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FIGURE 3. Particular Mascarenan ecosystems. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications
FIGURE 3. Particular Mascarenan ecosystems. A. Hyperhumid montane 'Avoune' vegetation dominated by the endemic Erica reunionensis (Ericaceae), with most trunks and branches fully covered by epiphytes (liverworts, mosses, peat mosses, lycopods and ferns, especially here Hymenophyllum capillare and H. inaequale, and orchids) (La Réunion, 'Pitons Mare à Boue', ~1,600 m). B. Montane 'Tamarinaie' dominated by endemic Acacia heterophylla (Fabaceae), showing as for 'Avoune' tree-trunks and branches fully covered by epiphytes, including here H. inaequale (La Réunion, 'Bélouve', ~1,520 m). C. Remnant of leeward lowland semi-dry forest (La Réunion, 'Ilet Solitude', ~550 m). D. Typical wet ravines that host lithophytic Hymenophyllaceae on the wet and shaded rocks close to streams and waterfalls. (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; B–C: J.-M. Tamon; D: A. Mercier).
FIGURE 8. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications
FIGURE 8. A. Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel., as epiphyte on a tree-trunk (Mauritius, 'Bar le Duc'). B. C. bipunctatum, detail of segments with false veins parallel to the margins (fv). C. C. bipunctatum, sori (s) with triangular lips. D. C. bonapartei (C.Chr.) J.P.Roux, as lithophyte on wet rock (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). E. C. bonapartei, detail of subsessile or short-stipitate fronds and one sorus (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; B–C: L. Bauret; D–E: E. Grangaud).
FIGURE 2. Wet Mascarenan ecosystems. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications
FIGURE 2. Wet Mascarenan ecosystems. A. Lowland windward rainforest dominated by Sapotaceae trees, showing the understory with numerous low epiphytic and terrestrial free-sporing plants (liverworts, mosses, ferns, lycopods and spikemosses) and a few herbaceous angiosperms (especially orchids) (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue' forest, ~450 m). B. Montane rainforest dominated by Dombeyoideae (Malvaceae) trees and Alsophila spp. tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae) as emergents from the canopy (La Réunion, 'Cassé de Takamaka, Bébour', 1,100–1,200 m). C. Montane ericoid thickets (La Réunion, 'Enclos du Piton de la Fournaise', ~2,200 m). (Photographs. A, C: C. Chaussidon; B: J.-M. Tamon).
FIGURE 10. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications
FIGURE 10. A. Crepidomanes inopinatum (Pic.Serm.) J.P.Roux var. inopinatum, as lithophyte (La Réunion, 'Petite Plaine'). B. C. inopinatum var. tamonii Y.Robert & Dubuisson, habit (Y. Robert 913, P02433924). C. C. minutum (Blume) K.Iwats. var. minutum, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Bébour'). D. C. minutum var. minutum, frond with long terete wingless stipe. E. C. minutum var. minutum, showing stipe proliferation, scale = 1 cm (from Madagascar, F. Rakotondrainibe 3698, P00085267). F. C. minutum var. mascarenense Pynee & Dubuisson, as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). G. C. minutum var. mascarenense, detail of fronds with short stipes. (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; C–D: C. Chaussidon; F–G: E. Grangaud).
FIGURE 13 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications
FIGURE 13. Didymoglossum cuspidatum (Willd.) Ebihara & Dubuisson. A. Typical sub-circular, and lanceolate to deltoid sterile forms as usually observed (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). B. Linear sterile forms (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). C. Ovate to lanceolate fertile fronds with apical sori (La Réunion, 'Forêt de Bon Accueil, Les Makes'). D. Narrowly lanceolate fertile frond with apical sori (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). E. Small sub-circular/ovate fertile frond with a single sorus, showing sub-marginal false vein (mfv) and false veins parallel to true veins (fv) (photographs. A–D: J.-Y. Dubuisson; E: L. Bauret).
FIGURE 17. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications
FIGURE 17. A. Hymenophyllum balfourii Baker, holotype (La Réunion, I.B. Balfour s.n., K000435603). B. H. inaequale (Poir.) Desv., as epiphyte, narrowly lanceolate form (La Réunion, 'Mare Longue'). C. H. inaequale, widely lanceolate to ovate form (La Réunion, 'Forêt de Bon Accueil, Les Makes'). D. H. inaequale, detail of glabrous segments and sori (photographs. B. L. Bauret; C–D: J.-Y. Dubuisson).
FIGURE 1 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications
FIGURE 1. Location of the Mascarene Archipelago (or Mascarenes) in the western Indian Ocean (from Pynee et al. 2012).
FIGURE 16. A in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications
FIGURE 16. A. Hymenophyllum hirsutum (L.) Sw., as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Grand Etang'). B. H. hirsutum, detail of a frond showing the hairy winged stipe. C. H. hirsutum, detail of bilabiate hairy sori. D. H. hygrometricum (Poir.) Desv., as epiphyte (La Réunion, 'Bébour'). E. H. hygrometricum, wet fronds become greener as shown here (photographs. A: J.-Y. Dubuisson; B–C: L. Bauret; D–E: C. Chaussidon).
FIGURE 20 in Disentangling the diversity and taxonomy of Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllales, Polypodiidae) in the Mascarene archipelago, with ecological implications
FIGURE 20. Elevational distribution on each Hymenophyllaceae taxon on the windward (red plots) and leeward (blue plots) sides of La Réunion, and correspondence with thermal zones or ranges according to Cadet (1980) and provided here for the windward side, with ranges of annual average temperatures. The dotted horizontal lines correspond to the limits of leeward ecosystems. The plots indicate the average elevation. Crepidomanes trinerve is here lacking because it was only observed at a single locality on the leeward side ('Les Canots' at ~800 m). The range of each taxon, as illustrated by the vertical lines, is assumed to correspond to the range between the minimum and the maximum elevation at which they have been observed, even if the taxon has not been observed in all the intermediate localities between such limits.
Data from: Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams
Agricultural land use is a primary driver of environmental impacts on streams. However, the causal processes that shape these impacts operate through multiple pathways and at several spatial scales. This complexity undermines the development of more effective management approaches, and illustrates the need for more in-depth studies to assess the mechanisms that determine changes in stream biodiversity. Here we present results of the most comprehensive multi-scale assessment of the biological condition of streams in the Amazon to date, examining functional responses of fish assemblages to land use. We sampled fish assemblages from two large human-modified regions, and characterized stream conditions by physical habitat attributes and key landscape-change variables, including density of road crossings (i.e. riverscape fragmentation), deforestation, and agricultural intensification. Fish species were functionally characterized using ecomorphological traits describing feeding, locomotion, and habitat preferences, and these traits were used to derive indices that quantitatively describe the functional structure of the assemblages. Using structural equation modeling, we disentangled multiple drivers operating at different spatial scales, identifying causal pathways that significantly affect stream condition and the structure of the fish assemblages. Deforestation at catchment and riparian network scales altered the channel morphology and the stream bottom structure, changing the functional identity of assemblages. Local deforestation reduced the functional evenness of assemblages (i.e. increased dominance of specific trait combinations) mediated by expansion of aquatic vegetation cover. Riverscape fragmentation reduced functional richness, evenness and divergence, suggesting a trend toward functional homogenization and a reduced range of ecological niches within assemblages following the loss of regional connectivity. These results underscore the often-unrecognized importance of different land use changes, each of which can have marked effects on stream biodiversity. We draw on the relationships observed herein to suggest priorities for the improved management of stream systems in the multiple-use landscapes that predominate in human-modified tropical forests.
Data from: Disentangling the 'brown world' faecal-detritus interaction web: dung beetle effects on soil microbial properties
Many ecosystem services are sustained by the combined action of microscopic and macroscopic organisms, and shaped by interactions between the two. However, studies tend to focus on only one of these two components. We combined the two by investigating the impact of macrofauna on microbial community composition and functioning in the context of a major ecosystem process: the decomposition of dung. We compared bacterial communities of pasture soil and experimental dung pats inhabited by one (Aphodius), two (Aphodius and Geotrupes), or no dung beetle genera. Overall, we found distinct microbial communities in soil and dung samples, and that the communities converged over the course of the experiment. Characterising the soil microbial communities underlying the dung pats revealed a significant interactive effect between the microflora and macrofauna, where the diversity and composition of microbial communities was significantly affected by the presence or absence of dung beetles. The specific identity of the beetles had no detectable impact, but the microbial evenness was lower in the presence of both Aphodius and Geotrupes than in the presence of Aphodius alone. Differences in microbial community composition were associated with differences in substrate usage as measured by Ecoplates. Moreover, microbial communities with similar compositions showed more similar substrate usage. Our study suggests that the presence of macrofauna (dung beetles) will modify the microflora (bacteria) of both dung pats and pasture soil, including community diversity and functioning. In particular, the presence of dung beetles promotes the transfer of bacteria across the soil–dung interface, resulting in increased similarity in community structure and functioning. The results demonstrate that to understand how microbes contribute to the ecosystem process of dung decomposition, there is a need to understand their interactions with larger co-occurring fauna.
Data from: Disentangling invasion processes in a dynamic shipping - boating network
The relative importance of multiple vectors to the initial establishment, spread, and population dynamics of invasive species remains poorly understood. This study used molecular methods to clarify the roles of commercial shipping and recreational boating in the invasion by the cosmopolitan tunicate, Botryllus schlosseri. We evaluated i) single vs. multiple introduction scenarios, ii) the relative importance of shipping and boating to primary introductions, iii) the interaction between these vectors for spread (i.e., the presence of a shipping-boating network), and iv) the role of boating in determining population similarity. Tunicates were sampled from 26 populations along the Nova Scotia, Canada, coast that were exposed to either shipping (i.e., ports), or boating (i.e., marinas) activities. A total of 874 individuals (~30 per population) from 5 ports and 21 marinas was collected and analyzed using both mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and 10 nuclear microsatellite markers. The geographical location of multiple hotspot populations indicates that multiple invasions have occurred in Nova Scotia. A loss of genetic diversity from port to marina populations suggests a stronger influence of ships than recreational boats on primary coastal introductions. Population similarity analysis reveals a clear dependence of marina populations on those that had been previously established in ports and connectivity due to a boating network better explains patterns in population similarities than does natural spread. We conclude that frequent primary introductions arise by ships and that secondary spread occurs gradually thereafter around individual ports, facilitated by recreational boating.
FIGURE 1. A. Moquiniastrum polymorphum, capitulum with female florets. B. M in Moquiniastrum (Gochnatieae, Asteraceae): disentangling the paraphyletic Gochnatia
FIGURE 1. A. Moquiniastrum polymorphum, capitulum with female florets. B. M. blanchetianum, paniculiform synflorescence, capitula with female florets. C. M. cinereum, paniculiform synflorescence, capitula with hermaphrodite florets. D. M. barrosoae, shrub habit. E. M. cordatum, sub-shrub habit. F. M. haumanianum, sub-shrub habit. G. M. polymorphum, tree habit. Photographs: A, D, G, F by G. Sancho; B, C, E by N. Roque.
Figure 2 in Disentangling prey-handling efficiency of larval newts through multivariate prey trait analysis
Figure 2. Biplots of handling efficiency traits ("concealment", "body shape" and "body flexibility") obtained from a fuzzy principal component analysis. See legend of Figure 1 for further explanations.
Figure 1 in Disentangling prey-handling efficiency of larval newts through multivariate prey trait analysis
Figure 1. Biplots of handling efficiency traits ("mobility", "trajectory" and "agility") obtained from a fuzzy principal component analysis. Position of species depending on the prey present in gut contents (A, C, E) and axes interpretation, including the histogram of eigenvalues (B, D, F).
Figure 3 in Disentangling prey-handling efficiency of larval newts through multivariate prey trait analysis
Figure 3. Component analysis of the scores of the eigenvalues grouped by traits ("mobility", "trajectory", "agility", "concealment", "body shape" and "body flexibility"). Eigenvalues are represented by numbers of each axis (1, 2, 3 and 4).
Ageing as early-life inertia: disentangling life-history trade-offs along a lifetime of an individual
<p>The theory that ageing evolves because of competitive resource allocation between the soma and the germline has been challenged by studies showing that somatic maintenance can be improved without impairing reproduction. However, it has been suggested that cost-free improvement in somatic maintenance is possible only under a narrow range of benign conditions. Here we show that experimental downregulation of insulin/IGF-1 signalling (IIS) in C. elegans nematodes, a robustly reproducible lifespan and healthspan-extending treatment, reduces fitness in a complex variable environment when initiated during development but does not reduce fitness when initiated in adulthood. Thus, our results show that the costs and benefits of reduced IIS can be uncoupled when organisms inhabit variable environments, and, therefore, do not provide support for the resource allocation theory. Our findings support the theory that the force of natural selection on gene expression in evolutionarily conserved signalling pathways that shape life-history traits declines after the onset of reproduction resulting in organismal senescence.</p>
Figure 6. A–C, Potamonautes perlatus s.s in Disentangling the divergence and cladogenesis in the freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes perlatus sensu lato) in the Cape Fold Mountains, South Africa, with the description of two novel cryptic lineages
Figure 6. A–C, Potamonautes perlatus s.s. male neotype (SAM A45755): A, left gonopod 1, anterior view; B, left gonopod 1 posterior view; C, left gonopod 2 posterior view. D–F, Potamonautes barbarai sp. nov. male holotype (SAM A41061): D, left gonopod 1, anterior view; E, left gonopod 1 posterior view; F, left gonopod 2 posterior view; and G–I, Potamonautes barnardi sp. nov. male holotype (SAM A41013): G, left gonopod 1, anterior view; H, left gonopod 1 posterior view; I, left gonopod 2 posterior view. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
Figure 3. A in Disentangling the divergence and cladogenesis in the freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes perlatus sensu lato) in the Cape Fold Mountains, South Africa, with the description of two novel cryptic lineages
Figure 3. A consensus Bayesian inference phylogram of Potamonautes perlatus s.l. from the combined nuDNA (28S rRNA) and mtDNA (cytochrome oxidase I and 16S rRNA) data sets as well as outgroups. Node support values are shown by maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values above and maximum parsimony (MP)/posterior probabilities of Bayesian inference (BI) below. Low bootstrap support (<75% for MP and ML) and posterior probability (<0.95 for BI) values are not shown. The * is indicative of nodes that are not statistically supported.
Figure 1. Sampling localities for Potamonautes perlatus s.l in Disentangling the divergence and cladogenesis in the freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes perlatus sensu lato) in the Cape Fold Mountains, South Africa, with the description of two novel cryptic lineages
Figure 1. Sampling localities for Potamonautes perlatus s.l. along rivers occurring on the Cape Fold Mountains. The black circles with adjacent numbers represent localities (see Table 1 for names).
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