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644 results for “Shrubs”
Shrub survey:Effects of Long Term Fertilization and Oak Canopy Cover on Plant Communities and Ecosystem Processes
In 1996 E142 was established in field D on top of the E004 macroplots. E004 was conducted in fields A, B, C and D by Dave Tilman. The purpose of E004 was to see what effect NH4NO3 addition has on large areas over a longer period of time with exposure to naturally-occurring levels of herbivory. The nutrient addition treatments in E004, E142 plots have been applied annually since 1982. These experiments, along with others at Cedar Creek, examine the community and ecosystem consequences of chronic nutrient loading.
2003 Prescribed Burn Effect on Chihuahuan Desert Grasses and Shrubs at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico: Shrub Recovery Study (2003-2009)
Disturbance from fire can affect the abundance and distribution of shrubs and grasses in arid ecosystems. In particular, fire may increase grass and forb production while hindering shrub encroachment. Therefore, prescribed fires are a common management tool for maintaining grassland habitats in the southwest. However, Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama), a dominant species in Chihuahuan Desert grassland, is highly susceptible to fire resulting in death followed by slow recovery rates. A prescribed fire on the Sevilleta National Wildlife refuge in central New Mexico in 2003 provided the opportunity to study the effects of infrequent fires on shrub invasion in this region. This study was conducted along a transition zone where creosote bushes (Larrea tridentata) are encroaching on a black grama grassland.
1992-93 Parramore Island, VA Permanent Plot Baseline Data : Shrub Data
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Specific Leaf Area for a chronosquence of Morella cerifera shrub thickets on Hog Island, VA, 2012
Leaf area and mass for Morella cerifera leaves were measured inside and outside shrub thickets of different age (ranging from ~12 to ~50 years old) on Hog Island Virginia and Specific Leaf Area (SLA) was calculated.
Hog Island Shrub Transect Temperatures 2015-2016
Field work was conducted on Hog Island from May 2015 to March 2016. In order to quantify the effect of the shrub thicket on microclimate, three transects were established on Hog Island that traverse the edge of three shrub thickets. The first transect was located at 37-deg 22min 46.37sec N, 75-deg 42min 49.28sec W and the second at 37-deg 22min 47.04sec N, 75-deg 42min 52.58sec W. These two transects ran east to west, perpendicularly through the thicket edge, with the eastern side of the transect inside the thicket and the western side of the transect outside of the thicket. The second transect was 85 m west of the first transect, and had a partially opened canopy due to recent shrub mortality. The third transect was located 180 m north of the first two transects, at 37-deg 22min 51.00sec N, 75-deg 42min 45.06sec W. It ran north to south, with the northern side of the transect inside the thicket. Each transect began 10 m inside the shrub thicket, crossed perpendicularly through the thicket edge, and ended in the open canopy grassland, 10 m away from the thicket edge. Along these 20 m transects were sampling points every 5 m such that a point existed 10 m inside the thicket, 5 m inside the thicket, at the thicket edge, 5 m outside the thicket, and 10 m outside the thicket. The midpoint of each transect which coincided with the edge of the thicket was defined as the location where shrub cover overcame grass cover. The thickets were chosen because they were at least 20 m wide, roughly level elevation and same age, and the adjacent grassland was free of shrubs that may influence the grassland plots. There were also three sampling points 500 m south of the transects, inside free-standing, grassland shrubs which were beyond influence of the thicket. Three temperature sensors (T Buttons, Thermodata) set at different heights, ground level, 20 cm, and 1 m, recorded bihourly measurements at each of the six plots along each transect (n=3) including the free-standing shrubs.
Figure 1 in A new species of Allorhogas (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) inducing ovule galls on Miconia chamissois Naudinı a potentially invasive shrub in the Brazilian cerrado
Figure 1. Allorhogas uberlandiensis sp. nov. (female, holotype): (a) habitus, lateral view; (b) head, frontal view; (c) head and mesosoma, lateral view; (d) mesosoma, dorsal view; (e) metasoma, dorsal view; (f) forewing; (g) hindwing.
Data from: Environmental drivers of femaleness of an inter-Andean monoecious shrub
Hetero-and conspecific interactions, nutrient availability, climate, habitat heterogeneity and disturbances can generate variation and spatial patterns of femaleness in plants. We assessed whether year, site, plant size, plant density and canopy area of conspecific neighbors influenced the expression and spatial aggregation of femaleness in Croton aff. wagneri, a monoecious shrub from dry shrublands of the inter-Andean valleys in Ecuador. We georeferenced in two sites (1,700 and 1,400 m.a.s.l) in five 10´10 m plots, within each site, the position of each Croton reproductive plant during first part of flowering season in two years, and measured their height, length and width. The femaleness index of each plant was determined by the number of female and male buds and flowers. Plant density was determined for each plot, along with the number of neighbors and the summed canopy area of conspecific neighbors (at 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 m radius, and the five closest plants) from each focal plant. Croton´s femaleness at the lower elevation site was greater than at the higher elevation site and increased with plant size and with canopy of the closest five neighbors. Soil at the lower elevation site had higher temperatures and lower water content. Aggregate patterns of femaleness were found in more plots at the lower elevation site. Our results indicate that location, plant size and canopies of conspecific neighbors of Croton can affect femaleness and its aggregation and support the hypothesis that femaleness can be influenced by facilitative interactions.
Data from: To burn or not to burn: comparing re-introducing fire with cutting an encroaching conifer for conservation of an imperiled shrub-steppe
Woody vegetation has increased on rangelands worldwide for the past 100-200 years, often because of reduced fire frequency. However, there is a general aversion to re-introducing fire and therefore, fire-surrogates are often used in its place to reverse woody plant encroachment. Determining the conservation effectiveness of re-introducing fire compared to fire-surrogates over different time scales is needed to improve conservation efforts. We evaluated the conservation effectiveness of re-introducing fire with a fire-surrogate (cutting) applied over the last ~30 years to control juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) encroachment on 77 sagebrush-steppe sites. Critical to conservation of this imperiled ecosystem is to limit juniper, not encourage exotic annual grasses, and promote sagebrush dominance of the overstory. Re-introducing fire was more effective than cutting at reducing juniper abundance and extending the period of time that juniper was not dominating the plant community. Sagebrush was reduced more with burning than cutting. Sagebrush, however, was predicted to be a substantial component of the overstory longer in burned than cut areas because of more effective juniper control. Variation in exotic annual grass cover was explained by environmental variables and perennial grass abundance, but not treatment, with annual grasses being problematic on hotter and drier sites with less perennial grass. This suggests that ecological memory varies along an environmental gradient. Re-introducing fire was more effective than cutting at conserving sagebrush-steppe encroached by juniper over extended time-frames; however, cutting was more effective for short-term conservation. This suggests fire and fire-surrogates both have critical roles in conservation of imperiled ecosystems.
Plant density from Environmental drivers of femaleness of an inter-Andean monoecious shrub
<p>Hetero-and conspecific interactions, nutrient availability, climate, habitat heterogeneity and disturbances can generate variation and spatial patterns of femaleness in plants. We assessed whether year, site, plant size, plant density and canopy area of conspecific neighbors influenced the expression and spatial aggregation of femaleness in <em>Croton</em> aff. <em>wagneri</em>, a monoecious shrub from dry shrublands of the inter-Andean valleys in Ecuador. We georeferenced in two sites (1,700 and 1,400 m.a.s.l) in five 10x10 m plots, within each site, the position of each <em>Croton</em> reproductive plant during first part of flowering season in two years, and measured their height, length and width. The femaleness index of each plant was determined by the number of female and male buds and flowers. Plant density was determined for each plot, along with the number of neighbors and the summed canopy area of conspecific neighbors (at 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 m radius, and the five closest plants) from each focal plant. Croton's femaleness at the lower elevation site was greater than at the higher elevation site and increased with plant size and with canopy of the closest five neighbors. Soil at the lower elevation site had higher temperatures and lower water content. Aggregate patterns of femaleness were found in more plots at the lower elevation site. Our results indicate that location, plant size and canopies of conspecific neighbors of Croton can affect femaleness and its aggregation and support the hypothesis that femaleness can be influenced by facilitative interactions.</p>
Dynamic effects of insect herbivory and climate on tundra shrub growth: roles of browsing and ramet age
1. To predict shrub responses under climate change in tundra, we need to understand how thermal conditions and herbivory contribute to growth. We hypothesise that shrub growth increases with thermal conditions and precipitation, but that this increase is counteracted by insect herbivory, and that these climate-insect herbivory relationships are modified by both browsing and plant age. 2. We use empirical dynamic modelling (EDM) to analyse a 20-year time series on willow (Salix phylicifolia) shoot growth, growing degree days, summer precipitation and herbivory from an experiment at forest-tundra ecotone. The experiment includes manipulations of avian and mammal browsing (fences) and ramet age (pruning to rejuvenate willows). 3. Negative effects of insect herbivory on willow shoot growth were intensified during warmer years, whereas increasing precipitation led to reduced effects. Moreover, the effect of insect herbivores on shoot growth varied with ramet age and vertebrate browsing: Younger ramets generally experienced less negative insect herbivore effects, whereas Ptarmigan browsing was associated with more positive temperature effect on shoot growth, and reindeer browsing with more negative effects of insect herbivory and precipitation. 4. Synthesis. Our findings show that the negative effects of insect herbivory on shoot growth likely intensify under warmer thermal conditions, but that increasing precipitation can counteract these effects. Moreover, changing thermal conditions, precipitation and vertebrate browsers all have predictable, albeit complex and nonlinear, effects on shrub growth, highlighting the importance of long-term experimental data and flexible analytical methods such as EDM for characterizing climate and community interactions in artic systems.
Data from: Divergence of Arctic shrub growth associated with sea ice decline
<p><span>Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) is declining at an accelerating rate with a wide range of ecological consequences. However, determining sea ice effects on tundra vegetation remains a challenge. In this study, we examined the universality or lack thereof in tundra shrub growth responses to changes in SIE and summer climate across the Pan-Arctic, taking advantage of 23 tundra shrub-ring chronologies from 19 widely distributed sites (56⁰-83⁰N). </span></p>
Drought sensitivity of Empetrum nigrum shrub growth at the species' southern lowland distribution range margin
<p>The ongoing warming of the Earth's atmosphere is projected to cause a northward shift of species' distributions, as they track their climatic optimum. In the rapidly warming Arctic, this has already led to an increase of shrubs in tundra ecosystems. While this northern expansion of woody biomass has been studied relatively extensively over the last decade, little research has been devoted to shrub growth responses at the southern margins of Northern Hemisphere shrubs.</p> <p>Here, we studied shoot length growth, its responses to climate over the period 2010-2017, and differences in leaf C and N content of the evergreen dwarf shrub <i>Empetrum nigrum</i>, as well as the vegetation composition and soil parameters at four sites located along a gradient of increasing dune age on the island Spiekeroog, northern Germany. The sites are located in the tri-national UNESCO world heritage site, the Wadden Sea. <i>E. nigrum</i> has a predominantly circum-arctic-boreal distribution and its southern distribution mbargin in European lowlands runs through northern Germany, where it is retreating northwards.</p> <p>We found a negative response to autumn (surface) temperatures and previous summer surface temperatures and/or a positive response to summer precipitation of <i>E. nigrum</i> growth, except at the oldest dune with the strongest <i>E. nigrum</i> dominance. Growth rates and plant species diversity declined with dune age. Our results suggest that <i>E. nigrum</i> growth is drought sensitive at its European southern range margin. We hypothesize that this sensitivity may form the basis for its northward retreat, which is supported by recent observations of <i>E. nigrum</i> dieback in Germany after the extreme drought in 2018 and model projections.</p>
Contrasting responses of different functional groups stabilise community responses to a dominant shrub under global change
<p>1. Changes in precipitation regimes and nitrogen deposition levels due to global change are altering terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Most attempts at understanding how biotic interactions affect plant species and community responses to global change have focused on biotic interactions measured at the community-level. However, these approaches ignore that communities include functionally dissimilar species that might respond differently to changes in the effects of dominant neighbours along environmental gradients. We test the hypothesis that plant species with differences in functional traits may exhibit contrasting interactions with a dominant shrub species within a single community, thereby stabilizing community-level responses to the effects of global change.</p> <p>2. We manipulated water and nitrogen applications in a semi-arid dune community in northern China, quantified the biomass of herbaceous species occurring below the dominant shrub, <i>Artemisia ordosica</i>, and in adjacent open patches (without the shrub), and measured herbaceous species height and leaf dry matter content. The effects of <i>A. ordosica</i> were quantified at the species, group, and community levels using the relative interaction index (<i>RII</i>). Redundancy analysis was performed on species traits and the <i>RII</i> values to assess the relationships between functional differences in species and plant-plant interactions. Species were then grouped using a cluster analysis and the <i>RII</i> values were recalculated at the group level.</p> <p>3. The redundancy analysis showed that species height and leaf dry matter content were significantly correlated to the changes in species' responses to the effect of <i>A. ordosica</i> along treatments. The four groups of species identified by the cluster analysis showed contrasting variations in competitive or facilitative responses depending on species traits and environmental treatments. However, the interactions measured at the group level balanced the community-level responses, as we found no significant changes in the effects of <i>A. ordosica</i> along treatments for community biomass, richness, and functional diversity indices.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our findings indicate that species with different functional strategies within a community exhibit contrasting responses to a dominant shrub along environmental gradients. These contrasting changes in plant-plant interactions of functionally different species may balance the responses of community-level metrics. This suggests that functional differences between species groups and the balance of plant-plant interactions stabilize community responses to global change.</p>
Data from: Chaparral bird community responses to prescribed fire and shrub removal in three management seasons
Chaparral, a type of shrubland common throughout the California Floristic Province, is subject to management and removal in regions where wildfire threatens human lives and property. Management practices include conducting prescribed burns outside of the historical fire season and employing mechanical fuel reduction (mastication). As the wildland–urban interface grows, particularly in coastal California, more of this ecosystem is subject to active management. To understand the ecological implications of current California chaparral fire management practices, we studied bird species composition, abundance and foraging guilds in managed and unmanaged chaparral over 5 years. Study areas were located in Mendocino County in the coast ranges of northern California. We contrast six chaparral removal or "fuels manipulation" treatments: (1) fall fire, (2) winter fire, (3) spring fire, (4) fall mastication, (5) spring mastication and (6) untreated control. Treatments and controls were implemented in plots 2 ha or larger, and replicated four times each. We find that species richness in prescribed fire treatments reaches comparable levels to controls in the first 3 years following treatment, whereas masticated units always have lower species richness. Generalized linear mixed models additionally confirm that mastication has highly negative effects on observed abundances of birds compared to controls and to prescribed fire. The season in which fuels reduction occurred was less important to species richness, although fall fire was more beneficial to bird abundance than spring or winter fire. Fire treatments in all seasons maintain the same general bird community structure as controls, while mastication results in strongly differentiated assemblages, increasing granivores while nearly excluding foliage gleaners. Synthesis and applications. We compare two California chaparral management techniques, prescribed fire and mastication, in three seasons (fall, winter and spring) in northern California, USA. We tracked chaparral bird community response in 23 experimental units for 2–5 years. We conclude that prescribed fire and mastication are not interchangeable management techniques, and that mastication negatively impacts bird communities, altering guild structure and reducing both diversity and abundance.
Data from: Plant species richness and shrub cover attenuate drought effects on ecosystem functioning across Patagonian rangelands
Drought is an increasingly common phenomenon in drylands as a consequence of climate change. We used 311 sites across a broad range of environmental conditions in Patagonian rangelands to evaluate how drought severity and temperature (abiotic factors) and vegetation structure (biotic factors) modulate the impact of a drought event on the annual integral of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI-I), our surrogate of ecosystem functioning. We found that NDVI-I decreases were larger with both increasing drought severity and temperature. Plant species richness (SR) and shrub cover (SC) attenuated the effects of drought on NDVI-I. Grass cover did not affect the impacts of drought on NDVI-I. Our results suggest that warming and species loss, two important imprints of global environmental change, could increase the vulnerability of Patagonian ecosystems to drought. Therefore, maintaining SR through appropriate grazing management can attenuate the adverse effects of climate change on ecosystem functioning.
Data from: Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of the shrub genus Tetraglochin along Southern-Central Andes (Rosaceae)
In addition to the degree of geographical isolation (sympatry, parapatry, allopatry and peripatry), ecology can be an important factor promoting diversification of lineages, both by niche divergence as well as niche conservatism. Tetraglochin is a genus of shrubs with six species distributed along the Southern and Central Andes, from Peru to southern Argentina and central Chile. Although monophyly of the genus as the identity of its species are well established, spatiotemporal framework for its diversification and the potential role of the ecology and geography in the speciation process remain unknown. In the present study we analyzed diversification times and historical biogeography of the genus, and conducted different climatic niche and geographical range comparisons among its species to determine possible patterns associated with speciation. Results support the Pleistocene diversification, early along the Southern Andes and the Patagonian Steppe and subsequently in the Central Andes. Climatic niche divergence did not prove to be a major factor promoting speciation, but rather the phylogenetic niche conservatism. Our analyses also favored the sympatric model of speciation, although patterns from geographical range evolution are difficult to interpret due to the lability on the ancestral distributions, and therefore micro-allopatric or parapatric divergence associated with the glacial-interglacial cycles and climatic oscillations throughout the Quaternary should not be discarded. Other potential factors associated with diversification of Tetraglochin are also discussed.
Data from: Ant seed removal in a non-myrmecochorous Neotropical shrub: implications for seed dispersal
<p>This study investigated ant seed removal of <em>Piper sancti-felicis</em>, an early successional Neotropical shrub. Neotropical <em>Piper</em> are a classic example of bat-dispersed plants, but we suggest that ants are underappreciated dispersal agents. We identified eleven ant species from the genera <em>Aphaenogaster, Ectatomma, Paratrechina, Pheidole, Trachymyrmex, </em>and<em> Wasmannia </em>recruiting to and harvesting <em>P. sancti-felicis</em> seeds in forest edge and secondary forest sites at La Selva, Costa Rica. We also tested for differences in ant recruitment to five states in which ants can commonly encounter seeds: unripe fruit, ripe fruit, overripe fruit, bat feces, and cleaned seeds. Overall, ants harvested more seeds from ripe and overripe fruits than other states, but this varied among species. To better understand the mechanisms behind ant preferences for ripe/overripe fruit, we also studied how alkenylphenols, secondary metabolites found in high concentrations in <em>P. sancti-felicis</em> fruits, affected foraging behavior in one genus of potential ant dispersers, <em>Ectatomma</em>. We found no effects of alkenyl- phenols on recruitment of <em>Ectatomma</em> to fruits, and thus, these compounds are un- likely to explain differences in ant recruitment among fruits of different maturity. Considering that <em>P. sancti-felicis</em> seeds have no apparent adaptations for ant disper- sal, and few ants removed seeds that were cleaned of pulp, we hypothesize that most ants are harvesting its seeds for the nutritional rewards in the attached pulp. This study emphasizes the importance of ants as important additional dispersers of <em>P. sancti-felicis</em> and suggests that other non-myrmecochorous, vertebrate-dispersed plants may similarly benefit from the recruitment to fruit by ants.</p>
Soil organic carbon in drylands: shrub encroachment and vegetation management effects dwarf those of livestock grazing
Dryland ecosystems occur worldwide and play a prominent, but potentially shifting, role in global biogeochemical cycling. Widespread woody plant proliferation, often associated with declines in palatable grasses, has jeopardized livestock production in drylands and prompted attempts to reduce woody cover by chemical or mechanical means. Woody encroachment also has the potential to significantly alter terrestrial carbon storage. However, little is known of the long-term biogeochemical consequences of woody encroachment in the broader context of its interaction with common dryland land uses, including "brush management" (woody plant clearing) and livestock grazing. Present assessments exhibit considerable variation in the consequences of these land use/land cover changes, with evidence that brush management may counteract sizeable impacts of shrub encroachment on soil biogeochemical pools. A challenge to assessing the net effects of brush management in shrub-encroached grasslands on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) pools is that land management practices are typically considered in isolation, when they are co-occurring phenomena. Furthermore, few studies have assessed spatial patterns in brush management and how these are affected in decades following treatment on sites with contrasting grazing histories. To address these uncertainties and interactions, we quantified the impacts of shrub encroachment and their subsequent mortality resulting from brush management (herbicide application) on SOC and N pools in a Sonoran Desert grassland where long-term grazing manipulations (>100 y) co-occur with shrub encroachment and brush management. Pools of SOC and N associated with herbicided shrubs declined markedly over ~40 years, offsetting 66% of the increases from shrub encroachment. However, spatial patterns in SOC induced by shrubs persisted over the decades following brush management. Century-long protection from grazing did little to change SOC and N pools. Accordingly, shrub encroachment and shrub mortality from brush management each far outweighed livestock grazing impacts. Consideration of the patterns of SOC and N through space (e.g., bole-to-dripline gradients), time (e.g., shrub age/size), land use (e.g., livestock grazing and brush management) and their interactions will position us to improve predictions of SOC and N responses to land use/land cover change, inform C-based management decisions, and objectively evaluate trade-offs with other ecosystem services.
Data from: Competition alters seasonal resource selection and promotes use of invasive shrubs by an imperiled native cottontail
1. Many ecosystems face multiple invaders, and interactions among invasive and native species may complicate conservation efforts for imperiled species. Examination of fine-scale resource selection can be used to detect patterns in habitat selection resulting from species interactions and assess the value of specific resources, including invasive plants, to wildlife. 2. We used animal location data with mixed-effects resource selection models to examine seasonal competitive interactions and species-specific selection for forage and cover resources by an imperiled native lagomorph, the New England cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis and its non-native competitor, the eastern cottontail S. floridanus in the eastern Hudson Valley, NY. 3. We found evidence that resource selection by New England cottontails depended on the relative prevalence of eastern cottontails to New England cottontails. Where eastern cottontails were less prevalent New England cottontail selected for resources characteristic of early-successional shrublands. Where eastern cottontails were more prevalent, New England cottontails selected for resources characteristic of later-successional shrublands. 4. New England cottontail use of certain invasive shrubs depended on the prevalence of eastern cottontails relative to New England cottontails, suggesting response to invasive plants is confounded by interactions with a non-native competitor. 5. Our results further emphasize the need for conservation efforts to consider invasive management within the ecosystem context. We demonstrate the utility of resource selection studies to assist in this regard by exploring competitive interactions in the absence of removal studies, while simultaneously assessing the impact of habitat components such as invasive vegetation on species of conservation concern. 6. Synthesis and applications Resource selection studies can be directly applied to inform ongoing species conservation where multiple invaders are present or where species interactions influence resource selection. Fine-scale assessments of resource selection, similar to those presented here, can be used to selectively manage habitat to benefit desired species within the ecosystem context.
Data from: Interglacial genetic diversification of Moussonia deppeana (Gesneriaceae), a hummingbird-pollinated, cloud forest shrub in northern Mesoamerica
Recent empirical work on cloud forest-adapted species supports the role of both old divergences across major geographical areas and more recent divergences attributed to Pleistocene climate changes. The shrub Moussonia deppeana is distributed in northern Mesoamerica, with geographically disjunct populations. Based on sampling throughout the species range and employing plastid and nuclear markers, we (i) test whether the fragmented distribution is correlated with main evolutionary lineages, (ii) reconstruct its phylogeographical history to infer the history of cloud forest in northern Mesoamerica and (iii) evaluate a set of refugia/vicariance scenarios for the region and demographic patterns of the populations whose ranges expanded and tracked cloud forest conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum. We found a deep evolutionary split in M. deppeana about 6–3 Ma, which could be consistent with a Pliocene divergence. Comparison of variation in plastid and nuclear markers revealed several lineages mostly congruent with their isolated geographical distribution and restricted gene flow among groups. Results of species distribution modelling and coalescent simulations fit a model of multiple refugia diverging during interglacial cycles. The demographic history of M. deppeana is not consistent with an expanding–contracting cloud forest archipelago model during the Last Glacial Maximum. Instead, our data suggest that populations persisted across the geographical range throughout the glacial cycles, and experienced isolation and divergence during interglacial periods.
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