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FIGURE 16 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 16. Reproductive anatomy of H. lineata. A, ventral view of adult (HL-5F) showing six pairs of testes; B, male structures showing atrium and seminal vesicles; C, female structures showing mature ovisac containing ova; D, spermatophore; E, external location of male gonopore at XIa3/XIIa1. Abbreviations: a, atrium; os, ovisac; ov, ovum; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testis. Scale bars: A, 1.0 mm; B–C, 100 μm.

FIGURE 3 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 3. Three co-existing species of Helobdella indigenous to the Albemarle region of the Outer Banks, North Carolina. A, H. lineata, the subject of this paper, photographed in life, pigment and papillar pattern intact (HL-26); B, H. stagnalis (sensu lato) (Hst-1A); C, H. elongata (HE-2A). Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 2. Two types of aquatic habitat in southern Tyrrell County contain snail leeches provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata with different respective pigment patterns, suggesting pigmentation in this species is an adaptation to surroundings rather than inherently taxonomic. A–C, Agricultural dike canal draining low farmland [35.719874–76.107744]. Virtually all leeches collected in this muddy canal have typical metameric white spots, described in the paper as pigment variant #1. D, Sandy shoreline of a swamp with typical lush vegetation and clear water [35.721466–76.10195]. All individuals at this site have longitudinal stripes (described herein as pigment variant #4), i.e., lacking metameric white spots. In spite of differences in pigmentation the two respective habitats are only 0.55 km apart. The canal (A–C) is location of the 12-year population study presented in this paper. Arrows, aluminium leech traps (roughly 14 x 23 cm).

FIGURE 6 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 6. Variation in dorsal pigmentation and papillation in H. lineata. Two individuals collected from the same location. A, (HL-4), lightly pigmented with metameric spots. B, (HL-26), darkly pigmented with metameric spots. By far the majority of individuals throughout the Albemarle region were lightly pigmented with metameric white dots as illustrated in A. Note: pigmentation disappeared quickly after preservation making the specimen translucent. Abbreviations: b, brooding depression on ventral side; e, eye; m, medial stripe; p, posterior crop caecum; rectum; pa, papilla; ws, metameric white spot. Scale bar: 1.0 mm

FIGURE 1 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 1. The Albemarle region of the Outer Banks in the mid-Atlantic coastal plain of North Carolina, USA. The wetlands area shaded in green is the geographic focus of this study of an indigenous snail leech provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata. Over 400 specimens of this heretofore unidentified species were collected over twelve years of this study. Scale bar: 100 km.

FIGURE 12 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 12. Terminal structure of the proboscis of H. lineata at increasing magnifications. A (HL-9L), ventral view. Everted proboscis showing unusually large mouth; tip of proboscis with circular array of lobules; the proboscis and its lumen widens near the tip. B, C, salivary ductules and close-up of lobules at the proboscis tip; D, salivary pores with secretions at tip of proboscis. Abbreviations: lu, lumen of proboscis; lt, lobule of tip of proboscis; mo, mouth; os, oral sucker; ot, opening of tip of proboscis; sd, salivary ductule; sp, salivary pores at tip of proboscis. Scale bars: A, 1.0 mm; C, 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 9. Taxonomic significance of eyes of Helobdella compared to Placobdella. A, B, Helobdella lineata; C, Placobdella multilineata. A, Distance between eyes is maximal when the proboscis (pr) is everted. B, When the proboscis is retained internally the eyes are closer together. C, In the turtle leech P. multilineata the eyes coalesce physically at the mid-line and are not moveable relative to each other. Furthermore, each apparent 'eye' of P. multilineata on each side is composite, being comprised of a larger anterior eye and a smaller posterior eye. Scale bars: A, B, 0.3 mm; C, 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 8. Views of the same individual of H. lineata (HL-26) reared in isolation in UK and gave rise to viable offspring on three occasions without intervening fertilisations. Batch 1(left): egg sacs had been laid on venter on 8 Jan, and photographed five days later prior to hatching (arrow). Batch 2 (right): same individual without subsequent fertilisation deposited a second batch of eggs on 18 Feb; viable embryos (arrow) were photographed 11 days later. Note five distinct pairs of crop caeca in both images but the configurations of the caeca are markedly different. Batch 3 (not photographed) was laid on 28 March. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 15 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 15. Extra-oral feeding of H. lineata (continued) A (HL-9A, dorsal view), boluses of liquidised snail have fused into one large bolus internal to the mouth, now incapable of passing out of the mouth. B (close-up of A). Note: compare the large size of the bolus to that of the mouth, and lumen of proboscis. C, Another individual (HL-9G, ventral view) showing continuity of liquidised snail (bm) in the post-proboscis region, much foodstuff having already filled the esophagus and crop. Note: compare swelling in the neck region shown in Fig. 10. Abbreviations: bm, bolus mass; c, crop; cc, crop caecum; es, esophagus; m, mouth; pc, posterior crop caecum; tp, tip of proboscis. Scale bar (A, C): 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 14. Extra-oral feeding. Evidence that H in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 14. Extra-oral feeding. Evidence that H. lineata 'swallows' a liquidised bolus of pre-digested snail. A (HL-11D, ventral view), several boluses of liquidised snail aggregated at the proximal end of the proboscis and about to pass through the mouth. B (dorsal view of specimen A), the distal end of the proboscis contains two discrete boluses (labelled, b) near the proboscis tip, en route toward the mouth. C (HL-1B, ventral view), About 10 aggregated boluses having passed through the mouth. Note the exceptional size of the mouth in B and C. Abbreviations: b, bolus; es, esophagus; m, mouth; tp, tip of proboscis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 11. Scheme of salient features of H. lineata, based on dissection of the reference specimen (HL-5A, 12.8 mm). Upper, dorsal view; Lower, lateral view. Black dots refer to relative location of respective ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. Abbreviations: a, atrium; an, anus; br, brain; c, crop; cc, crop caecum (first of five pairs); es, esophagus; i, intestine; ic, intestinal caecum; pc, posterior crop caecum; pi, pre-intestine chamber; pr, proboscis; r, rectum (note: three apparent chambers); sb, salivary bundle; t, testis (third of six pairs); tp, tip of proboscis.

FIGURE 17 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 17. Dorsal view of an adult H. lineata (HL-8A) showing a spermatophore (length, 0.75 mm) (arrow) implanted in the dorsal tegument. A–C, same spermatophore at increasing magnifications. Note the tip of this spermatophore is associated with a discrete discoloured area of apparent tissue dissolution, implying enzymatic activity. Scale bars: A, 1.0 mm; B, 0.2 mm; C, 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 18 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea

FIGURE 18. Egg laying in H. lineata. Yolky eggs are contained in contiguous egg sacs which are attached to venter of the parent. A (HL-8D), advanced ova in ovisacs, soon to be laid. B (HL-8G), recently deposited egg sacs on venter. C (HL-8J), close-up of early embryos emerging from egg sacs. Note characteristic body width of this brooding individual. D, several contiguous egg sacs dislodged from a brooding parent. Scale bars (approximate): (A,B) 1.0 mm, (C,D) 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Cambarus franklini, a new crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Catawba River Basin in western North Carolina, USA

FIGURE 3. Cambarus franklini, new species: (A.) Lateral view of carapace; (B.) lateral and (C.) mesial view of form I gonopod; (D.) lateral and mesial view of form II gonopod; (F.) annulus ventralis; (G.) dorsal view of carapace; (H.) right antennal scale; (I.) Dorsal view of carpus and chelae; (J.) epistome. A–C, G–J from holotype; D–E from morphotype; F from allotype.

FIGURE 1 in Cambarus franklini, a new crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Catawba River Basin in western North Carolina, USA

FIGURE 1. Map of collection sites and the known range of Cambarus franklini. Red circles represent collection localities of C. franklini genetic tissues and specimens used in this study. Open (white) circles represent collection localities and/or observations of C. franklini specimens. Black diamonds represent sampling locations where C. franklini was not detected. Protected lands are represented by green shading; urban areas by gray shading. Inset: The Catawba River basin in NC (black shading) and the known occupied watersheds of C. franklini (red shading).

FIGURE 2 in Cambarus franklini, a new crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Catawba River Basin in western North Carolina, USA

FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of relationships among Cambarus franklini and other related species and outgroup taxa using COI mtDNA. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probabilities (>50%), probabilities>99% are denoted by an asterisk (*). Letters correspond to clades discussed in the text. Scale bar represents the estimated number of nucleotide substitutions per site.

FIGURES 98–101 in Nine new species of Agromyzidae from North Carolina, USA, with new host and distribution records for additional species

FIGURES 98–101. Liriomyza triodanidis spec. nov., male genitalia; 98: ejaculatory apodeme; 99: external genitalia, ventral; 100: phallus, ventral; 101: phallus, left lateral.

FIGURES 94–97 in Nine new species of Agromyzidae from North Carolina, USA, with new host and distribution records for additional species

FIGURES 94–97. Liriomyza polygalivora spec. nov., male genitalia; 94: ejaculatory apodeme; 95: external genitalia, ventral; 96: phallus, ventral; 97: phallus, left lateral.

FIGURES 90–93 in Nine new species of Agromyzidae from North Carolina, USA, with new host and distribution records for additional species

FIGURES 90–93. Liriomyza carphephori spec. nov., male genitalia; 90: ejaculatory apodeme; 91: external genitalia, ventral; 92: phallus, ventral; 93: phallus, left lateral.

FIGURES 82–89 in Nine new species of Agromyzidae from North Carolina, USA, with new host and distribution records for additional species

FIGURES 82–89. Cerodontha (Poemyza) saintandrewsensis spec. nov., male genitalia; 82: external genitalia, anterior; 83: external genitalia, ventral; 84: external genitalia, left lateral; 85: hypandrium; 86: postgonite; 87: ejaculatory apodeme; 88: phallus, ventral; 89: phallus, left lateral.