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Fig. 8 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 8. Principal endocranial features in Squalus acanthias superimposed on outlines of the braincase. Dorsal view (A); ventral view (B); right lateral view (C). After Schaeffer (1981). No scale.

Fig. 10 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 10. Notorynchus cepedianus neurocranium digitally resliced in transverse plane (corresponding to x–y axes of original CT scans). Sequence (A–U) passes from front to back of braincase. View A corresponds to figure 4A. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 4. Ventral view of Notorynchus cepedianus braincase; external virtual image rendered from CT scans. Anterior to top of page. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 5. Lateral views of Notorynchus cepedianus braincase; external virtual images rendered from CT scans. Right side (A); left side (B). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 1. Notorynchus cepedianus braincase photographed in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and left lateral (C) views. This illustration is included for comparison with digital images from CT scans in the remaining illustrations. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 2. Notorynchus braincase and jaws in lateral view, showing their articular relationships (after Daniel). No scale.

Fig. 3 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of Notorynchus cepedianus braincase; external virtual image rendered from CT scans. Anterior to top of page. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 9. Virtual endocast of the left labyrinth region in Notorynchus. (A) lateral view; (B) medial view; (C) dorsal view; (D) ventral view; (E) posterior view; (F) anterior view. Imaris/Surpass surface rendering.

Fig. 11 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 11. Notorynchus cepedianus braincase, digitally resliced in sagittal plane (corresponding to x– z axes of original CT scans). Sequence (A–J) passes from left to right of braincase. View A corresponds to figure 3B. Scale bar = 10 mm.

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Biological performance of a bioabsorbable Poly (L-Lactic Acid) produced in polymerization unit: in vivo studies - HEMATOXYLIN&EOSIN, MASSON AND CT SCAN IMAGES

CT, hematoxylin & eosin and masson staining images of the animals in the experimental biocompatibility study. Groups at 6 months post implantation and groups at 9 months post implantation. In addition to the subgroups lesion with PLLA and lesion without PLLA

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Text-fig. 1. Schematic drawing, demonstrating the basic endoskeletal elements of the craniate head. Sclerotomic derivatives red and pharyngoqualar derivatives yellow. b: basal pharyngoqualar segment; c: ceratal pharyngoqualar segment; ct: cartilago teniformis (blue); e: epal pharyngoqualar segment; gr: gill rays; h: hypal pharyngoqualar segment; la: lower arcual element; lt: laterotectal element; mt: mediotectal element; n: notochord (green); s: summital pharyngoqualar segment; t: telical pharyngoqualar segment; ua: upper arcual element. in Cartilago Teniformis And Its Derivatives: Additional Information On The Basic Composition And Evolution Of The Skull

Text-fig. 1. Schematic drawing, demonstrating the basic endoskeletal elements of the craniate head. Sclerotomic derivatives red and pharyngoqualar derivatives yellow. b: basal pharyngoqualar segment; c: ceratal pharyngoqualar segment; ct: cartilago teniformis (blue); e: epal pharyngoqualar segment; gr: gill rays; h: hypal pharyngoqualar segment; la: lower arcual element; lt: laterotectal element; mt: mediotectal element; n: notochord (green); s: summital pharyngoqualar segment; t: telical pharyngoqualar segment; ua: upper arcual element.

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet.

Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus.

Text-fig. 6. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in endocranial view. a – shaded drawing; b – line drawing with labels. Abbreviations: app – apex partis petrosae, cc – cochlear canaliculus, crp – crista petrosa, cs – cerebral surface, iam – internal acoustic meatus, lji – lateral jugular incisure, me – mastoid exposure, mji – medial jugular incisure, saf – subarcuate fossa, sips – sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus, soev – sulcus for occipital emissary vein, sss – sulcus for sigmoid sinus, tc – transverse crest, to ptc – to posttemporal canal, va – vestibular aqueduct. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 6. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in endocranial view. a – shaded drawing; b – line drawing with labels. Abbreviations: app – apex partis petrosae, cc – cochlear canaliculus, crp – crista petrosa, cs – cerebral surface, iam – internal acoustic meatus, lji – lateral jugular incisure, me – mastoid exposure, mji – medial jugular incisure, saf – subarcuate fossa, sips – sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus, soev – sulcus for occipital emissary vein, sss – sulcus for sigmoid sinus, tc – transverse crest, to ptc – to posttemporal canal, va – vestibular aqueduct.

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus.

Text-fig. 5. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in tympanic view; the posttympanic process of the squamosal and some possible entotympanic are also included. a – isosurface; b – line drawing with labels. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions on medial flange. Abbreviations: ams – anteromedial septum, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, cct – canal for chorda tympani nerve, ci – crista interfenestralis, cof – cochlear fossula, cp – crista parotica, ctp – caudal tympanic process, en? – possible entotympanic, epc – epitympanic crest, ew – epitympanic wing, fc – facial canal, fv – fenestra in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 5. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in tympanic view; the posttympanic process of the squamosal and some possible entotympanic are also included. a – isosurface; b – line drawing with labels. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions on medial flange. Abbreviations: ams – anteromedial septum, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, cct – canal for chorda tympani nerve, ci – crista interfenestralis, cof – cochlear fossula, cp – crista parotica, ctp – caudal tympanic process, en? – possible entotympanic, epc – epitympanic crest, ew – epitympanic wing, fc – facial canal, fv – fenestra

Text-fig. 3. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, coronal sections from CT scans. a – section 590 of 2020 through the anteriormost tympanic cavity showing air spaces in the entotympanic and squamosal; b – section 898 of 2020 at level of the fenestra vestibuli showing the mastoid sinus. Abbreviations: bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, cp – crista parotica, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fv – fenestra vestibuli, hyf – hypophyseal fossa, m – malleus, ms – mastoid sinus, pr – promontorium, sq – squamosal, tc – tympanic cavity. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 3. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, coronal sections from CT scans. a – section 590 of 2020 through the anteriormost tympanic cavity showing air spaces in the entotympanic and squamosal; b – section 898 of 2020 at level of the fenestra vestibuli showing the mastoid sinus. Abbreviations: bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, cp – crista parotica, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fv – fenestra vestibuli, hyf – hypophyseal fossa, m – malleus, ms – mastoid sinus, pr – promontorium, sq – squamosal, tc – tympanic cavity.

Text-fig. 4. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, basicranial isosurface from CT scans in oblique posteroventral view: left petrosal in blue and small piece of left entotympanic in red. The white arrow on the left petrosal passes through a canal traversed by the tympanic nerve. Abbreviations: abX – foramen for auricular branch of vagus nerve, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, as – alisphenoid, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, ctp – caudal tympanic process, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, oc – occipital condyle, pcf – posterior carotid foramen, pp – paroccipital process of petrosal, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ptp – posttympanic process of squamosal, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sq – squamosal, stf – stapedial artery foramen, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 4. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, basicranial isosurface from CT scans in oblique posteroventral view: left petrosal in blue and small piece of left entotympanic in red. The white arrow on the left petrosal passes through a canal traversed by the tympanic nerve. Abbreviations: abX – foramen for auricular branch of vagus nerve, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, as – alisphenoid, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, ctp – caudal tympanic process, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, oc – occipital condyle, pcf – posterior carotid foramen, pp – paroccipital process of petrosal, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ptp – posttympanic process of squamosal, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sq – squamosal, stf – stapedial artery foramen, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal.

Text-fig. 1. a, c – Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, skull in ventral, right lateral view; b – Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, skull in ventral view. Abbreviations: pa – porus acousticus, ptf – posttemporal foramen. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 1. a, c – Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, skull in ventral, right lateral view; b – Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, skull in ventral view. Abbreviations: pa – porus acousticus, ptf – posttemporal foramen.