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Fig. 2 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates
Fig. 2. Isotemnid humeri from Cañadón Vaca, Casamayoran SALMA (Vacan ''subage''). Anterior (above) and distal (below) view of humeri of A, Ansiotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906; B, Thomashuxleya extena, AMNH 28653; and C, Plexotemnus similis, AMNH 28904. Scale bar applies to all. Panels A and B show right humeri and panel C shows a left humerus (but digitally reversed for ease of comparison). Abbreviations are: cap, capitulum; Δc, deltoid crest; ent f, entepicondylar foramen gt, greater tubercle; lt, lesser tubercle; m flg, medial flange; pc, pectoral crest; tt, teres tubercle.
Fig. 7 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates
Fig. 7. Changes in foot structure in South American ungulates over time. The ankle index indicates the percentage of the ungulate taxa in a fauna that lacks an astragalar canal (i.e., superior astragalar foramen absent). This absence, and associated increase in the tibioastragalar articulation, is used as a proxy for the proportion of the ungulate fauna having a subcursorial to cursorial foot. The percentage having the modified form is compared to the mean ungulate hypsodonty, and changes in the proxy of global temperature (Ο18O). Time scale, mean hypsodonty index, and temperature proxy are modified from Flynn et al. (2003).
Fig. 1 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates
Fig. 1. Scapula of Anisotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906. Left, lateral view; right, distal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; acr ang, acromial angle; cor p, coracoid process; gln, glenoid fossa; inf spn f, infraspinous fossa; sup spn f, supraspinous fossa.
Fig. 5 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates
Fig. 5. Comparative anatomy of Vacan ''subage'' (Casamayoran SALMA) isotemnids with the Mustersan taxon Periphragnis harmeri. A, Manus of Anisotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906; B, manus of Periphragnis harmeri, AMNH 14952 (cast of Roth MLP specimen); C, left astragalus (dorsal view) of cf. Thomashuxleya externa, AMNH 142463; D, left astragalus, calcaneum, and navicular (dorsal view) of Periphragnis harmeri, AMNH 14952 (cast). Abbreviations of carpal elements: cun, cuneiform; lun, lunar; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; scp, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium; unc, unciform.
Fig. 4 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates
Fig. 4. Isotemnid hands: A, left manus of Anisotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906 and B, Pleurostylodon similis, AMNH 28904 shown as left, but reversed).
Text-fig. 11. Lower teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 641, left p4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 220, right p4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 233, right m1; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) MGL 665, right m1; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) MGL 225, holotype, right m2; e1 – occlusal view, e2 – buccal aspect, e3 – lingual aspect. f) MGL 222, left m1; f1 – lingual aspect, f2 – occlusal view, f3 – buccal aspect. g) MGL 231, right m2; g1 – occlusal view, g2 – buccal aspect, g3 – lingual aspect. h) MGL 646, left m3; h1 – buccal aspect, h2 – lingual aspect, h3 – occlusal view. i) MGL 619, right m3; i1 – buccal aspect, i2 – lingual aspect, i3 – occlusal view. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 11. Lower teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 641, left p4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 220, right p4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 233, right m1; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) MGL 665, right m1; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) MGL 225, holotype, right m2; e1 – occlusal view, e2 – buccal aspect, e3 – lingual aspect. f) MGL 222, left m1; f1 – lingual aspect, f2 – occlusal view, f3 – buccal aspect. g) MGL 231, right m2; g1 – occlusal view, g2 – buccal aspect, g3 – lingual aspect. h) MGL 646, left m3; h1 – buccal aspect, h2 – lingual aspect, h3 – occlusal view. i) MGL 619, right m3; i1 – buccal aspect, i2 – lingual aspect, i3 – occlusal view. Scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 7. Teeth of Masillamys parvus TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11), HLMD-Me 625, holotype. a) left upper M2, protocone damaged, occlusal view. b) left upper M3, occlusal view. c) left lower p4; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) left lower m2, metaconid damaged; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) right m3, occlusal view. f) left m3; f1 – occlusal view, f2 – buccal aspect, base of crown lacking, f3 – lingual aspect; g) SMF-ME 2099A: right lower tooth row with dp4 to m3, g1 – occlusal view, g2 – lingual aspect. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 7. Teeth of Masillamys parvus TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11), HLMD-Me 625, holotype. a) left upper M2, protocone damaged, occlusal view. b) left upper M3, occlusal view. c) left lower p4; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) left lower m2, metaconid damaged; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) right m3, occlusal view. f) left m3; f1 – occlusal view, f2 – buccal aspect, base of crown lacking, f3 – lingual aspect; g) SMF-ME 2099A: right lower tooth row with dp4 to m3, g1 – occlusal view, g2 – lingual aspect. Scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 3. Front views of hemi-maxillaries from Prémontré (Paris Basin, MP 10), showing the large infraorbitary foramen of a) SLP29PR-1312, stored in the Montpellier University collections (ISE-M), Hartenbergeromys hautefeuillei; b) SLP29PR-960, Pantrogna marandati. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 3. Front views of hemi-maxillaries from Prémontré (Paris Basin, MP 10), showing the large infraorbitary foramen of a) SLP29PR-1312, stored in the Montpellier University collections (ISE-M), Hartenbergeromys hautefeuillei; b) SLP29PR-960, Pantrogna marandati. Scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 6. Teeth of Masillamys krugi TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11). a) HLMD-Me 910, holotype, upper teeth; a1 – left upper tooth row, P3–P4–M1–3, occlusal view; a2 – id. lingual aspect, a3 – buccal aspect of P4, a4 – right upper P4–P3, lingual aspect. b) HLMD-Me 910, holotype, right lower tooth row, p4–m1–3; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 6. Teeth of Masillamys krugi TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11). a) HLMD-Me 910, holotype, upper teeth; a1 – left upper tooth row, P3–P4–M1–3, occlusal view; a2 – id. lingual aspect, a3 – buccal aspect of P4, a4 – right upper P4–P3, lingual aspect. b) HLMD-Me 910, holotype, right lower tooth row, p4–m1–3; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. Scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 2. Species of Masillamys considered on the phylogenetic tree of theridomorphs (Vianey-Liaud and Marivaux 2017: fig. 7), within the basal Theridomorpha, before the polyphyletic genus Protadelomys. Position inferred from their dental features (see text). in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 2. Species of Masillamys considered on the phylogenetic tree of theridomorphs (Vianey-Liaud and Marivaux 2017: fig. 7), within the basal Theridomorpha, before the polyphyletic genus Protadelomys. Position inferred from their dental features (see text).
Text-fig. 1. Dental terminology (modified, after Vianey-Liaud and Marivaux 2019). a) upper molar; a1 – names of flexi on upper molar; a2 – names of cusps and ridges on upper molar. Anlph = anteroloph, Anst = anterostyle, Ectcing = ectocingulum, Endlph = endoloph, Hy = hypocone, Hyplph = hypolophule, Me = metacone, Mecl = metaconule, Melph I = lingual metalophule I, Melph II = lingual metalophule II, Mest = mesostyle, Meslph = mesoloph, Metst = metastyle, Pa = paracone, Pacl = paraconule, Parst = parastyle, Postmecr = postmetacrista, Postpacst = postparacrista, Postst = posterostyle, Postlph = posteroloph, Posthycr = posthypocrista, Prc = protocone, Prcr = protocrista, Prehycr = prehypocrista, Premecr = premetacrista, Prepacl = preparaconule, Preprcr = preprotocrista, Prlph = protoloph. b) lower molar; b1 – names of flexi and some ridges and conules on lower molar; b2 – cusps and ridges on lower molar. Ancd = anteroconid, Anlphd = anterolophid, Anlphld = anterolophulid, Antsnd = antesinusid, Ectmeslphd = ectomesolophid, Ectlphd = ectolophid, Ectsd = ectostylid, Entcd = entoconid, Encld = entoconulid, Enlphd = entolophid (lingual entolophulid + buccal entolophulid), Hyd = hypoconid, Hycld = hypoconulid, Mbcing = mesiobuccal cingulid, Med = metaconid, Mescd = mesoconid, Meslphd = mesolophid (lingual mesolophulid + buccal mesolophulid), Mestd = mesostylid, Prcd = protoconid, Prcdsp = protoconid spur, Prehycrd = prehypocristid, Premecrd = premetacristid, Posthycrd = posthypocristid, Postlphd = posterolophid, Postmcrd = postmetacristid, Postprcd = postprotocristid, Sind = sinusid. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 1. Dental terminology (modified, after Vianey-Liaud and Marivaux 2019). a) upper molar; a1 – names of flexi on upper molar; a2 – names of cusps and ridges on upper molar. Anlph = anteroloph, Anst = anterostyle, Ectcing = ectocingulum, Endlph = endoloph, Hy = hypocone, Hyplph = hypolophule, Me = metacone, Mecl = metaconule, Melph I = lingual metalophule I, Melph II = lingual metalophule II, Mest = mesostyle, Meslph = mesoloph, Metst = metastyle, Pa = paracone, Pacl = paraconule, Parst = parastyle, Postmecr = postmetacrista, Postpacst = postparacrista, Postst = posterostyle, Postlph = posteroloph, Posthycr = posthypocrista, Prc = protocone, Prcr = protocrista, Prehycr = prehypocrista, Premecr = premetacrista, Prepacl = preparaconule, Preprcr = preprotocrista, Prlph = protoloph. b) lower molar; b1 – names of flexi and some ridges and conules on lower molar; b2 – cusps and ridges on lower molar. Ancd = anteroconid, Anlphd = anterolophid, Anlphld = anterolophulid, Antsnd = antesinusid, Ectmeslphd = ectomesolophid, Ectlphd = ectolophid, Ectsd = ectostylid, Entcd = entoconid, Encld = entoconulid, Enlphd = entolophid (lingual entolophulid + buccal entolophulid), Hyd = hypoconid, Hycld = hypoconulid, Mbcing = mesiobuccal cingulid, Med = metaconid, Mescd = mesoconid, Meslphd = mesolophid (lingual mesolophulid + buccal mesolophulid), Mestd = mesostylid, Prcd = protoconid, Prcdsp = protoconid spur, Prehycrd = prehypocristid, Premecrd = premetacristid, Posthycrd = posthypocristid, Postlphd = posterolophid, Postmcrd = postmetacristid, Postprcd = postprotocristid, Sind = sinusid.
Text-fig. 5. Teeth of Masillamys beegeri TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11). a) HLMD-Me 1, holotype, lower tooth row, p4–m1; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect. b) HLMD-Me 1, holotype, upper tooth row, P3–P4–M1–3; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – lingual aspect. c) SMF-ME 1287A buccal view of teeth, right side of a juvenile, upper M1–DP4–DP3, and lower protoconid of m2–m1–dp4. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 5. Teeth of Masillamys beegeri TOBIEN, from Messel (Hesse, Germany, MP 11). a) HLMD-Me 1, holotype, lower tooth row, p4–m1; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect. b) HLMD-Me 1, holotype, upper tooth row, P3–P4–M1–3; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – lingual aspect. c) SMF-ME 1287A buccal view of teeth, right side of a juvenile, upper M1–DP4–DP3, and lower protoconid of m2–m1–dp4. Scale bar 1 mm.
Text-fig. 4. Bivariate graph (length/width) of the teeth of the three species of Masillamys from Messel. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 4. Bivariate graph (length/width) of the teeth of the three species of Masillamys from Messel.
Text-fig. 10. Upper teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 624, right DP4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 634, right DP4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 608, right P4; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – lingual aspect, c3 – buccal aspect. d) MGL 610, right P4; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – lingual aspect, d3 – buccal aspect. e) MGL 609, left P4; e1 – lingual aspect, in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 10. Upper teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 624, right DP4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 634, right DP4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 608, right P4; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – lingual aspect, c3 – buccal aspect. d) MGL 610, right P4; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – lingual aspect, d3 – buccal aspect. e) MGL 609, left P4; e1 – lingual aspect,
Text-fig. 8. Bivariate graph (length/width) of upper teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)
Text-fig. 8. Bivariate graph (length/width) of upper teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene).
Fig. 1 in Middle Eocene ungulate mammals from Myanmar: A review with description of new specimens
Fig. 1. Geographical map of the Pondaung area of central Myanmar showing several vertebrate fossil localities in the Pondaung Formation.
Fig. 5 in Middle Eocene ungulate mammals from Myanmar: A review with description of new specimens
Fig. 5. Lower dentition of Bahinolophus birmanicus (Pilgrim, 1925) comb. nov. A. NMMP−KU 1199, a left mandibular corpus with p2 and heavily broken other postcanine teeth (new specimen); A1, occlusal view of the mandible; A2, lingual view of p2; A3, occlusal view of p2; A4, buccal view of p2; A5, schematic drawing of the occlusal view. B. NMMP−KU 1795, a talonid of a right?p3 (new specimen); B1, occlusal view; B2, schematic drawing of the occlusal view. C, D. The type specimens, left and right lower mandibular fragments with left and right p4–m3. C. GSI C348, left p4–m3; C1, occlusal view; C2, schematic drawing of the occlusal view. D. BMNH M12756, right p4–m3; D1, occlusal view; D2, schematic drawing of the occlusal view.
Data from: Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world
The middle Eocene Washakie Formation of Wyoming, USA, provides a rare window, within a single depositional basin, into the faunal transition that followed the early Eocene warming events. Based on extensive examination, we report a minimum of 27 species of carnivorous mammals from this formation, more than doubling the previous taxic count. Included in this revised list are a new species of carnivoraform, <i>Neovulpavus mccarrolli</i>, and up to ten other possibly new taxa. Our cladistic analysis of early Carnivoraformes incorporating new data clarified the array of middle Eocene taxa that are closely related to crown-group Carnivora. These anatomically relatively derived carnivoraforms collectively had an intercontinental distribution in North America and east Asia, exhibiting notable variations in body size and dental adaptation. This time period also saw parallel trends of increase in body-size and dental sectoriality in distantly-related lineages of carnivores spanning a wide range of body sizes. A new, model-based Bayesian analysis of diversity dynamics accounting for imperfect detection revealed a high probability of substantial loss of carnivore species between the late Bridgerian and early Uintan North American Land Mammal 'Ages', coinciding with the disappearance of formerly common mammals such as hyopsodontids and adapiform primates. Concomitant with this decline in carnivore diversity, the Washakie vertebrate fauna underwent significant disintegration as measured by patterns of coordinated detection of taxa at the locality level. These observations are consistent with a major biomic transition in the region in response to climatically-induced opening-up of forested habitats.
Middle Eocene terrestrial paleoweathering and climate evolution in the midlatitude Bohai Bay Basin of Eastern China
<p>The middle Eocene is a key time period for understanding Cenozoic cooling of the global climate. In eastern Asia, this time period was marked by deposition of extensive mudstones, shales and interbedded siltstones, especially in the midlatitude Bohai Bay Basin. Still, midlatitude terrestrial records of climate evolution during the middle Eocene are rare. Here, we analyze a continuous, high-resolution record of this period using samples of the shales in the fourth submember of the third member from the mid-Eocene Shahejie Formation (MES shales) in the Bohai Bay Basin using major-element and wavelet analysis. We use this information to derive insights into terrestrial paleoweathering and paleoclimatic evolution during the mid-Eocene in this midlatitude region. As a result of element mobility during continental weathering, the MES shales are more enriched in Ca and depleted in Na compared to average upper continental crust (UCC). The MES shales experienced moderate paleoweathering with limited K-metasomatism under a subtropical monsoon paleoclimate with mean annual temperature (MAT) of 8.3-12.9 °C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 685-1100 <span>mm</span>/<span>yr</span>. The MES shales record a mixed provenance involving intermediate igneous rocks, and low compositional maturity. The nutrient-rich environment led to enrichment in organic matter in the MES shales. We divide the depositional process of the MES shales into two stages that represent distinct climates. In stage I, the paleolake was high in nutrients, and the MES shales experienced high chemical weathering due to a relatively warmer and more humid climate. In contrast, the climate in stage II was relatively cold and dry, and the maturity of the MES shales was relatively high during this stage, suggesting a relatively stable tectonic background.</p>
Fig. 4 in Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA
Fig. 4. Measured section at the Coffeeville Landing locality, Alabama (by D. Nolf).
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