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514 results for “Waste”
Data from: Water-repellent plant surface structure induced by gall-forming insects for waste management
Many animals and plants have evolved elaborate water-repellent microstructures on their surface, which often play important roles in their ecological adaptation. Here we report a unique type of water-repellent structure on plant surface, which develops as an insect-induced plant morphology in a social context. Some social aphids form galls on their host plant, in which they produce large amount of hydrophobic wax. Excreted honeydew is coated by the powdery wax to form "honeydew balls", which are actively disposed by soldier nymphs through an opening on their gall. These activities are enabled by a highly water-repellent inner gall surface, and we discovered that this surface is covered with dense trichomes that are not found on normal plant surface. The trichomes are coated by fine particles of the insect-produced wax, thereby realizing a high water repellency with a cooperative interaction between aphids and plants. The plant leaves on which the gall is formed often exhibit patchy areas with dense trichomes, representing an ectopic expression of the insect-induced plant morphology. In the pouch-shaped closed galls of a related social aphid species, by contrast, the inner surface was not covered with trichomes. Our findings provide a convincing example of how the extended phenotype of an animal, expressed in a plant, plays a pivotal role in maintaining sociality.
Data from: Landscape connectivity predicts chronic wasting disease risk in Canada
Predicting the spatial pattern of disease risk in wild animal populations is important for implementing effective control programmes. We developed a risk model predicting the probability that a deer harvested in a wild population was chronic wasting disease positive (CWD+) and evaluated the importance of landscape connectivity based on deer movements. We quantified landscape connectivity from deer 'resistance' to move across the landscape similar to the flow of electrical current across a hypothetical electronic circuit. Resistance values to deer movement were derived as the inverse of step selection function values constructed using movement data from GPS-collared deer. The top CWD risk model indicated risk increased over time was higher among mule deer Odocoileus hemionus than white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, males than females, and was greater in areas with high stream density and abundant agriculture. A metric of connectivity derived from mule deer movements outperformed models including Euclidean distance, with high connectivity being associated with high CWD risk. The CWD risk model was a good predictor of CWD occurrence among an independent set of surveillance data collected in subsequent years. Synthesis and applications. We found that landscape connectivity was a major contributor to the spatial pattern of chronic wasting disease (CWD) risk on a heterogeneous landscape. For this reason, future disease surveillance programmes and models of disease spread should consider landscape connectivity. In the aspen parkland ecosystem, we recommend managers focus surveillance and control efforts along river valleys surrounded by agriculture where mule deer abound, because of the high risk of CWD infection.
Data from: From inside to outside and back again: changing waste dump formation, defecation and worker localization in a clonal ant
Reproductive division of labor is a defining feature of all eusocial organisms. In the eusocial insects, non-reproductive labor is often also divided into safe tasks within the nest, such as nursing, and risky extranidal tasks, such as scouting and foraging. Within-nest (intranidal) tasks are usually performed by younger workers while older workers forage outside. This temporal specialization can be delayed, accelerated or even reversed if the need arises. Here, we studied reversion in the clonal ant Platythyrea punctata. Rather than focusing on traditional markers of temporal polyethism, such as nursing vs. foraging, we examined neglected behaviors, such as waste management and defecation, as well as the proportion of ants outside the nest and the onset of egg laying. We formed single-age groups of young intranidal, old intranidal and forager workers, and found strong differences in behavior between these groups. Intranidal workers rapidly created well-formed waste dumps (middens) and defecated within the nest, initiated egg laying sooner, and remained mostly inside the nest. Forager workers showed the reverse pattern. However, the behavior of the groups gradually converged, and after 8 weeks midden formation was similar and the proportion of ants outside the nest was identical across all groups. This study demonstrates reversible temporal polyethism in defecation and waste management, which correlates well with more traditionally studied age-related traits. Different traits seem to revert at different rates. Waste management behavior may provide an easy and low-impact way of examining behavioral reversions and allows insights into aspects of colony life not usually examined.
Data from: Comprehensive diagnosis of PCDD/F emission from three hazardous waste incinerators
Comprehensive diagnosis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions was systematically conducted on three hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs.) Results indicated that PCDD/F mainly existed in the solid phase before the bag filter. This was especially true for higher chlorinated dioxin and furan congeners (hexa-, hepta- and octa-.) The aged bag filters tended to increase the gas-phase PCDD/F. Emissions also increased due to PCDD/F desorption from circulated scrubbing solution and plastic packing media used in the wet scrubber. The PCDD/F concentrations were elevated during start-up process, reaching up to 5.4 times higher than those measured during the normal operating period. The ratios of PCDFs/PCDDs revealed that the surface-catalyzed de novo synthesis was the dominant pathway of PCDD/F formation. Installation of more efficient fabric filters, intermittent replacement of circulated scrubbing solution will result in reduced PCDD/F emission. Additionally, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF correlated well with the international toxic equivalent quantity (I-TEQ) value, which suggests that 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF could act as an I-TEQ indicator.
Data from: An experimental study of the influence of lithology on compaction behaviour of broken waste rock in coal mine backfill
The research aims to explore the influences of lithology on the compaction behaviours of broken waste rocks. For this purpose, a WAW1000D servo test machine and a self-made bidirectional loading test system for granular materials were used to conduct axial and lateral compaction tests on four typical types of broken waste rocks: sandstone, mudstone, limestone, and shale. On this basis, we analysed the relationships between lateral and axial stress with the strain in, and porosity of, the four types of broken waste rocks. In addition, the relationship of axial stress with lateral stress and lateral pressure coefficient, and the changes in the particle size distribution of broken waste rocks before, and after, compaction were discussed. The test results demonstrated that the samples of higher strength were found to have low lateral and axial strains as well as a lower porosity in axial and lateral loading tests; while samples of lower strength showed low lateral stress and lateral pressure coefficient under axial load. After being compacted, the samples of the four types of broken waste rocks were found to have a higher proportion of small particles, indicating some particle crushing. Moreover, the samples of lower strength were broken to a greater extent.
Data from: Growth profiling, kinetics and substrate utilization of low-cost dairy waste for production of β-cryptoxanthin by Kocuria marina DAGII
Dairy industry produces enormous amount of cheese whey compromising of major milk nutrients but remains unutilized all over the globe. The present study investigates the production of β-Cryptoxanthin (β-CRX) by Kocuria marina DAGII using cheese whey as substrate. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) was implemented to obtain the maximum β-CRX yield. Significant factors viz. yeast extract, peptone, cheese whey and initial pH were the input variables in both the optimizing studies and β-CRX yield and biomass were taken as output variables. The ANN topology of 4-9-2 was found to be optimum when trained with feed-forward back propagation algorithm. Experimental values of β-CRX yield (17.14 mg/L) and biomass (5.35 g/L) were compared and ANN predicted (16.99 mg/L and 5.33 g/L respectively) values were found to be more accurate compared to RSM predicted values (16.95 mg/L and 5.23 g/L respectively). Detailed kinetic analysis of cellular growth, substrate consumption and product formation revealed that growth inhibition took place at substrate concentrations higher than 12%(v/v) of cheese whey. Han and Levenspiel model was the best fitted substrate inhibition model that described the cell growth in cheese whey with a R2 and MSE of 0.9982 and 0.00477%, respectively. The potential importance of this study lies in the development, optimization, modelling and characterization of a suitable cheese whey supplemented medium for increased β-CRX production.
Relative xylanase activities [%] obtained from fermentation by using C. phragmiteti in LB medium containing 1 w/w% of dry matter waste paper as a function of fermentation time. Average values of relative xylanase activity are presented with error bars representing standard deviations of tripli-cates.
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Microbial hydrogen sinks in the sand-bentonite backfill material for the deep geological disposal of radioactive waste
<p>This is the dataset used for the paper "Microbial hydrogen sinks in the sand-bentonite backfill material for the deep geological disposal of radioactive waste", submitted for publication in December 2023.</p> <p> </p>
PROCUREMENT OF WASTE-FREE COMPLEX LIQUID FERTILIZERS AND THEIR METHODS
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PROCUREMENT OF LIQUID FERTILIZERS WITH COMPLEX CONTENT WITHOUT WASTE
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Psychochemical properties and bioactivity of biogenic nano-hydroxyapatite derived from scallop shell waste
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THE ROLE OF WASTE AS A VALUABLE SUBSTANCE
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Facilitating circularity of end-of-life photovoltaic in China by mid-century with environmental benefits and costs informed by a high-resolution waste map
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Genotype by environment interactions for chronic wasting disease in farmed U.S. white-tailed deer
<p>Despite the implementation of enhanced management practices, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in U.S. white-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus virginianus</em>; hereafter WTD) continues to expand geographically. Herein, we perform the largest genome-wide association analysis (GWAA) to date for CWD (n = 412 CWD-positive; n = 758 CWD-non-detect) using a custom Affymetrix Axiom® single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array (n = 121,010 SNPs), and confirm that differential susceptibility to CWD is a highly heritable (h<sup>2</sup> = 0.611 ± 0.056) polygenic trait in farmed U.S. WTD, but with greater trait complexity than previously appreciated. We also confirm <em>PRNP</em> codon 96 (G96S) as having the largest effects on risk (<em>P</em> ≤ 3.19E-08; Phenotypic Variance Explained ≥ 0.025) across three U.S. regions (Northeast, Midwest, South). However, 20 CWD-positive WTD possessing codon 96SS genotypes were also observed, including one that was lymph node and obex positive. Beyond <em>PRNP</em>, we also detected 23 significant SNPs (<em>P</em>-value ≤ 5E-05) implicating ≥ 24 positional candidate genes; many of which have been directly implicated in Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and prion diseases. Genotype-by-environment (GxE) interaction GWAA revealed a SNP in the lysosomal enzyme gene <em>ARSB</em> as having the most significant regional heterogeneity of effects on CWD (<em>P</em> ≤ 3.20E-06); with increasing copy number of the minor allele increasing susceptibility to CWD in the Northeast and Midwest; but with opposite effects in the South. In addition to <em>ARSB</em>, 38 significant GxE SNPs (<em>P</em>-value ≤ 5E-05) were also detected, thereby implicating ≥ 36 positional candidate genes; the majority of which have also been associated with aspects of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and prion diseases.</p>
REFLOW - Milan Foody Zero Waste Pilot Data
<p>Data collected by the Milan Pilot within the Reflow-EU-project context.</p>
Analyzing Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottle Waste Technology Using Analytic Hierarchy Process for Developing Countries: A case Study from Indonesia
<p>PET bottle waste is easy to recycle because it is easy to separate, abundant, and competitively priced. Technologies for the treatment of PET bottle waste have been evaluated to date using life cycle assessment (LCA), but this does not take into account all the aspects that policy makers consider necessary to select an acceptable technology. Aspects such as society, economics, policies, and technical applicability need to be considered along with environment and resources consumption to complement the LCA results for PET bottle waste. These aspects were selected as criteria for the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and stakeholders were invited to make a comparison evaluation of the criteria and sub criteria. Academics were involved to compare the technology option. The results show that society is the highest priority because it is the main actor that ensures the application of the technology, and job creation is the most important indicator for the selection of the technology. After comparing open landfill, sanitary landfill, incineration with energy recovery, pelletizing, glycolysis, and hydrolysis for utilization of PET bottle waste, this study suggests pelletizing as the acceptable technology for Indonesia because pelletizing is supported by social aspects and creates more jobs. This is the first time that a single plastic fraction that is easy to collect and recycle has been studied with AHP. The results show that this type of plastic could also be reused in developing countries through mechanical recycling.</p>
A 2018 Social Accounting Matrix for Germany depicting waste and recycling accounts for a circular economy
<p>The 2018 SAM for Germany comprises of 160 accounts including 63 activities, 85 commodities, margins, labor, capital, household, government, social contributions, taxes on products, activity tax, direct tax, stock change, savings and investment and the rest of the world. It is entirely based on data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis), which guarantees the highest possible degree of data-consistency. Because the initial version of the SAM (Proto-SAM) has imbalances in the government, savings and investment and the rest of the world accounts, a balanced SAM is estimated using the cross-entropy method. To ensure the consistency of the data through the estimation process, macro totals are enforced as controls for total imports, total value-added, total private consumption, total government consumption and total exports.</p>
Figure 2 from: Michlewicz M, Tryjanowski P (2017) Anthropogenic waste products as preferred nest sites for Myrmica rubra (L.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 57: 103-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.57.12491
Figure 2 - Variation in median queen size (mesosoma length in mm) between control plots and plots with waste products in Myrmica rubra. Difference is statistically insignificant. Whiskers of the boxplot represents the range of minimum and maximum values.
Figure 1 from: Michlewicz M, Tryjanowski P (2017) Anthropogenic waste products as preferred nest sites for Myrmica rubra (L.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 57: 103-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.57.12491
Figure 1 - Variation of measured nest parameters between control plots and plots with waste products in Myrmica rubra. A colony density (P < 0.0001) B nest density (P < 0.0001) C number of queens per colony (P = 0.06) D number of queens per nest (P = 0.26) E number of workers per colony (P=0.32) F number of workers per nest (P = 0.06). Numbers are given as median per plot (per 100 m2), whiskers of the boxplot represent the range of minimum and maximum values.
TECHNOLOGICAL POSSIBILITES OF UTILIZATION OF FEBRED WASTES.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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