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30,334 results for “Responsiveness”
Inducible tolerance to agrochemicals was paved by evolutionary responses to predators.
These are survival data of larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) exposed to 7 sublethal treatments, followed by an exposure to a lethal insecticide treatment to see if tolerance can be rapidly induced. The data are associated with a journal article in Environmental Science and Technology, 2017, 51:13913-13919.
Phenotypic plasticity in response to fine-grained environmental variation in predation.
1. In nature, organisms experience environmental variability at coarse-grained (inter-generational) and fine-grained (intra-generational) scales and a common response to environmental variation is phenotypic plasticity. The emphasis of most empirical work on plasticity has been on examining coarse-grained variation with the goal of understanding the costs and benefits of plastic responses in response to a particular environment. 2. In this study, we investigated the effects of fine-grained variation in predation on the inducible defences of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) by widely altering the density and feeding schedule of caged predators (Dytiscusspp.) while holding average predation constant. 3. We found that predator cues induced change in tadpole behaviour, morphology, and mass. Surprisingly, however, temporal variation in predation did not cause the tadpoles to alter their activity (compared to a constant predation treatment) or mass. Temporal variation in predation did alter tadpole tail depth, but only when experiencing our most extreme variation treatment in which the predators were fed once every 8 days. Under these conditions, the predator-induced tadpole tail was less extreme compared to environments containing constant predation. 4. While a number of previous studies have examined behavioural responses of prey to temporal variation in predation risk without holding average predation constant, this appears to be the first test of temporal variation per se. As in previous studies of organism responses to temporal variation in resources, our results suggest that fine-grained environmental variability can affect the expression of phenotypically plastic traits, but our tadpoles appear to be generally unresponsive to this finegrained variation for many of their traits.
Detecting small environmental differences: Risk-response curves for predator-induced behavior and morphology. 2008.
Most organisms possess traits that are sensitive to changes in the environment (i.e. plastic traits) which results in the expression of environmentally-induced polymorphisms. While most phenotypically plastic traits have traditionally been treated as threshold switches between induced and uninduced states, there is growing evidence that many traits can respond in a continuous fashion. In this experiment we exposed larval anurans (wood frog tadpoles, Rana sylvatica) to an increasing gradient of predation risk to determine how organisms respond to small environmental changes. We manipulated predation risk in two ways: by altering the amount of prey consumed by a constant number of predators (Dytiscus sp.) and by altering the number of predators that consume a constant amount of prey. We then quantified the expression of predator-induced behavior, morphology, and mass to determine the level of risk that induced each trait, the level of risk that induced the maximal phenotypic response for each trait, whether the different traits exhibited a plateauing response, and whether increasing risk via increasing predator number or via increasing prey consumption induced similar phenotypic changes. We found that all of the traits exhibited fine-tuned, graded responses and most of them exhibited a plateauing response with increased predation risk, suggesting either a limit to plasticity or the reflection of high costs of the defensive phenotype. For many traits, a large proportion of the maximum induction occurred at low levels of risk, suggesting that the chemical cues of predation are effective at extremely low concentrations. In contrast to earlier work, we found that behavioral and morphological responses to increased predator number were simply a response to increased total prey consumption. These results have important implications for models of plasticity evolution, models of optimal phenotypic design, expectations for how organisms respond to fine-grained changes (i.e. wi
Relyea, R. A. 2001. Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology 82:523-540.
Many organisms can adjust to a changing environment by developing alternative phenotypes that improve their fitness. Our understanding of phenotypic plasticity is largely based upon observations from single species responding to two different environments and measuring a single plastic trait. In this study, I examine predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles by observing how six species of larval anurans respond to five different predator environments in 11 different traits (seven morphological traits, two behavioral traits, growth, and development). The results demonstrate that behavioral and morphological plasticity may be ubiquitous in larval anurans. The six prey species exhibited different responses to the same predator species, and each prey exhibited different responses to different predator species. This suggests that responses to a particular predator may not serve as general defense against all predators; rather, prey express predator-specific suites of responses. I also compared relative differences in plasticity among species and among traits. In contrast to earlier findings using only two predator environments, I found that different anurans possess similar degrees of plasticity for most of their traits when reared in a large number of environments. In addition, behavioral traits were always more plastic than morphological traits. Finally, I examined trait integration to address whether there were apparent trade-offs among traits and limits imposed by the abiotic environment. Trait integration, or the degree of correlated responses among traits across predator environments within a prey species, was very low. This further suggests that the suites of responses are predator specific and may be under independent directions of selection in different predator environments. Trait correlations across prey species indicated that there is an apparent trade-off between tail fin depth and body size. This relationship is supported by selection studies with
Relyea, R. A. 2001. The relationship between predation risk and anti-predator responses in larval anurans. Ecology 82:541-554.
Organisms that produce alternative, nondiscrete phenotypes in response to environmental conditions are expected to alter their phenotypes in relation to the degree of environmental change. This idea has been applied to the evolution of antipredator responses by prey, in which it has been hypothesized that prey should respond more strongly to predators that pose greater mortality risk. In a companion paper, I quantified predatorinduced behavioral and morphological responses in six species of larval anurans across five different predator environments and found that these responses were prey- and predatorspecific. In the present study, I addressed whether the responses were related to the level of predation risk posed by each of the predators. Within each prey species, I found that different predators posed different levels of predation risk; within each predator species, different prey species experienced different levels of risk. The differences in predation risk could be understood mechanistically after I quantified differences among predators in their ability to capture, handle, and consume prey and differences among prey in behavior and morphology. Using multivariate analyses, I found that predation risk had no significant effect on how a given prey responds to predators, although there were significant univariate behavioral effects; higher predation risk was related to greater decreases in activity and greater spatial avoidance. I also examined the relationship between risk and response across the six prey species within a predator treatment and found that higher predation risk across species leads to greater decreases in activity in the presence of Umbra and greater increases in tail depth in the presence of Anax. Thus, while previous studies have found relationships between predation risk and prey response when focusing on relatively few species, few predators, and a single trait, this more powerful test using 30 predator–prey combinations and nine traits sugge
Data for 'Floral color and family drive contrasting plant-pollinator responses to nutrient enrichment' by Rebecca A. Nelson, Elizabeth T. Borer, and Eric W. Seabloom 2025. Collected in California grasslands 2023 and 2024.
Data for analysis of how flower color and family mediate plant-pollinator response to nutrient enrichment. Data on pollinator visitation and flower abundance were collected in three California grasslands in 2023 and 2024 from a factorial experimental in which combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with micronutrients were applied.
Hydrologic response units (base units for PRMS streamflow model), Andrews Experimental Forest, 1993
Hydrologic Response Units are used as base units for the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) streamflow model. Created by Alok Sikka as part of landscape runoff modeling.
Light response curves measured from shoots harvested at three levels in the canopy from 19 1m x 1m plots dominated by S. pulchra or B. nana shrubs near LTER Shrub plots at Toolik Field Station, AK the summer of 2012.
This dataset contains light response curves and modeled light curve parameters from shoots clipped from low, mid, and the top parts of tall, shrub canopies dominated either by Salix pulchra or Betula nana. Six shoots were harvested from each 1m x 1m plot, two from each level in the canopy in plots located near the LTER shrub plots at Toolik Field Station, AK the summer of 2012. The species harvested were chosen based on the species present in each plot, thus the species from each segment of the canopy may not be the same. Additional information about each shoot can be found in the "2012_GS_ITEX_PF_ShootA-CiData" and "2012_GS_ITEX_PF_ShootHarvestData" pages, regarding the A-Ci response, area, mass, leaf area index, and leaf nitrogen content of each shoot. The file "2012_GS_ITEX_PercentCover" contains the species cover data for each plot.
Temperature response of dark respiration from the 1980-82 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant experiment along Dalton Highway, Alaska.
These data were collected in July 2011 for tussocks transplanted in 1980-82 in a reciprocal transplant experiment and harvested in 2011. Important variables are garden name, source population, and dark respiration.
The role of down-slope water and nutrient fluxes in the response of Arctic hill slopes to climate change, output from MBLGEMIII for typical tussock-tundra hill slope near Toolik Field Station, Alaska.
Output data sets of the MBL-GEM III model for a typical tussock-tundra hill slope. The model is described in two papers: Le Dizès, S., Kwiatkowski B.L., Rastetter E.B., Hope A., Hobbie J.E., Stow D., Daeschner S., 2003 Modelling biogeochemical responses of tundra ecosystems to temporal and spatial variations in climate in the Kuparuk River Basin (Alaska), Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 108 No. D2 10.1029/2001JD000960. Rastetter, E.B., B. L. Kwiatkowski, S. Le Dizès, and J.E. Hobbie. 2004. The Role of Down-Slope Water and Nutrient Fluxes in the Response of Arctic Hill Slopes to Climate Change. Biogeochemistry 69:37-62.
Modeling biogeochemical responses of tundra ecosystems to temporal and spatial variations in climate in the Kuparuk River Basin , Alaska, 1921 to 2100.
Output data set of the MBL-GEM III model run for tussock tundra in the Kuparuk River Basin, Alaska, described in detail in Le Dizès, S., B. L. Kwiatkowski, E. B. Rastetter, A. Hope, J. E. Hobbie, D. Stow, and S. Daeschner, Modeling biogeochemical responses of tundra ecosystems to temporal and spatial variations in climate in the Kuparuk River Basin (Alaska), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D2), 8165, doi:10.1029/2001JD000960, 2003. We ran the model at a 10 km x 10 km resolution for 123 cells at a yearly time step for 180 years, from 1921 to 2100. Two scenarios enabled the investigation of the effects of two opposing climate change scenarios for the 2001-2100 future period: warmer and wetter ("wet scenario" or Scenario 1) and warmer and drier ("dry scenario" or Scenario 2). These 246 files contain all simulation results for each scenario for individual cells in the Kuparuk River basin.
The role of fire in the carbon dynamics of the boreal forest I. - Response of area burned to changing climate in western boreal North America using a Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) approach (2003-2100).
The boreal forest contains large reserves of carbon, and across this region wildfire is a common occurrence. To improve the understanding of how wildfire influences the carbon dynamics of this region, methods were developed to incorporate the spatial and temporal effects of fire into the Terrestrial ecosystem Model (TEM). The historical role of fire on carbon dynamics of the boreal region was evaluated within the context of ecosystem responses to changing atmospheric CO2 and climate. These results show that the role of historical fire on boreal carbon dynamics resulted in a net carbon sink; however, fire plays a major role in the interannual and decadal scale variation of source/sink relationships. To estimate the effects of future fire on boreal carbondynamics, spatially and temporally explicit empirical relationships between climate andfire were quantified. Fuel moisture, monthly severity rating, and air temperature explained a significant proportion of observed variability in annual area burned. These relationships were used to estimate annual area burned for future scenarios of climate change and were coupled to TEM to evaluate the role of future fire on the carbon dynamics of the North American boreal region for the 21st Century. Simulations with TEM indicate that boreal North America is a carbon sink in response to CO2 fertilization, climate variability, and fire, but an increase in fire leads to a decrease in the sink strength. While this study highlights the importance of fire on carbon dynamics in the boreal region, there are uncertainties in the effects of fire in TEM simulations. These uncertainties are associated with sparse fire data for northern Eurasia, uncertainty in estimating carbon consumption, and difficulty in verifying assumptions about the representation of fires that occurred prior to the start of the historical fire record. Future studies should incorporate the role of dynamic vegetation to more accurately represent post-fire successional pr
Vegetation influences desert soil arthropods and their response to altered precipitation
Altered size and frequency of precipitation pulses will influence both plant and soil communities in water-limited systems such as the Sonoran Desert. Little is known about the response of desert soil fauna communities, particularly the mesofauna that are important components of the detrital food web. Further, while there is a well-documented impact of vegetation on soil fauna communities, the role of vegetation in buffering the soil community against such environmental changes is unclear. We conducted a short-term field study to (1) assess how the amount and frequency of monsoon season precipitation pulses influence soil arthropod communities and (2) explore the role of plant-soil linkages in the response of soil arthropod communities to altered precipitation. We experimentally altered the size (ambient and 50% increase) and frequency (ambient and 2X reduced frequency) of monsoon season precipitation for two dominant shrubs representing distinctly different functional types, as well as interplant spaces. We measured the resulting soil arthropod abundance, diversity, and composition, as well as key soil properties to characterize the soil habitat beneath each vegetation type.
Soil biogeochemical responses to multiple co-occurring forms of human-induced environmental change
Multiple forms of human-induced environmental change are impacting arid ecosystems. Climate change is increasing temperatures and altering precipitation patterns, and many rapidly-growing urban centers are in arid locations. Nitrogen deposition from air pollution accompanies urban activities in many of these locations. These forms of environmental stressors will certainly impact soil communities and the biogeochemical processes for which they are responsible. However, most studies investigate these multiple environmental change factors independently or sometimes in pairs, but rarely all together as co-occurring forms of change. We examined how the simultaneous manipulation of increasing temperatures, altered precipitation patterns (both pulse size and frequency), nitrogen deposition, and urbanization influenced soil respiration and mineral N pools in the Sonoran Desert. In a laboratory microcosm, we incubated soils collected from an urban vs. exurban site, from plots receiving ~20 yrs of experimental N fertilization vs. control plots. The microcosm soils were incubated at ambient vs. +2 degree C temperatures under a factorial precipitation treatment of decreased frequency and increased pulse size. We measured the response of soil respiration rates and inorganic N pools to these co-occurring forms of environmental change.
Soil carbon cycling response to hemlock mortality at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory
We studied the impacts of hemlock mortality from infestation by the hemlock woolly adlegid (HWA) on soil carbon cycling at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. The HWA was first found at Coweeta in 2003. In 2013 and 2014, we re-sampled plots established in an earlier study by Elliott and others. There were 12 20 x 20 m plots: 4 were control hardwood stands, 4 were untreated hemlock communities, and 4 were hemlock that were girdled. We measured soil C and N concentration, soil delta 13 C, exoemzyme activities, root biomass, soil respiration, forest floor mass, and fungal hyphal biomass.
Long term responses of first order streams to allochthonous and detrital manipulations at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC from 1984 to 2006
This dataset examines the long term effects of litter exclusion, small and large wood removal, and the addition of leaf species of varying detrital quality on organic matter standing crop, export of organic and inorganic particles, and invertebrate abundance and biomass in a high-gradient headwater stream. Pre-treatment and stream reference data are also included. This study was conducted at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory watersheds 53, 54, and 55 from years 1988 through 2006.
Identifying the drivers and responses of abrupt changes across spatial and temporal scales in ecology: a review
Recently, the theoretical basis for understanding abrupt changes in ecosystems relative to regime shifts has emerged (Ratajczak et al. 2018). Abrupt changes are defined as, “substantial changes in the mean or variability of a system that occur in a short period of time relative to typical rates of change” (Ratajczak et al. 2018). Despite a driver-response framework to guide the environmental conditions under which abrupt changes are likely to occur coupled with many examples of unexpected changes from long-term ecological research, our theoretical basis of understanding of abrupt changes doesn’t include long-term scales, variability in drivers and responses, changes in the magnitude or direction of drivers, or the interactions among multiple drivers across spatiotemporal scales (sensu Ratajczak et al. 2018). Further, a critical review of the literature is lacking and essential to further understanding how common abrupt changes are detected and reported, as well as patterns and scales of drivers and responses of abrupt change in ecosystems. To address this knowledge gap, we searched the existing ecological literature for evidence and commonalities of abrupt change across ecosystems to identify commonalities and differences of abrupt change drivers and responses across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. We specifically asked the following questions: (1) How common are abrupt changes reported in the ecological literature? (2) How do driver and response temporal and spatial scales of abrupt changes compare and vary across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystem types? (3) Is there relative congruence between the temporal and spatial scale of drivers and responses? (3) What are common types of drivers and responses to abrupt changes, and how do they vary across ecosystem types? (4) What terms are most associated with drivers and responses of abrupt changes among ecosystem types?
Plant community response to fertilization at Sapelo Island, Georgia
Parallel fertilization experiments were performed in five different types of perennial plant mixtures found in the salt marsh habitat around Sapelo Island, Georgia, from May 1996 to September 1997. Each mixture differed in plot elevation, soil water content, and soil salinity, so each was considered a separate habitat. The mixtures also occurred in different geographic locations (i.e. Dean Creek on southern Sapelo Island, Marsh Landing on southwestern Sapelo Island, and Shell Hammock, which is near the University of Georgia Marine Institute). In May 1996, 16 1mx1m plots were placed within each plant mixture and alternate plots were assigned to control and fertilization treatments. Pelletized fertilizer (29% N, 3% P, 4% K) was broadcast into fertilization treatment plots by hand at the rate of 60g/m^2 every 2 weeks. The central 0.5mx0.5m of each plot was harvested in September 1997 after two summers growth. Live plants were sorted to species, dried to a constant mass, and weighed to measure biomass. Standing dead shoots and litter were not weighed.
Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE): Root biomass and growth responses to nitrogen and phosphorus
The Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE) project studies N , P, and Ca acquisition and limitation of forest productivity through a series of nutrient manipulations in northern hardwood forests. This data set includes data testing effects of elevated N and P availability on fine root growth (using ingrowth cores) and biomass in the MELNHE project. Subsets of ingrowth cores were treated with nutrients differing from the plot-scale nutrient treatments to test fine root foraging. Additional detail on the MELNHE project, including a datatable of site descriptions and a pdf file with the project description and diagram of plot configuration can be found in this data package: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-hbr&identifier=344 These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
ABG01 Aboveground and belowground invertebrate biodiversity responses to patch-burn and annual burn grazing management at Konza Prairie (2021–2023)
This dataset contains aboveground invertebrate sampling and herbivory records from tallgrass prairie plots, documenting invertebrates and their chewing herbivory across multiple plots and transects in Patch Burn Grazing and Annual Burn Grazing Watersheds. It includes taxonomic identification to the family level, counts of individuals (by life stage: nymph or adult), percent herbivory on specified plant species, and collection metadata such as date, plot ID, watershed, and transect.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.