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373 results for “herbaceous”
Grazing intensity effects on herbaceous community composition in burned sagebrush-steppe
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Data from: Estimation of woody and herbaceous leaf area index in Sub-Saharan Africa using MODIS data
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Data from: Invasive herbaceous respond more negatively to elevated ozone concentration than native species
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Associations among cotyledon developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in response to shading and burial depth in five herbaceous species at early seedling stage
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Soil organic matter responses to nutrient enrichment in the Nutrient Network:Nutrient Network. A cross-site investigation of bottom-up control over herbaceous plant community dynamics and ecosystem function.
This experiment is one implementation of a globally distributed experiment, known as the Nutrient Network. At Cedar Creek, as in over 70 other sites in grasslands around the world, the experiment aims to describe impacts of increased nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and other metals) and decreased herbivory (removal of mammals by fencing). Two overarching questions are being explored with these manipulations: 1. To what extent are plant production and diversity co-limited by multiple nutrients in herbaceous-dominated communities? 2. Under what conditions do grazers or fertilization control plant biomass, diversity, and composition? By utilizing identical protocols at diverse grassland sites around the world, NutNet aims to uncover both the generalities in ecosystem functioning, and the contingencies or differences which can obscure those common mechanisms. In addition to the standard NutNet protocol, e247 includes an additional low Nitrogen gradient (1 gram Nitrogen per meter squared per year and 5 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year in addition to the standard 10 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year).
Soil nutrient analysis:Nutrient Network. A cross-site investigation of bottom-up control over herbaceous plant community dynamics and ecosystem function.
This experiment is one implementation of a globally distributed experiment, known as the Nutrient Network. At Cedar Creek, as in over 70 other sites in grasslands around the world, the experiment aims to describe impacts of increased nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and other metals) and decreased herbivory (removal of mammals by fencing). Two overarching questions are being explored with these manipulations: 1. To what extent are plant production and diversity co-limited by multiple nutrients in herbaceous-dominated communities? 2. Under what conditions do grazers or fertilization control plant biomass, diversity, and composition? By utilizing identical protocols at diverse grassland sites around the world, NutNet aims to uncover both the generalities in ecosystem functioning, and the contingencies or differences which can obscure those common mechanisms. In addition to the standard NutNet protocol, e247 includes an additional low Nitrogen gradient (1 gram Nitrogen per meter squared per year and 5 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year in addition to the standard 10 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year).
Large herbivores maintain a two-phase herbaceous vegetation mosaic in a semi-arid savanna
<ol> <li>Many arid and semi-arid rangelands exhibit distinct spatial patterning of vegetated and bare-soil-dominated patches. The latter potentially represent a grazing-induced, degraded ecosystem state, but could also arise via mechanisms related to feedbacks between vegetation cover and soil moisture availability that are unrelated to grazing. The degree to which grazing contributes to the formation or maintenance of degraded patches has been widely discussed and modelled, but empirical studies of the role of grazing in their formation, persistence, and reversibility are limited. </li> <li>We report on a long-term (17 yr) grazing removal experiment in a semi-arid savanna where vegetated patches composed of perennial grasses were interspersed within large (>10 m<sup>2</sup>) patches of bare soil. </li> <li>Short term (3 yr) grazing removal did not allow bare patches to become revegetated, whereas following long-term (17 yr) grazing removal, bare soil patches were revegetated by a combination of stoloniferous grasses and tufted bunchgrasses. In the presence of grazers, stoloniferous grasses partially recolonized bare patches, but this did not lead to full recovery or to the establishment of tufted bunchgrasses. </li> <li>These results show that grazers alter both the balance between bare and vegetated patches, as well as the types of grasses dominating both patch types in this semiarid savanna. </li> <li>Synthesis: Large herbivores fundamentally shaped the composition and spatial pattern of the herbaceous layer by maintaining a two-phase herbaceous mosaic. However, bare patches within this mosaic can recover given herbivore removal over sufficiently long time scales, and hence do not represent a permanently degraded ecosystem state. </li> </ol>
Field-based individual plant phenotyping of herbaceous species by unmanned aerial vehicle
<p>1. Recent advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAVs) and image processing have made high-throughput field phenotyping possible at plot/canopy level in the mass grown experiment. Such techniques are now expected to be used for individual level phenotyping in the single grown experiment.</p> <p>2. We found two main challenges of phenotyping individual plants in the single grown experiment: plant segmentation from weedy backgrounds and the estimation of complex traits that are difficult to measure manurally.</p> <p>3. In this study, we proposed a methodological framework for field-based individual plant phenotyping by UAV. Two contributions, which are weed elimination for individual plant segmentation, and complex traits (volume and outline) extraction, have been developed. The framework demonstrated its utility in the phenotyping of<i> Helianthus tuberosus</i>(Jerusalem artichoke), an herbaceous perennial plant species.</p> <p>4. The proposed framework can be applied to either small and large scale phenotyping experiments.</p>
Association of leaf silicon content with chronic wind exposure across and within herbaceous plant species
<p class="AbstractSummaryCxSpFirst"><b>Aim:</b> High foliar silicon (henceforth Si) concentration protects plant tissues against herbivory but protection against several abiotic stressors has been proposed too, though the adaptive significance of these functions is still being debated. We aimed to explore the potential relationships between foliar Si content and chronic wind exposure across a large scale and multiple species, and analyze an overlooked alternative or complementary function of silicon in leaves: mechanical protection against wind.</p> <p class="AbstractSummaryCxSpMiddle"><b>Location:</b> Mainland China.</p> <p class="AbstractSummaryCxSpMiddle"><b>Time period:</b> From July to September during 2012–2014.</p> <p class="AbstractSummaryCxSpMiddle"><b>Major taxa studied:</b> 282 vascular plant species in predominantly herbaceous communities.</p> <p class="AbstractSummaryCxSpMiddle"><b>Methods:</b> We compiled a dataset for leaf silicon concentration [Si] across 27 sites and 153 herbaceous plots comprising the major climate zones of China. We hypothesized that evolutionary lineages that generally have high [Si] should show positive relationships between leaf [Si] and mean annual wind speed.</p> <p class="AbstractSummaryCxSpMiddle"><b>Results:</b> Within major families with generally high [Si] (especially grasses, sedges and composites), leaf [Si] is consistently positively correlated with mean wind speed among species across China. For the seven widespread monocot species with high leaf [Si], including the globally widely distributed common reed (<i>Phragmites australis</i>), intraspecific variation in leaf [Si] follows the same consistent positive correlation with mean wind speed.</p> <p class="AbstractSummaryCxSpMiddle"><b>Main conclusions</b>: Our findings suggest high leaf [Si] is likely to have widespread adaptive value for wind exposure of leaves, at least in several very widespread families and species of herbaceous plants. Damage from wind is a danger for plants in many ecosystems, and hence these findings are of global significance and indicate further research into large scale variation of leaf Si and mechanical traits in relation to wind exposure will likely be illuminating.</p>
Data from: Testing the plant growth-defense hypothesis belowground: do faster-growing herbaceous plant species suffer more negative effects from soil biota than slower-growing ones?
According to the growth-defense hypothesis in ecology, faster-growing plant species should suffer more from herbivores and pathogens than slower-growing species. Tests of this hypothesis have focused on aboveground plant tissues, herbivores, and pathogens; however, it should also apply to root defense. To test whether faster-growing species suffer more negatively from soil biota than slower-growing species, we estimated first-season growth rates of 34 herbaceous plant species and used weighted linear regressions to assess the relationship between growth rates and responses to being grown in sterilized versus unsterilized soil (biotic soil effects) and to growing in soil previously occupied by conspecifics versus a mixture of species (conspecific soil effects). We found a negative relationship between relative growth rate and biotic soil effects, with slower-growing species tending to suffer less or even benefit from the presence of soil biota, while faster-growing species were more negatively affected. Biotic soil effects were also negatively related to size-corrected growth rates. These relationships remained negative after accounting for influential species, but a large amount of variation remained unexplained. Moreover, there was no clear relationship between growth rates and conspecific soil effects. A simple relationship between growth and defense aboveground may not be so clearly reflected belowground because of the many interacting antagonistic and mutualistic organisms likely involved.
Data from: Contrasting nitrogen cycling between herbaceous wetland and terrestrial ecosystems inferred from plant and soil nitrogen isotopes across China
<p><span>Understanding nitrogen (N) cycling in different ecosystems is crucial to predicting and mitigating the global effects of altered N inputs. Although wetlands have always been assumed to differ largely from terrestrial ecosystems in N cycling, evidence from direct comparison from the field along wide environmental gradients is lacking. Here, we hypothesized strong coupling of plant and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N in terrestrial ecosystems due to lower N inputs and losses but weak coupling of plant and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N in wetlands because of higher N inputs and losses.</span></p> <p><span>We performed a large-scale field investigation on 26 pairs of herbaceous wetland and terrestrial sites across China covering 21 degrees of latitude and determined natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N) in soils and leaves of 346 dominant and subordinate plant species. We analysed the relationships between leaf and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N and their drivers including plant functional types in these two types of ecosystems.</span></p> <p><span>Plant functional types including mycorrhizal type and N2-fixing status had consistently significant influences on leaf δ<sup>15</sup>N in herbaceous wetland and terrestrial ecosystems. Leaf δ<sup>15</sup>N increased significantly with soil δ<sup>15</sup>N within and across mycorrhizal types in both ecosystems, and, as hypothesized, the relationships were stronger and steeper in terrestrial than in wetland ecosystems. Moreover, leaf and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N were positively and significantly correlated within both N<sub>2</sub>-fixers and non-fixers in terrestrial ecosystems and within only non-N<sub>2</sub>-fixers in wetlands. At the community level, we also found more highly significant relationships between leaf and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N in terrestrial than in wetland ecosystems. Besides plant functional types, climatic and soil factors contributed to the variation in leaf δ<sup>15</sup>N in both ecosystems.</span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis.</em> Weaker relationships between plant and soil δ<sup>15</sup>N in wetlands at species and community levels supports the hypothesis that larger N inputs and losses lead to weaker coupling in the plant-soil systems in wetlands than in terrestrial ecosystems. This provides strong evidence from a large spatial scale for contrasting N cycling in these two types of ecosystems regardless of plant functional type in terms of nutrient uptake strategy. Our findings add to our predictive power of ecosystem N dynamics under environmental changes, e.g. land-use changes and elevated N inputs.</span></p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Sarkinen T, Knapp S (2016) Two new non-spiny Solanum (Solanaceae) from the Gran Chaco Americano and a key for the herbaceous glandular-pubescent solanums from the region. PhytoKeys 74: 19-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159
Occurrence records : Explanation note: Occurrence records of the two new Solanum species.
Figure 3 from: Sukhorukov AP, Kushunina M (2016) Taxonomic revision and distribution of herbaceous Paramollugo (Molluginaceae) in the Eastern Hemisphere. PhytoKeys 73: 93-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.73.10365
Figure 3 - SEM micrographs of the seed surface. A, B Paramollugo angustifolia C, D Paramollugo elliotii E, F Paramollugo simulans.
Figure 7 from: Sukhorukov AP, Kushunina M (2016) Taxonomic revision and distribution of herbaceous Paramollugo (Molluginaceae) in the Eastern Hemisphere. PhytoKeys 73: 93-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.73.10365
Figure 7 - Paramollugo digyna. A general habit B leaf rosette C flower D inflorescence. Photographs by Julien Barrault.
Figure 2 from: Sukhorukov AP, Kushunina M (2016) Taxonomic revision and distribution of herbaceous Paramollugo (Molluginaceae) in the Eastern Hemisphere. PhytoKeys 73: 93-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.73.10365
Figure 2 - SEM micrographs of the seed surface. A, B Paramollugo decandra C, D Paramollugo digyna E, F Paramollugo nudicaulis.
Figure 3 from: Sarkinen T, Knapp S (2016) Two new non-spiny Solanum (Solanaceae) from the Gran Chaco Americano and a key for the herbaceous glandular-pubescent solanums from the region. PhytoKeys 74: 19-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159
Figure 3 - Solanum woodii. A Flowering stem B Inflorescence with details of buds, calyx and corolla C Flower at full anthesis (A–B Wood 21787; C Nee et al. 51967; photos by Gwen Davis).
Figure 1 from: Sarkinen T, Knapp S (2016) Two new non-spiny Solanum (Solanaceae) from the Gran Chaco Americano and a key for the herbaceous glandular-pubescent solanums from the region. PhytoKeys 74: 19-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159
Figure 1 - Solanum michaelis. A Fruiting stem B Inflorescence with details of indumentum of simple, multi-cellular eglandular and glandular trichomes along the stem, calyx and corolla C Flower at full anthesis with buds D Maturing fruit (A–D Nee & Flores 54821: photos by Michael Nee).
Data from: The response of root traits to precipitation change of herbaceous species in temperate steppes
1. Plasticity of root traits plays an important role in determining plant growth and survival under changing climate. Shift in precipitation is one of the most pertinent global change factors driving changes in structure and function of grasslands. However, few studies have focused on intra-specific variation of root traits in response to precipitation change under field conditions. 2. We conducted a 10-year simulated increased precipitation experiment in a temperate grassland and a 700-km regional scale transect along a precipitation gradients ranging from 144.23 to 412.29 mm in northern China. The morphological, chemical and anatomical traits of the first two orders roots were measured on 15 common herbaceous species in the manipulation experiment and two regionally common species (Leymus chinensis, Artemisia frigida) along the precipitation gradients. 3. We found that most of the root traits of the herbaceous species exhibited no significant responses to water addition. The two regionally common species adjusted their root traits at sites with the annual precipitation lower than certain value, i.e., 250 mm and 160 mm for L. chinensis and A. frigida, respectively. These results indicate that root traits of the herbaceous species exhibit little plasticity in response to precipitation change, and that the adjustment of root traits occurs when the range of annual precipitation exceeds a certain thresholds. 4. Root traits of L. chinensis and A. frigida varied differently both in manipulation experiment and along the precipitation gradients. Root traits of L. chinensis were relatively constant, while A. frigida adjusted their morphological root traits in response to water addition. Moreover, L. chinensis showed higher specific root length and area, and root N contents at sites with annual precipitation lower than c. 250 mm. In contrast, A. frigida displayed thicker roots with lower specific root length and area at sites with annual precipitation lower than c.160 mm. 5. Our results showed that root traits of herbaceous species in temperate grasslands exhibited little plasticity, and that different species have evolved diverse adaptive strategies in response to precipitation change. These novel findings may provide valuable information to predict responses of temperate grasslands to future climate change.
FIGURE 2 in Parianella (Poaceae, Bambusoideae): morphological and biogeographical information reveals a new genus of herbaceous bamboos from Brazil
FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of Parianella, Pariana and Eremitis.
Fig. 2 in Spatial pattern of a fish assemblage in a seasonal tropical wetland: effects of habitat, herbaceous plant biomass, water depth, and distance from species sources
Fig. 2. Distribution of the relative abundance of the 49 species of fish captured in the 22 plots in Site of Long-Term Sampling (SLTS), related to the depth at each of the collection plots.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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