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671 results for “Tyrannosaurus”
FIGURE 53 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 53. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Presacral vertebrae (p14 through p23), anterior view. Scale =15 cm. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 68 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 68. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Haemal arches, right lateral view. Scale = 10 cm. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 61 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 61. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Caudal vertebrae, dorsal view. Scale = 15 cm. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 67 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 67. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Haemal arches, posterior view. Scale = 10 cm. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 60 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 60. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Caudal vertebrae, left lateral view. Scale = 1 5 cm. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
Tyrannosaurus Rex - AMNH [Quick Scan]
240 pictures in a busy gallery with a Canon G7x, processed with RealityCapture, edited with Blender. Compare to point cloud [here](https://sketchfab.com/models/cdfbf34cce1d4071bb1b7271f367d057) "The 4-foot-long jaw, the 6-inch-long teeth, the massive thigh bones—almost everything about Tyrannosaurus rex indicates the enormous power of one of the largest theropod dinosaurs that ever existed." ~ https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent-exhibitions/fossil-halls/hall-of-saurischian-dinosaurs/tyrannosaurus-rex Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Fig. 2 in Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs
Fig. 2. Inner surface of the left lower jaw of the type specimen of Dynamosaurus imperiosus. 1 / 8 nat. size.
Figure 28 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 28 Comparison of the results of Snively et al. (2019) with the growth curve of Tyrannosaurus rex. A comparison of the agility values between T. rex and other tyrannosaurids. The values for T. bataar and D. torosus serve as predictive proxies for the corresponding values in subadult and young adult T. rex. The values for T. rex are calibrated to the growth series, but those of the other taxa are positioned relative to the values seen in T. rex. Inset of the data in table form shows the trends in the data; low values for Albertosaurus libratus are in boldface italics. Key to specimens numbered on the growth curve is in Fig. 12. Al, Albertosaurus libratus; Dt, Daspletosaurus torosus; Tb, Tyrannosaurus bataar; Tr, Tyrannosaurus rex. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-28
Figure 27 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 27 Comparison of the results of Henderson & Snively (2004) with the growth curve of Tyrannosaurus rex. The rotational inertia (RI) of smaller and progressively distant sister taxa of T. rex serve as predictive proxies for the RIs of young adult and juvenile T. rex. Given the larger size of T. rex in contrast to non-tyrannosaurine tyrannosaurids, the RI of young adult T. rex will almost certainly be more comparable to that of adult D. torosus than to adult A. libratus. The positions of the taxa, aside from T. rex (FMNH PR2081), are relative and are not intended to correspond to exact locations along the growth curve. Key to specimens numbered on the growth curve is in Fig. 12. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-27
Figure 24 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 24 Skull bending strength mapped onto the growth curve of Tyrannosaurus rex. The results of Snively, Henderson & Phillips (2006) showing that the subadult growth stage was an important functional transition point during ontogeny between the long and low skulls of adults and tall and sturdy skulls of more mature animals. Their results show a progression in strength of the skull frame and dentition throughout the adult categories. Key to specimens numbered on the growth curve is in Fig. 12. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-24
Figure 23 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 23 The results of Henderson (2002) mapped onto the growth curve of Tyrannosaurus rex. All measures of the correlates of orbital fenestra size and shape change from juvenile to adult categories. It is predicted here that this transition occurred early in ontogeny, at the subadult growth stage, given the presence of correlates of a tall skull in subadult specimens. Key to specimens numbered on the growth curve is in Fig. 12. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-23
Figure 21 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 21 Sex dimorphs and the taxon "Tyrannosaurus "x"" of Larson (2008) mapped onto the ontogram of Tyrannosaurus rex. A transitional pattern is not seen between gracile and robust morphs; if sexual dimorphism was present, then the "gracile" and "robust" morphs should group along separate branches, which is not seen. Also, specimens referred to the taxon "T. "x"" do not form a clade, indicating that it is not a valid taxon. The pattern seen here is what is expected for a species without sexual dimorphism. Specimens considered in Larson (2008) as gracile are in boldface italics with a boldface "G"; specimens considered in Larson (2008) as robust are in boldface with a boldface "R"; specimens considered in Larson (2008) as referable to "T. "x"" are in italics and marked with an "X". Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-21
Figure 19 Bivariate scatterplot showing the relationship between geographic location with maturity among 28 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 19 Bivariate scatterplot showing the relationship between geographic location with maturity among 28 specimens Tyrannosaurus rex. Growth stages (x-axis) and geographic location (y-axis) have been converted to ranks. See Table 17 for the ranked data. "Montana North" refers to the region of Dawson, Garfield, and McCone counties, and "Montana South" refers to the region of Yellowstone and Carter counties. Maturity increases to the right along the x-axis; the y-axis follows the north-south axis of North America. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-19
Figure 15 Bivariate scatterplot showing the relationship between dentary tooth count with maturity among 16 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 15 Bivariate scatterplot showing the relationship between dentary tooth count with maturity among 16 specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex. Growth rank increases away from the origin (i.e., maturity increases to the right) and corresponds to growth stages for which dentary tooth count was available for a given specimen; that is, the rank does not correspond to growth stage. Dentary tooth rank corresponds to relative tooth count, where low ranks correspond to high tooth counts and low ranks correspond to high tooth counts. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-15
Figure 12 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 12 Tyrannosaurus rex ontogram, chronological age, and mass mapped onto the growth curve of Erickson et al. (2004). Ranges of growth categories are indicated across the top. Each circle represents an individual specimen; the vertical columns of circles indicate multiple specimens in a single growth stage; the horizontal position of the white circles does not imply a specific chronological age. For ease of interpretation, and to accommodate missing mass estimates, the position of the circles do not correspond with the scale of the y-axis. The gray circles indicate histologically aged specimens that are connected to the x-axis by dashed lines for ease of interpretation. The star represents the ~3,000 kg threshold that separates T. rex from its closest, but smaller, relatives. Alternating gray and white bars in the background block out the growth categories and their blurred edges reflect the imprecision of their boundaries. The height of each black vertical bar corresponds to the number of synontomorphies in each growth stage, which ranges from 1 to 90 characters. Asterisk indicates the type specimen of T. rex. Female symbols indicate BMRP 2006.6.4 and MOR 1125, the only unambiguous female specimens in the data set. Skull illustrations are to scale, with that of the adult set to 1.3 m. From left to right the skulls are: CMNH 7541, BMRP 2002.4.1, and AMNH FARB 5027. The large juvenile BMRP 2002.4.1 is in dorsal view to show the early occurrence of the narrow snout and wide temporal region that characterizes T. rex to the exclusion of other tyrannosaurids, which is ontogenetically incongruent with its late-occurring (i.e., autapomorphic) phylogenetic homolog; see text for discussion. Major life history events are indicated, including the onset of sexual maturity and somatic maturity, and the earliest occurrence of histologic adulthood. Suspensorium in CMNH 7541 is reconstructed after BMRP 2002.4.1. EFS, External Fundamental System. Specimens: 1, LACM 28471; 2, AMNH FARB 5050; 3, DDM 344.1; 4, CMNH 7541; 5, BMRP 2002.4.1; 6, RSM 2990.1; 7, BMRP 2006.4.4; 8, LACM 23845; 9, MOR 1125; 10, TMP 1981.006.0001; 11, LACM 150167; 12, AMNH FARB 5117; 13, UWBM 99000; 14, TMP 1981.012.0001; 15, RSM 2523.8; 16, SDSM 12047; 17, AMNH FARB 5027; 18, AMNH FARB 5029; 19, NHMUK R7994; 20, NMMNH P-3698; 21, MOR 1131; 22, MOR 980; 23, MOR 555; 24, LACM 23844; 25, CM 9380; 26, UCMP 118742; 27, MOR 008; 28, UMNH 11000; 29, MOR 2822; 30, UWGM 181; 31, FMNH PR2081. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-12
Figure 11 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 11 The frequency distribution of changes to the craniomandibular functional modules (sensu Werneburg et al., 2019) in the growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex. Growth stages are along the x-axis (corresponding to the numbered nodes of the ontogram in Fig. 2) and the y-axis corresponds to the number of synontomorphies. The onset of the changes to the skull roof, snout, mandibular ramus, and suspensorium modules occur early in growth, whereas the onset of changes to the parietal and braincase occur in adulthood. Changes continue throughout growth in all domains, aside from those to the parietal that cease at growth stage 14. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-11
Figure 31 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 31 Bivariate scatterplot showing the test of ontogenetic recapitulation of phylogenetic novelties in Tyrannosaurus rex. Growth stage rank (increases away from the origin) is along the x-axis; clade rank (increases away from the origin) is along the y-axis. If recapitulation is present, then the ranks will increase montonically from the origin. A recapitulatory pattern is not seen in T. rex; see text for details. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-31
Figure 22 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 22 Sex dimorphs of Larson (2008) mapped onto the growth curve of Tyrannosaurus rex. A transitional pattern is not seen between gracile and robust morphs; if sexual dimorphism was present, then the "gracile" and "robust" morphs should grade into each other, which is not seen. Likewise, an ontogenetic progression among the cranial and postcranial indices is not seen. See text for details. Key to specimens numbered on the growth curve is in Fig. 12. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-22
Figure 33 A in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 33 A simplified cladogram of living and extinct Archosauriformes showing 13 cranial and postcranial growth changes that are optimized as synapomorphies. Most of the growth changes are ancestral for Archosauriformes. The position of several characters at progressively exclusive clades is almost certainly an artifact of missing data (e.g., increase in mandible height, enlargement of muscle attachments, etc.) and they are predicted to be synapomorphic for Archosauriformes once the appropriate data are acquired. This comparison shows that highly derived species such as Tyrannosaurus rex do not deviate from the ancestral growth trends that first evolved in significantly smaller taxa. See text for sources; see Table 23 for the distribution of character states among the taxa. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-33
Figure 20 in A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence
Figure 20 Bivariate scatterplot showing the relationship between stratigraphic position with maturity among nine specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex. Growth stages (x-axis) and stratigraphic position (y-axis) have been converted to ranks. See Table 18 for the raw and ranked data. Maturity rank increases to the right; stratigraphic rank decreases from the origin (i.e., the upper HCF is closest to the origin, whereas the lower HCF is furthest from the origin). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9192/fig-20
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