table S1. Soil characteristics in the three investigated sites; Table S2. O. communa density on non-target species throughout summer 2015; Figure S1. A. artemisiifolia soil seed bank in the three sites; Figure S2. A. artemisiifolia traits in experimental plots.
Fig. 1 in Effect of Gerstaeckeria bifasciata (Gerstaecker, 1860) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) Herbivory on a Globose Cactus in Guanajuato, Mexico
Fig. 1. Distribution of the number of ribs damaged by Gerstaeckeria bifasciata in individuals of Stenocactus obvallatus during 2017 (N = 337). Average ± standard deviation (SD) is indicated.
Fig. 2 in Effect of Gerstaeckeria bifasciata (Gerstaecker, 1860) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) Herbivory on a Globose Cactus in Guanajuato, Mexico
Fig. 2. Damage caused by Gerstaeckeria bifasciata on Stenocactus obvallatus in Tierra Blanca, Guanajuato, Mexico. A) G. bifasciata feeding from ribs, B) Flower bud eaten by G. bifasciata.
Fig. 3. Stenocactus obvallatus. A in Effect of Gerstaeckeria bifasciata (Gerstaecker, 1860) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae) Herbivory on a Globose Cactus in Guanajuato, Mexico
Fig. 3. Stenocactus obvallatus. A) Without feeding damage, B) After six months of herbivory by Gerstaeckeria bifasciata (some spines removed to better observe damage).
Plant-to-plant defence induction in cotton is mediated by delayed release of volatiles upon herbivory
<p>Data and R scripts for statistical analyses for the article <strong>"Plant-to-plant defence induction in cotton is mediated by delayed release of volatiles upon herbivory"</strong>.</p> <p>By: Luca Grandi, Wenfeng Ye, Mary V. Clancy, Armelle Vallat, Gaétan Glauser, Luis Abdala-Roberts, Thierry Brevault, Betty Benrey, Ted C.J. Turlings, Carlos Bustos-Segura</p> <p><strong>Summary:</strong></p> <p>· Caterpillar feeding immediately triggers the release of volatile compounds stored in the leaves of cotton plants. Additionally, after one day of herbivory, the leaves release other newly synthesised volatiles. We investigated whether these volatiles affect chemical defences in neighbouring plants and whether such temporal shifts in emissions matter for signalling between plants. </p> <p>· Undamaged receiver plants were exposed to volatiles from plants infested with <em>Spodoptera </em>caterpillars. For receiver plants, we measured changes in defence-related traits such as volatile emissions, secondary metabolites, phytohormones, gene expression, and caterpillar feeding preference. Then, we compared the effects of volatiles emitted prior to and after 24 h of damage on neighbouring plant defences. </p> <p>· Genes that were upregulated in receiver plants following exposure to volatiles from damaged plants were the same as those activated directly by herbivory on a plant. Only volatiles emitted after 24 h of damage, including newly produced volatiles, were found to increase phytohormone levels, upregulate defence genes, and enhance resistance to caterpillars.</p> <p>· These results indicate that the defence induction by volatiles is a specific response to <em>de novo</em> synthesised volatiles, suggesting that these compounds are honest signals of herbivore attack. These findings point to an adaptive origin of airborne signalling between plants.</p>
Data from: Is tropical montane forest heterogeneity promoted by a resource-driven feedback cycle? Evidence from nutrient relations, herbivory and litter decomposition along a topographical gradient
1. Ridges of tropical mountains often differ strikingly from neighbouring ravines in terms of forest structure, productivity, and species composition. This heterogeneity is poorly understood despite its critical role in biodiversity maintenance, carbon and nutrient budgets. 2. We examined measures of tree biomass and productivity, foliage and litter quality (nutrient concentrations, specific leaf mass, phenolics), herbivory and leaf litter decomposition in each six plots laid out in upper and lower slope position in a tropical montane moist forest in southeastern Ecuador. 3. Productivity, quality of foliage and litter and herbivory were significantly lower in upper slope position and closely correlated with soil nutrient concentrations and accumulated humus. The decomposition of upper slope leaf litter (decomposition rate k) was substantially lower than in litter from lower slope forest, whereas the site of decomposition (slope position) only had a marginal effect on the decomposition rate. 4. Our results suggest that the differences in stand structure, productivity, foliar quality, herbivory and decomposition between slope positions are ultimately due to stronger nutrient limitations in upper slope forest. We propose a general conceptual model that explains origin and maintenance of contrasting forest types along topographical gradients through down-slope fluxes of nutrients and water, and a nutrient-driven positive feedback cycle.
Data from: Interactions among herbivory, climate, topography, and plant age shape riparian willow dynamics in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA
Understanding how the environmental context modifies the strength of trophic interactions within food webs forms a central challenge in community ecology. Here, we demonstrate the necessity of considering the influence of climate, landscape heterogeneity and demographics for understanding trophic interactions in a well-studied food web in Yellowstone National Park, USA. We studied riparian willow (Salix spp.) establishment and stem growth reconstructed from tree rings on the northern range of Yellowstone over a 30-year period that included the reintroduction of a top-predator, the gray wolf (Canis lupus). We used climate variables (annual precipitation, stream flow, and growing season length), herbivore abundance, and landscape descriptors (elevation and topographic wetness index) to predict establishment and growth processes through time before and after the introduction of wolves. We fitted Bayesian hierarchical models to establishment data and time series of individual stem heights from 1980 to 2008. Explaining variability in establishment required models with stream flow, annual precipitation, and elk abundance. Climate, trophic, and landscape covariates interacted with stem age to determine stem height and growth rate through time. Growth rates of most stems ages (2+) declined after the reintroduction of wolves. However, stem growth rates naturally declined with age, and the decline we observed was coincident with faster growth rates for the youngest stems. Mean stem heights at age have remained relatively stable through time for most age classes. Estimated effects of landscape topography had approximately the same magnitude of effect on stem growth rate at age as elk abundance. Synthesis: We show that the effects of modification of a food web cannot be predicted by studying trophic dynamics in isolation. No single driver explained patterns of willow establishment and growth over the past three decades in Yellowstone. Instead, interactions among trophic forces, interannual climate variability and landscape topography together shaped how the ecosystem responded to perturbations. Top-down effects of ungulates on riparian woody vegetation must be considered in the context of plant age, and climate and landscape heterogeneity.
Data from: Root herbivory indirectly affects above- and belowground community members and directly reduces plant performance
1.There is widespread recognition that above- and below-ground organisms are linked through their interactions with host plants that span terrestrial subsystems. In addition to direct effects on plants, soil organisms such as root herbivores can indirectly alter interactions between plants and other community members, with potentially important effects on plant growth and fitness. 2. We manipulated root herbivory by Acalymma vittatum in Cucumis sativus to determine indirect effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, leaf herbivory, the leaf pathogen downy mildew, and pollinators. We also manipulated pollen receipt by plants to determine if root herbivory reduced plant reproduction through changes in pollinator visitation. 3. Overall, root herbivory had strong net negative effects on plant growth and fitness, with 34% reductions in both leaf and fruit production by high root damage levels relative to control, despite reduced infection by downy mildew. High root herbivory also reduced floral visitation by 39%, apparently due to lower flower production, as flower size and scent were unaffected. Above-ground herbivory was not affected by root herbivores. 4. Although root herbivory reduced pollinator visits, pollen receipt manipulations had no effect on fruit set, indicating that reduced pollinator service did not affect plant reproduction. 5. Synthesis. Root herbivory had indirect effects on a range of community members, including mutualists and antagonists both above- and below-ground. Although reduced pathogen infection associated with root herbivory would be expected to benefit plants, root herbivory had an overall strong negative effect on plant growth and reproduction, indicating that direct negative effects over-rode any potential indirect benefits.
Flood-stimulated herbivory drives range retraction of a plant ecosystem
<p>Climate change is generating extreme climate events, affecting ecosystem integrity and function directly through increases in abiotic stress and disturbance and indirectly through changes in the strength of biotic interactions. As consumers play an essential role in ecosystem functioning and have been shown to be highly sensitive to climate conditions, improved understanding of their role under changing environmental conditions is necessary to accurately anticipate climate change impacts on ecosystem integrity. We evaluated if prolonged heavy rains, a climatic event increasing in severity in many places around the world and coincident increases in coastal flooding duration intensify consumer control of foundational saltmarsh grass structure and quantify the consequences of flooding-consumer interactions on saltmarsh range extent. To achieve this, we analyzed: historic trends in crab grazing; crab numbers and activity in and out of rainy years on the low marsh edge; vegetation retreat from the low marsh edge at a plot-scale in a manipulative exclosure experiment; vegetation retreat at a landscape-scale from drone image analyses; and the vertical erosion in the lowest edge of an Argentinean salt marsh. During flooded periods, crabs congregated in the low marsh, resulting in localized overgrazing of saltmarsh grass and the rapid horizontal retreat of the marsh edge (98.5 cm on average). Saltmarsh edge retreat resulted in a loss of ~4.5% of the total marsh area at the landscape-scale. Inside crab exclusion plots, although grass cover declined slightly during the study period, the marsh edge did not retreat. Synthesis: This study provides experimental evidence that an extreme climate event can destabilize a local consumer-prey interaction, indirectly triggering the range contraction of a critical coastal habitat. This work contributes to a growing body of research demonstrating that consumers can be unleashed, rather than suppressed, by extreme climatic events. Moreover, in cases where consumer fronts form during such events, the result can be not only local (along habitat edges) but also landscape-scale extinction of foundation species and the habitats they biogenically create. Together, this supports the more general call that models of future climate scenarios integrate the indirect effects on ecosystem-regulating food web interactions. --</p>
Data from: Local adaptation to herbivory within tropical tree species along a rainfall gradient
<p>In tropical forests, insect herbivores exert significant pressure on plant populations. Adaptation to such pressure is hypothesized to be a driver of high tropical diversity, but direct evidence for local adaptation to herbivory in tropical forests is sparse. At the same time, herbivore pressure has been hypothesized to increase with rainfall in the tropics, which could lead to differences among sites in the degree of local adaptation. To assess the presence of local adaptation and its interaction with rainfall, we compared herbivore damage on seedlings of local vs non-local populations at sites differing in moisture availability in a reciprocal transplant experiment spanning a rainfall gradient in Panama. For 13 native tree species, seeds collected from multiple populations along the rainfall gradient were germinated in a shadehouse and then transplanted to experimental sites within the species range. We tracked the likelihood of herbivore attack over 1.5 years and quantified the percentage of leaf area damaged at the end of the study. Seedlings originating from local populations were less likely to be attacked and experienced lower amounts of herbivore damage than those from non-local populations, but only on the wetter end of the rainfall gradient. However, overall herbivore damage was higher at the drier site compared to wetter sites, contrary to expectation. Taken together, these findings support the idea that herbivory can result in local adaptation within tropical tree species; however, the likelihood of local adaptation varies among sites due to environmentally-driven differences in investment in defense or herbivore specialization or both.</p>
Figure 2 in Capybaras (Rodentia: Cavidae) in highlands: environmental variables related to distribution, and herbivory effects on a common plant species
Figure 2. (a) The high-altitude grasslands of the Itatiaia National Park, surrounding the studied marsh; (b) footprints and (c) faeces of Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris at the study site; (d) herbivory on the rosette of the Actinocephalus polyanthus by Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; (e) normal rosette of the A. polyanthus; (f) normal flowering of A. polyanthus; and (g) anomalous flowering in rosettes of A. polyanthus that underwent foliar damage by capybara herbivory.
Figure 3 in Capybaras (Rodentia: Cavidae) in highlands: environmental variables related to distribution, and herbivory effects on a common plant species
Figure 3. Frequency of capybara occurrence between July 2014 and June 2015 (a) in the Campo Belo and Aiuruoca rivers and (b) along the three types of soil cover in the Itatiaia National Park, Brazil.
Figure 2 in Plant consumption in coastal populations of the lizard Tropidurus torquatus (Reptilia: Squamata: Tropiduridae): how do herbivory rates vary along their geographic range?
Figure 2. Cluster dendrogram of 10 populations of the lizard Tropidurus torquatus along the Brazilian coast based on the volumetric proportion of plant consumed. Trancoso, Prado (Bahia State), Guriri, Setiba, Praia das Neves (Espírito Santo State), Grussaí, Jurubatiba, Massambaba, Maricá and Grumari (Rio de Janeiro State).
Figure 1. Map showing the 10 in Plant consumption in coastal populations of the lizard Tropidurus torquatus (Reptilia: Squamata: Tropiduridae): how do herbivory rates vary along their geographic range?
Figure 1. Map showing the 10 restingas from where the lizards Tropidurus torquatus were captured along the Brazilian coast in the states of Bahia (1: Trancoso, 2: Prado), Espírito Santo (3: Guriri, 4: Setiba, 5: Praia das Neves) and Rio de Janeiro (6: Grussaí, 7: Jurubatiba, 8: Massambaba, 9: Maricá, 10: Grumari).
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