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3D Printing Simulation Analysis of skeleton gyroid structure (standard, double and graded)_Spoke11_WP4_Task4.1_MOST

<p>These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and considerations in 3D printing complex lattice structures, emphasizing the importance of residual stress management, thermal stability, and print direction alignment for optimal mechanical performance.</p>

Figure 59 in Two new species of palm-leaf skeletonizers (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae: Homaledra Busck)

Figure 59. Distribution in peninsular Florida of H. howardi (red circles) and H. knudsoni (green squares: specimens; yellow triangles: photographs on line).

Figures 48–58 in Two new species of palm-leaf skeletonizers (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae: Homaledra Busck)

Figures 48–58. Habitus of other Homaledra species and larval damage. 48) Homaledra heptathalama male (FL, Levy Co., FSCA). 49) H. octagonella male (FL, Putnam Co., FSCA). 50) Damage of H. sabalella on date palm (Phoenix sp.) (FL, Collier Co.). 51) Damage of H. sabalella on Serenoa repens (FL, Lake Co.), with broad frass tunnel. 52) Damage of H. sabalella on Serenoa repens (FL, Levy Co.), dense leaf-tying silk indicated. 53) Damage of H. howardi on Cocos nucifera (FL, Miami-Dade Co.). 54) Detail of same with larva indicated. 55) H. howardi on Livistona chinensis, showing damage on a broad-leaved palm (FL, Miami-Dade Co.). 56) Damage of H. knudsoni on Sabal palmetto (FL, Alachua Co., Gainesville). 57) Same (FL, Alachua Co., Micanopy). 58) Active leading end of frass tunnel (indicated) of H. knudsoni (FL, Alachua Co., Gainesville). Scales = 5 mm.

Figures 34–37. Homaledra wings. MGCL slide number given. 34 in Two new species of palm-leaf skeletonizers (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae: Homaledra Busck)

Figures 34–37. Homaledra wings. MGCL slide number given. 34) H. sabalella (#3321). 35) H. howardi (#3335). 36) H. knudsoni (#5005). 37) H. heptathalama (#5029).

Figures 27–33. Homaledra female genitalia, MGCL slide number given. 27 in Two new species of palm-leaf skeletonizers (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae: Homaledra Busck)

Figures 27–33. Homaledra female genitalia, MGCL slide number given. 27) H. sabalella (#4566). 28) H. sabalella, detail of signum (#4566). 29) H. sabalella, detail of signum (#3303). 30) H. howardi (#4261). 31) H. howardi, detail of signum (#4261). 32) H. knudsoni (#4673). 33) H. knudsoni, detail of signum (#4673). Scale bars = 500 µm.

Figures 11–26 in Two new species of palm-leaf skeletonizers (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae: Homaledra Busck)

Figures 11–26. Male abdominal structures of Homaledra spp. 11–15, cuticle; 16, androconia of hind wings and tergites 2–3; 17–21, male genitalia and phalli; 22–26, cornuti (scales: 0.5 mm). Numbers refer to MGCL slides. 11) H. sabalella (#4257). 12) H. howardi (#3296). 13) H. knudsoni (#4438). 14) H. heptathalama (#4260). 15) H. octagonella (#4542). 16) H. howardi (FL, Miami-Dade Co.). 17) H. sabalella (#4257). 18) H. howardi (#3296). 19) H. knudsoni (#4438). 20) H. heptathalama (#4260). 21) H. octagonella (#4542). 22) H. sabalella (#4257). 23) H. howardi (#3296). 24) H. knudsoni (#4580). 25) H. heptathalama (#4260). 26) H. octagonella (#4542). c, cornuti; ps, phallus sclerite; tr, transtilla.

Figures 1–10 in Two new species of palm-leaf skeletonizers (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae: Homaledra Busck)

Figures 1–10. Habitus and heads of Homaledra spp. 1) Homaledra sabalella male (FL, Lake Co.). 2) H. sabalella female (FL, Levy Co.). 3) H. howardi holotype male (FL, Miami-Dade Co.). 4) H. howardi female (FL, Miami-Dade Co.). 5) H. knudsoni male (FL, Osceola Co.). 6) H. knudsoni female (FL, Alachua Co.). 7) H. knudsoni holotype male (TX, Cameron Co.). 8) H. sabalella head in lateral aspect (FL, Lake Co.). 9) H. howardi head (FL, Miami-Dade Co.). 10) H. knudsoni head (FL, Alachua Co.). Scales = 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in A new partial skeleton of a palaeospinacid shark (Neoselachii, Synechodontiformes) from the Albian of northern France, with a review of the taxonomic history of Early Cretaceous species of Synechodus Woodward, 1888

FIG. 2. — Stratigraphy of the Saint-Pô Formation (middle Albian, Lower Cretaceous) as exposed on the Boulonnais beach between Escalles and Strouanne, northern France (after Robaszynski & Amédro 1986; Amédro 2009); the specimen of Synechodus sp. (IRScNB P.9895) was recovered from between phosphatic horizons P4 and P5.

FIG. 5 in A new partial skeleton of a palaeospinacid shark (Neoselachii, Synechodontiformes) from the Albian of northern France, with a review of the taxonomic history of Early Cretaceous species of Synechodus Woodward, 1888

FIG. 5. — Associated set of isolated dermal denticles of Synechodus sp. (IRScNB P.9895), Saint-Pô Formation (Albian, Lower Cretaceous), Boulonnais beach between Escalles and Strouanne (northern France): from presumed trunk (A-D), fin (E-G) and snout (H) areas, or preserved as cluster (I, J). Scale bars: A-H, 0.5 mm; I, J, 1 mm.

FIG. 1 in A new partial skeleton of a palaeospinacid shark (Neoselachii, Synechodontiformes) from the Albian of northern France, with a review of the taxonomic history of Early Cretaceous species of Synechodus Woodward, 1888

FIG. 1. — Geographical map (A) and Boulonnais beach (B, situation in 1990) between Escalles and Strouanne (northern France); the skeleton of Synechodus sp. (IRScNB P.9895) was collected in 1996 from the clay level exposed at the beach, as indicated by the asterisk (*). Scale bar: B, 500 m.

FIG. 4 in A new partial skeleton of a palaeospinacid shark (Neoselachii, Synechodontiformes) from the Albian of northern France, with a review of the taxonomic history of Early Cretaceous species of Synechodus Woodward, 1888

FIG. 4. — Selected details (in situ) of a partial skeleton of Synechodus sp. (IRScNB P.9895), Saint-Pô Formation (Albian, Lower Cretaceous), Boulonnais beach between Escalles and Strouanne (northern France): A, cluster of anterior teeth; B, cluster of lateral teeth; C, D, patches of dermal denticles; E, precaudal monospondylous vertebrate. Scale bars: A, 250 mm; B, 300 mm; C-E, 150 mm.

FIG. 6 in A new partial skeleton of a palaeospinacid shark (Neoselachii, Synechodontiformes) from the Albian of northern France, with a review of the taxonomic history of Early Cretaceous species of Synechodus Woodward, 1888

FIG. 6. — Associated set of isolated teeth of Synechodus sp. (IRScNB P.9895), Saint-Pô Formation (Albian, Lower Cretaceous), Boulonnais beach between Escalles and Strouanne (northern France): A, anterior; B, antero-lateral; C, D, lateral; E, F, latero-posterior and G, posterior tooth files, in labial (1), lingual (2), occlusal (3) and basal (4) views. Scale bars: A-E, 5 mm; F, 4 mm; G, 2 mm.

FIG. 7 in A new partial skeleton of a palaeospinacid shark (Neoselachii, Synechodontiformes) from the Albian of northern France, with a review of the taxonomic history of Early Cretaceous species of Synechodus Woodward, 1888

FIG. 7. — Micro CT scan of an isolated tooth of Synechodus sp. (IRScNB P.9895), Saint-Pô Formation (Albian, Lower Cretaceous), Boulonnais beach between Escalles and Strouanne (northern France): A, lingual; B, labial; C, basal; D, lateral and E, occlusal views; 3D volume renderings with sagittal (A1-A5), transverse (C1-C2) and frontal (D1-D3) sections showing tooth vascularisation and histology as follows: EN, enameloid; PC, pulp cavity; ORD, orthodentine; OSD, osteodentine; SC, secondary cavities; VC, vascular canaliculi. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 3. — A in A new partial skeleton of a palaeospinacid shark (Neoselachii, Synechodontiformes) from the Albian of northern France, with a review of the taxonomic history of Early Cretaceous species of Synechodus Woodward, 1888

FIG. 3. — A, Partial skeleton of Synechodus sp. (IRScNB P.9895), Saint-Pô Formation (Albian, Lower Cretaceous), Boulonnais beach between Escalles and Strouanne (northern France); B, Same specimen with interpretation of the exoskeleton (hatching) and the endoskeleton, including parts of the neurocranium (red), splanchnocranium (orange), pelvic girdle (beige) and vertebrate column (yellow). Scale bar: 100 mm.

Fig. 18 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 18. Hind limb bar chart. For each species, the bar is segmented into the femur, tibia, and Mt3 contribution to rear limb length. From Proailurus in the early Miocene to the living members of Felidae, the proportions of the hind limb have remained constant.

Fig. 13 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 13. Left Mt1 articulating with entocuneiform (ent) proximally and its first phalanx distally. From left to right: dorsoventral, medial, and ventral views. The shape of this metatarsal bone is extremely similar to that seen in early Tertiary members of Carnivora. das = distal articular surface with midline trochlea, lc = lateral condyle of first metatarsal bone.

Fig. 16 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 16. Postcranial logratio diagram of figure 15 with inclusion of four extant species of Felidae. All four of the extant species display a characteristic lengthening spike in their data curves at Mc3. Note how all six felids featured on this chart have proportionate (all curves parallel to each other) rear limb components. The rear limb of felids has changed little from the early Miocene P. lemanensis to today's modern species.

Fig. 12 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 12. Left pes, dorsal view. With the exception of the hallux, this rear foot is virtually identical to that of today's felids. nav = navicular, cu = cuboid, ent = entocuneiform, lateral concavity = lateral concavity in second phalanx.

Fig. 14 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 14. Mt1, Proailurus sp. Helbing (1928). This illustration suggests a more midline, sagittal axis than F:AM 62128, especially on the distal articular surface.

Fig. 11 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 11. Articulated right pes in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. In the dorsal view, the more stout third metatarsal bone can be appreciated. The ventral view shows sesamoid bones (ses) in situ. nav = navicular, cu = cuboid, ent = entocuneiform, lat conc = lateral concavity of second phalanx.