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dataset for root canal configuration of mandibular first and second premolars using in vivo cone-beam computed tomography imaging
<p>dataset for root canal configuration of mandibular first and second premolars using in vivo cone-beam computed tomography imaging</p>
text-fig. 29. Anterior and mid-caudal vertebrae of several theropods, illustrating character states of several axial characters, a-b, Allosaurus fragilisa fourth and nineteenth caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on Madsen (1976). c, Majungatholus atopus; mid-caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 96313. d-e, Deinonychus antirrhopus; anterior caudal vertebra (?fifth), anterior and left lateral view; based on YPM 5210 and Ostrom (1969b). Abbreviations: nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-c) and 10 mm (d-e). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 29. Anterior and mid-caudal vertebrae of several theropods, illustrating character states of several axial characters, a-b, Allosaurus fragilisa fourth and nineteenth caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on Madsen (1976). c, Majungatholus atopus; mid-caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 96313. d-e, Deinonychus antirrhopus; anterior caudal vertebra (?fifth), anterior and left lateral view; based on YPM 5210 and Ostrom (1969b). Abbreviations: nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-c) and 10 mm (d-e).
text-fig. 25. Axes of two theropods, illustrating several axial characters, a-b, Dilophosaurus wetherilli-, left lateral and posterior view; based on UCMP V 4214. c-D, Deinonychus antirrhopus-, left lateral and posterior view; based on YPM 5204. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 24, and: at, atlantal intercentrum; ic, axial intercentrum; nc, neural canal; od, odontoid. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 25. Axes of two theropods, illustrating several axial characters, a-b, Dilophosaurus wetherilli-, left lateral and posterior view; based on UCMP V 4214. c-D, Deinonychus antirrhopus-, left lateral and posterior view; based on YPM 5204. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 24, and: at, atlantal intercentrum; ic, axial intercentrum; nc, neural canal; od, odontoid. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 17. Lateral view of the braincase, illustrating states for several braincase characters, a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus; redrawn from Sereno (1991Z?). B, Troödon formosus; based on Currie and Zhao (1993a); the paroccipital process of Troödon is shown in cross-section to illustrate the internal pneumatic cavity within this bone. Abbreviations: atr, anterior tympanic recess; bpt, basipterygoid process; boc, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; ep, episthotic; f, frontal; fo, fenestra ovalis; ic, foramen for the entrance of the vidian canal for the internal carotid; jf, jugular foramen; Is, laterosphenoid; mf, metotic fissure; o, orbital facet on the frontal; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; osp, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pn, pneumatic openings or cavities; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pspc, parasphenoid capsule; ptf, posttemporal foramen; vcm, exit of the vena capitis medialis; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 17. Lateral view of the braincase, illustrating states for several braincase characters, a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus; redrawn from Sereno (1991Z?). B, Troödon formosus; based on Currie and Zhao (1993a); the paroccipital process of Troödon is shown in cross-section to illustrate the internal pneumatic cavity within this bone. Abbreviations: atr, anterior tympanic recess; bpt, basipterygoid process; boc, basioccipital; bsp, basisphenoid; bt, basal tuber; ep, episthotic; f, frontal; fo, fenestra ovalis; ic, foramen for the entrance of the vidian canal for the internal carotid; jf, jugular foramen; Is, laterosphenoid; mf, metotic fissure; o, orbital facet on the frontal; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; osp, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pn, pneumatic openings or cavities; pop, paroccipital process; pro, prootic; ps, parasphenoid; pspc, parasphenoid capsule; ptf, posttemporal foramen; vcm, exit of the vena capitis medialis; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
Acoustic positioning telemetry in a case study on the Albert Canal (Belgium): VPS and YAPS positions
<p><strong>Description</strong><br> This dataset contains data of an acoustic positioning telemetry study on the Albert canal, in a 200x150 m area directly upstream of the navigation lock complex of Kwaadmechelen, Belgium. European silver eels (<em>Anguilla anguilla</em>) and Atlantic salmon smolts (<em>Salmo salar</em>) were tagged with 69-kHz acoustic transmitters (Vemco, Halifax, NS) and detected by acoustic receivers attached at the canal walls and ship guiding structures of the navigation lock complex. The study comprises 3 deployments between 2015-11-25 and 2017-06-16. At the end of each deployment, receivers were offloaded and the detections were sent to Vemco for processing and calculation of the VPS positions. Additionally, we used the raw detection data to calculate positions by use of the YAPS algorithm.</p> <p><strong>Files</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>metadata.csv</strong>: definitions for the fields in deployments.csv, receivers.csv, transmitters.csv, detections.csv, positions_vps.csv, positions_yaps.csv and gps_track.csv.</li> <li><strong>deployments.csv</strong>: Start and end date of the 3 deployments. At the end of each deployment, receivers were offloaded and the detections were sent to Vemco for processing and calculation of the VPS positions.</li> <li><strong>receivers.csv</strong>: Positions and specifications of the used receivers (VR2W and 1 VRT2-x). Receivers with short_id ST8 and ST8-2 have the same receiver_id because it concerns the same receiver deployed in another position (changed on 2017-04-05 08:47). The short_id denotes this position.</li> <li><strong>transmitters.csv:</strong> Specifications of the used transmitters. Position and start_date/end_date are only specified for fixed transmitters (i.e. reference-Rx and synchronisation-Sx transmitters). S8-2, S9-2 and R4 were added during the last deployment, and have therefore start dates that differ from deployment start dates. Synchronisation transmitters Sx were collocated with receivers with corresponding STx-id. S8 and S8-2 have the same transmitter_id because it concerns the same transmitter deployed in another position.</li> <li><strong>detections.csv</strong>: Raw receiver detections with millisecond time accuracy, needed to perform the YAPS positioning algorithm. The synchronised time was calculated from the original time by use of the synchronisation transmitters: JennaVergeynst. (2019, November 13). JennaVergeynst/time_synchronization: Code for time synchronisation of an acoustic positioning system (Version v1.0.0). Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3540681.</li> <li><strong>positions_vps.csv</strong>: Positions of fish, synchronisation and reference transmitters and test tracks from the Vemco Positioning System (VPS).</li> <li><strong>positions_yaps.csv</strong>: Positions of fish, synchronisation and reference transmitters and test tracks calculated with YAPS (Yet Another Positioning System): Baktoft, H., Gjelland, K. Ø., Økland, F., & Thygesen, U. H. (2017). Positioning of aquatic animals based on time‐of‐arrival and random walk models using YAPS (Yet Another Positioning Solver). Scientific Reports, 7(1), 14294. https://github.com/baktoft/yaps. The used code to prepare the synchronised detections as input data for YAPS, can be found on JennaVergeynst. (2019, November 13). JennaVergeynst/prepare_toa_for_yaps: Code to prepare TOA-data for YAPS (Version v1.0.0). Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3540683</li> <li><strong>gps_track.csv</strong>: GPS positions of 2 test tracks: a track on 4 August with transmitter 255 and 53429 and one on 5 August with transmitter 16200.</li> </ul>
Fish tracks and hydrodynamics at the navigation lock complex in Kwaadmechelen (Albert Canal, Belgium)
<p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>Swimming tracks of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) upstream of the navigation lock complex in Kwaadmechelen (Albert Canal, Belgium), calculated with the YAPS algorithm. The swimming direction of the tracks is from square to circle. The eels were tagged with V9 and V13 Vemco transmitters, with a random burst interval of 17-33 seconds.</p> <p>The flow at the upstream side of the complex is modelled by use of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) for one of the following events occurring during the fish track: filling of the Northern Lock (NL), filling of the Middle Lock (ML), filling of the Pushed Convoy Lock (PCL) and operation of the hydropower turbines.</p> <p>The left panel of each figure contains time series of parameters characterising the track, from top to bottom: fish-flow angle (angle), water velocity at the fish position (U), water acceleration at the fish position (A), distance to flow source (dist), discharge of the lock filling (flow), progress of the filling in minutes (min), fish velocity (V fish) and turning angle (turn).</p> <p><strong>Files</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Kwaadmechelen_study_area.jpg</strong>: air picture of the navigation lock complex, with the different structures indicated</li> <li><strong>lock_filling_passage_LOCK_ID_x.png</strong>: track during filling of a lock, followed by passage of the lock</li> <li><strong>lock_filling_nopassage_LOCK_ID_x.png</strong>: track during filling of a lock, but not followed by passage of the lock</li> <li><strong>no_flow</strong><strong>_ID_x.png</strong>: tracks during periods when no flow is present</li> <li><strong>turbine_flow_passage_xcub_ID_x.png</strong>: track during turbine operation (at ... m3/s) followed by passage via one of the turbines</li> <li><strong>turbine_flow_nopassage_xcub_ID_x.png</strong>: track during turbine operation (at ... m3/s) not followed by passage via one of the turbines</li> </ul>
FIG. 8 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them
FIG. 8. New interpretation of the configuration of the lateral line scales illustrating features common to all ten study species (based on Embiotoca jacksoni, but see Figs. 5, 6, 7). Rostral to the left. Overlapping lateral line scales (black) sit beneath the epidermis (gray) at a shallow angle in the dermis (light gray). Tubular canal segments (one depicted in 3-D) form a continuous, epithelium-lined canal lumen that runs parallel to the skin surface. The infrascalar and suprascalar pores (the right and left open ends of the canal segment, respectively, in each scale) are represented by dashed lines in two scales. See text for additional explanation. Abbreviations: llc, lateral line canal; m, trunk muscle; n, canal neuromast; p, pore (dotted line); plln, posterior lateral line nerve; s, scale.
FIG. 5 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them
FIG. 5. Sections of the trunk canal in embiotocids with semi-diagrammatic representations. (A, B) Embiotoca jacksoni; (C, D) Micrometrus minimus; (E, F) Phanerodon furcatus; (G, H) Cymatogaster aggregata. Rostral to left. Diagrams drawn by tracing histological sections (B, D, F, H) highlight key anatomical features including the location of each neuromast (n, with domed cupula) and a 3-D representation of one tubular canal segment in a scale. Dotted lines denote the anterior suprascalar pore and the posterior infrascalar pore of the canal segment. Scales are located in the dermis and covered by an epidermis (gray); canal lumen is lined with epithelium (gray). Curvature of the scale roof and/or base (black) and separation of tissue layers are preparation artifacts. Scale bars: 500 lm.
FIG. 4 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them
FIG. 4. Sagittal section through the trunk canal of the embiotocid Embiotoca jacksoni showing the location of canal neuromasts (n) in the canal segments contained in the lateral line scales (s). Rostral to left. The scales sit within the dermis and beneath the epidermis; the lumen of the canal (llc) is lined by epithelium. The thin dotted line drawn between opposing tips of what appears to be one scale would suggest that the scales sit at a 458 angle within the dermis (see Fig. 2). However, the thicker dashed lines indicate the ends of the tubular canal segment (out of plane of section), which connect the base and roof of each canal segment. Scale bar: 500 lm. Abbreviations: dct, dermal connective tissue; llc, lateral line canal; m, trunk muscle; n, canal neuromast; p, pore; s, scale.
FIG. 3 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them
FIG. 3. Sagittal views of trunk canal in semi-diagrammatic form redrawn from (A) Coombs et al. (1988), but originally published by Weber and Schiewe (1976) and presumably based on a salmonid, and (B) Allis (1889) from his monograph on the anatomy and development of the lateral line system in Amia calva. Rostral is to left. Abbreviations: dct, dermal connective tissue; llc, lateral line canal; n, canal neuromast; p, pore; plln, posterior lateral line nerve; s, scale.
FIG. 2 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them
FIG. 2. Sample of figures from ichthyology and comparative anatomy textbooks depicting the configuration of the lateral line scales and the trunk canal contained within them in sagittal section (rostral to the left). Figures have been redrawn to provide uniform labeling. See text for additional explanation. (A) From Romer and Parsons, 1977 based on Perca sp.; (B) from Barton, 2007; (C) from Helfman et al., 2009; (D) from Weichert, 1958; (E) from Walker and Liem, 1994; (F) from Moyle and Cech, 1982 (originally published by Dijkgraaf, 1962), without indication of the lateral line nerve. Abbreviations: llc, lateral line canal; n, canal neuromast; p, pore (dotted line); plln, posterior lateral line nerve; s, scale; sn, superficial neuromast.
FIG. 1 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them
FIG. 1. Lateral line scales composing the trunk canal. (A) Trunk canal in a damselfish (based on Pristotis obtusirostris). (B) Cleared and stained lateral line scales of P. obtusirostris (¼P. jerdoni, MCZ 54084, 80 mm SL) in the position of the box in A. (C) Lateral line scale from Chromis lepidolepis (MCZ uncat., 58 mm SL) showing the suprascalar pore (solid line) on the scale surface and the infrascalar pore (dotted line) on the underside of the scale. The suprascalar and infrascalar pores represent the anterior and posterior ends (respectively) of the short tubular canal segment within a lateral line scale, which link the canal lumen in adjacent overlapping scales. Abbreviations: isp, infrascalar pore; llc, lateral line canal; ssp, suprascalar pore. B and C President and Fellows of Harvard College.
FIG. 7 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them
FIG. 7. Sections of the trunk canal in pleuronectiform (bothid, pleuronectid) fishes with semi-diagrammatic representations. (A, B) Hippoglossoides ellasodon; (C, D) Lyopsetta exilis; (E, F) Glyptocephalus zachirus. Rostral to left. Note that pores are not present (consistent with Voronina, 2009b). Diagrams drawn by tracing histological sections (B, D, F) highlight key anatomical features including the location of each neuromast (n, with domed cupula) in the canal segment within a scale, and include a 3-D representation of one tubular canal segment in a scale. Dotted lines denote the anterior suprascalar pore and the posterior infrascalar pore of the canal segment. Scales are in the dermis, beneath the epidermis (gray); canal lumen is lined with epithelium (gray). Curvature of the scale roof and/or base (black) and separation of tissue layers are preparation artifacts. Scale bars: 500 lm.
FIG. 6 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them
FIG. 6. Sections of the trunk canal in pomacentrids with semi-diagrammatic representations. (A, B) Abudefduf saxatilis (MCZ 42671); (C, D) Plectroglyphidodon dickii (MCZ 82690); (E, F) Amphiprion ocellaris (neuromasts not visible in plane of section). Rostral to left. Diagrams drawn by tracing histological sections (B, D, F) highlight key anatomical features including the location of each neuromast (n, with domed cupula) in the canal segment within a scale, and include a 3-D representation of one tubular canal segment in a scale. Dotted lines denote the anterior suprascalar pore and the posterior infrascalar pore of the canal segment. Scales are located in the dermis, which is covered by an epidermis (gray); canal lumen is lined with epithelium (gray). Curvature of the scale roof and/or base (black) and separation of tissue layers are preparation artifacts. Scale bars: 500 lm. A and C President and Fellows of Harvard College.
FIGURE 5 in THE SUPRATEMPORAL SYSTEM AND THE PATTERN OF RAMIFICATION OF CEPHALIC SENSORY CANALS IN DENTICEPS CLUPEOIDES (DENTICIPITOIDEI, TELEOSTEI): ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY OF CLUPEIFORMES AND CLUPEOIDEI
FIGURE 5. Main components of the latero-sensory system in the supraorbital and temporal regions of the cranium in Denticeps clupeoides (MZUSP 84776). Lateral view, left side. Extrascapular not represented. The sinus temporalis portion of the supratemporal system (ss) fills the temporal foramen chamber (tfc), which also houses the temporal foramen. Three tubules of the supratemporal system are present in this specimen (atss, ptss1, and ptss2), but 2 to 5 tubules are variably present in other specimens examined. Dark grey represents portions of cephalic canals enclosed or overlain by bone; light grey represents canals in soft tissue. Dermal denticles, tubule of supraorbital cavern, and extrascapular not represented. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 6 in THE SUPRATEMPORAL SYSTEM AND THE PATTERN OF RAMIFICATION OF CEPHALIC SENSORY CANALS IN DENTICEPS CLUPEOIDES (DENTICIPITOIDEI, TELEOSTEI): ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY OF CLUPEIFORMES AND CLUPEOIDEI
FIGURE 6. Postorbital bulla and surrounding structures in Denticeps clupeoides (MZUSP 84776). Lateral view, left side. Dark grey represents portions of cephalic canals enclosed or overlain by bone; light grey represents canals in soft tissue. Dashed ellipse shows the postorbital bulla. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 3 in THE SUPRATEMPORAL SYSTEM AND THE PATTERN OF RAMIFICATION OF CEPHALIC SENSORY CANALS IN DENTICEPS CLUPEOIDES (DENTICIPITOIDEI, TELEOSTEI): ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY OF CLUPEIFORMES AND CLUPEOIDEI
FIGURE 3. Temporal region of the cranium in Clupea harengus (ANSP 157065). Lateral view, left side. The sinus temporalis (st) fills the temporal foramen (tf). Branching of the sinus temporalis not represented. Dark grey represents portions of cephalic canals enclosed by bone; light grey represents canals in soft tissue. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in THE SUPRATEMPORAL SYSTEM AND THE PATTERN OF RAMIFICATION OF CEPHALIC SENSORY CANALS IN DENTICEPS CLUPEOIDES (DENTICIPITOIDEI, TELEOSTEI): ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY OF CLUPEIFORMES AND CLUPEOIDEI
FIGURE 2. Cephalic latero-sensory canals and superficial bones of the head in Dorosoma cepedianum (82 mm S.L.), after Stephens (1985). Lateral view, left side. Inset shows extensive branching of the post-temporal canal based on a 290 mm S.L. specimen. Dark grey represents portions of cephalic canals enclosed or overlain by bone; light grey represents canals in soft tissue. Branches are numbered according to Stephens (1985). Supratemporal system not represented. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 4 in THE SUPRATEMPORAL SYSTEM AND THE PATTERN OF RAMIFICATION OF CEPHALIC SENSORY CANALS IN DENTICEPS CLUPEOIDES (DENTICIPITOIDEI, TELEOSTEI): ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY OF CLUPEIFORMES AND CLUPEOIDEI
FIGURE 4. Cephalic latero-sensory canals (A) and superficial bones of the head (B) in Denticeps clupeoides (MZUSP 84776). Lateral view, left side. Dark grey represents portions of cephalic canals enclosed or overlain by bone; light grey represents canals in soft tissue. Dermal denticles not represented. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in THE SUPRATEMPORAL SYSTEM AND THE PATTERN OF RAMIFICATION OF CEPHALIC SENSORY CANALS IN DENTICEPS CLUPEOIDES (DENTICIPITOIDEI, TELEOSTEI): ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR MONOPHYLY OF CLUPEIFORMES AND CLUPEOIDEI
FIGURE 1. Freshly-preserved specimen of Denticeps clupeoides (SAIAB 74877; same collection as MZUSP 84776), 42.1 mm S.L. Photo by R. Bills.
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