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915 results for “morphological evolution”
Highlighting convergent evolution in morphological traits in response to climatic gradient in African tropical tree species: the case of genus Guibourtia Benn
<ol> <li><span>Adaptive evolution is a major driver of organism diversification but the links between phenotypic traits and environmental niche remains little documented in tropical trees. Moreover, trait-niche relationships are complex because a correlation between the traits and environmental niches displayed by a sample of species may result from (1) convergent evolution if different environmental conditions have selected different sets of traits, and/or (2) phylogenetic inertia if niche and morphological differences between species are simply function of their phylogenetic divergence, in which case the trait-niche correlation does not imply any direct causal link. Here, we aim to assess the respective roles of phylogenetic inertia and convergent evolution in shaping the differences of botanical traits and environmental niches among congeneric African tree species that evolved in different biomes. </span></li> <li><span>This issue was addressed with the tree genus <i>Guibourtia </i>Benn. (Leguminosae, Detarioideae) which contains 13 African species occupying various forest habitat types, from rain forest to dry woodlands, with different climate and soil conditions. To this end, we combined morphological data with ecological niche modelling and used a highly resolved plastid phylogeny of the 13 African <i>Guibourtia</i> species. </span></li> <li><span>First, we demonstrated phylogenetic signals in both morphological traits (Mantel test between phylogenetic and morphological distances between species: r=0.24, p=0.031) and environmental niches (Mantel test between phylogenetic and niche distances between species: r=0.23, p=0.025). Second, we found a significant correlation between morphology and niche, at least between some of their respective dimensions (Mantel's r=0.32, p=0.013), even after accounting for phylogenetic inertia (Phylogenetic Independent Contrast: r=0.69, p=0.018). This correlation occurred between some leaflet and flower traits and solar radiation, relative humidity, precipitations and temperature range. </span></li> <li><span>Our results demonstrate the convergent evolution of some morphological traits in response to climatic factors in congeneric tree species and highlight the action of selective forces, along with neutral ones, in shaping the divergence between congeneric tropical plants.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Do convergent ecomorphs evolve through convergent morphological pathways? Cranial shape evolution in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids (Carnivora, Mammalia)
Cases of convergent evolution, particularly within ecomorphological contexts, are instructive in identifying universally adaptive morphological features across clades. Tracing of evolutionary pathways by which ecomorphological convergence takes place can further reveal mechanisms of adaptation, which may be strongly influenced by phylogeny. Ecomorphologies of carnivorous mammals represent some of the most outstanding cases of convergent evolution in the Cenozoic radiation of mammals. This study examined patterns of cranial shape change in the dog (Canidae) and hyena (Hyaenidae) families, in order to compare the evolutionary pathways that led to the independent specialization of bone-cracking hypercarnivores within each clade. Geometric morphometrics analyses of cranial shape in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids provided evidence for deep-time convergence in morphological pathways toward the independent evolution of derived bone-crackers. Both clades contained stem members with plesiomorphic generalist/omnivore cranial shapes, which evolved into doglike species along parallel pathways of shape change. The evolution of specialized bone-crackers from these doglike forms, however, continued under the constraint of a full cheek dentition and restriction on rostrum length reduction in canids, but not hyaenids. Functionally, phylogenetic constraint may have limited borophagine canids to crack bones principally with their carnassial instead of the third premolar as in hyaenids, but other cranial shape changes associated with durophagy nevertheless evolved in parallel in the two lineages. Size allometry was not a major factor in cranial shape evolution in either lineage, supporting the interpretation of functional demands as drivers for the observed convergence. The comparison between borophagines and hyaenids showed that differential effects of alternative functional "solutions" that arise during morphological evolution may be multiplied with processes of the "macroevolutionary ratchet" already in place to further limit the evolutionary pathways available to specialized lineages.
Data from: Rates of speciation and morphological evolution are correlated across the largest vertebrate radiation
Several evolutionary theories predict that rates of morphological change should be positively associated with the rate at which new species arise. For example, the theory of punctuated equilibrium proposes that phenotypic change typically occurs in rapid bursts associated with speciation events. However, recent phylogenetic studies have found little evidence linking these processes in nature. Here we demonstrate that rates of species diversification are highly correlated with the rate of body size evolution across the 30,000+ living species of ray-finned fish that comprise the majority of vertebrate biological diversity. This coupling is a general feature of fish evolution and transcends vast differences in ecology and body-plan organization. Our results may reflect a widespread speciational mode of character change in living fishes. Alternatively, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that phenotypic 'evolvability' – the capacity of organisms to evolve – shapes the dynamics of speciation through time at the largest phylogenetic scales.
Data from: A test of the "flexible stem" model of evolution: ancestral plasticity, genetic accommodation, and morphological divergence in the threespine stickleback radiation
If an ancestral stem group repeatedly colonizes similar environments, developmental plasticity specific to that group should consistently give rise to similar phenotypes. Parallel selection on those similar phenotypes could lead to the repeated evolution of characteristic ecotypes, a property common to many adaptive radiations. A key prediction of this "flexible stem" model of adaptive radiation is that patterns of phenotypic divergence in derived groups should mirror patterns of developmental plasticity in their common ancestor. The threespine stickleback radiation provides an excellent opportunity to test this prediction because the marine form is representative of the ancestral stem group, which has repeatedly given rise to several characteristic ecotypes. We examined plasticity of several aspects of shape and trophic morphology in response to diets characteristic of either the derived benthic or limnetic ecotypes. When marine fish were reared on alternative diets, plasticity of head and mouth shape paralleled phenotypic divergence between the derived ecotypes, supporting the flexible stem model. Benthic and limnetic fish exhibited patterns of plasticity similar to the marine population; however, some differences in population means were present, as well as subtle differences in shape plasticity in the benthic population, indicating a role for genetic accommodation in this system.
Data from: Morphological and molecular evolution and their consequences for conservation and taxonomy in the Le Conte's Thrasher (Toxostoma lecontei)
We evaluated geographic variation and subspecific taxonomy in the Le Conte's Thrasher (Toxostoma lecontei) by analyzing DNA sequences from 16 nuclear loci, one mitochondrial DNA locus, and four study skin characters, and compared these data sets with previously published data on plumage coloration and different mtDNA genes. Morphological support for the southernmost taxon, T. l. arenicola, is relatively weak: multivariate analyses of morphometrics or back coloration do not provide diagnostic support, although one color character differs statistically. However, combined DNA analyses indicate that T. l. arenicola is diagnosable and reciprocally monophyletic, diverging from T. l. lecontei at least 140,000 years ago. Little to no past introgression across a very short geographic distance despite the long period of isolation is strong evidence of independently evolving taxa. We suggest that the lack of morphological divergence in traits related to niche use has prevented the two taxa from invading each other's range. Despite relatively weak morphological differences we suggest that these two deeply divergent lineages merit species status, and we suggest Vizcaino Thrasher for the common name corresponding to T. l. arenicola. The population size of T. l. arenicola is small and the taxon is in need of preservation attention.
Data from: Evolution of asexual Daphnia pulex in Japan: variations and covariations of the digestive, morphological and life history traits
Background Several genetic lineages of obligate parthenogenetic Daphnia pulex, a common zooplankton species, have invaded Japan from North America. Among these, a lineage named JPN1 is thought to have started colonization from a single genotype several hundred to thousand years ago and subsequently produced many genotypes in Japan. To examine the phenotypic variations due to ecological drivers diverging the genotypes in new habitats, we measured heritability and variation in 17 traits, including life history, morphology and digestive traits, and the genetic distance among the D. pulex JPN1 genotypes in Japan. Results We found that most of the traits measured varied significantly among the genotypes and that heritability was highest in the morphological traits, followed by the digestive and life history traits. In addition, 93% of the variation in these traits was explained by the first three components in the principal component analysis, implying that variations of these heritable traits are not random but rather converged into a few directions. These relations among traits revealed the potential importance of predation pressures and food conditions as factors for diverging and selecting different genotypes. However, the magnitude of the difference in any single trait group did not correlate with the genetic distance. Conclusions Our findings show that the divergent traits evolved within D. pulex JPN1 without genetic recombination since their ancestral clone invaded Japan. Large variations and covariations of the phenotypic traits, irrespective of the genetic distance among the genotypes, support the view that the invasive success of D. pulex JPN1 was promoted by a genetic architecture that allowed for large phenotypic variations with a limited number of functionally important mutations without recombination.
Data from: Decoupled evolution of foliar freezing resistance, temperature-niche and morphological leaf traits in Chilean Myrceugenia
1. Phylogenetic conservatism of tolerance to freezing temperatures has been cited to explain the tendency of plant lineages to grow in similar climates. However there is little information about whether or not freezing resistance is conserved across phylogenies, and whether conservatism of physiological traits could explain conservatism of realized climatic niches. Here we compared the phylogenetical lability of realized climatic niche, foliar freezing resistance, and four morphological leaf traits that are generally considered adaptations to frost resistance in Chilean species of Myrceugenia, which grow in a wide range of habitats. 2. We estimated the predicted niche occupancy profiles with respect to minimum temperature (minT) of all species. We measured foliar freezing resistance (using chlorophyll fluorescence), leaf size, leaf mass per area (LMA), stomatal and trichome densities of ten individuals per species. Finally, we estimated phylogenetic signal and we performed independent contrast analyses among all variables. 3. We found that both foliar freezing resistance and minT were subject to a significant phylogenetic signal, but the former had a stronger signal. We also detected a significant but weak correlation between them (r=0.49, pone tail= 0.04). Morphological traits evolved independent of any phylogenetic effect. Synthesis. Our results show that freezing resistance evolved in association with temperature niche, but with some delay that could result from phylogenetic inertia. Our results also show that morphological leaf traits are more labile than realized climatic niche and frost tolerance and the former probably evolved associated to microhabitat preferences.
Fig. 12. Morphological comparison between Quadrulella symmetrica s.s. and Q in Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes
Fig. 12. Morphological comparison between Quadrulella symmetrica s.s. and Q. cf. symmetrica cells using MRA method. The shape PCA was performed using the same parameters as in Fig. 11.
FIGURE 6 in Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species
FIGURE 6. Scatterplot of sPC2 and sPC3 from sheared principal components analysis of 33 standard and truss measurements taken from male (n = 55) Macrhybopsis boschungi and M. tomellerii.
FIGURE 3 in Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species
FIGURE 3. Scatterplot of sPC2 and sPC3 from sheared principal components analysis of 33 standard and truss measurements taken from female (n = 153) Macrhybopsis boschungi, M. etnieri, M. pallida, M. tomellerii and M. hyostoma from Mississippi River drainage.
FIGURE 5 in Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species
FIGURE 5. Scatterplot of sPC2 and sPC3 from sheared principal components analysis of 33 standard and truss measurements taken from female (n = 84) Macrhybopsis boschungi and M. tomellerii.
FIGURE 8 in Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species
FIGURE 8. Tertiary eustatic changes in sea level. Meters above or below present sea level are tentative. From Vail & Hardenbol (1979); reproduced in Gilbert (1987: 37, fig. 5).
FIGURE 2 in Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species
FIGURE 2. Distribution of southeastern species of Macrhybopsis east of the Mississippi River. Individual species are identified by symbol and color. Circles with half blue and half red represent locations where M. boschungi and M. etnieri occur syntopically.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species
FIGURE 4. Scatterplot of sPC2 and sPC3 from sheared principal components analysis of 33 standard and truss measurements taken from male (n = 93) Macrhybopsis boschungi, M. etnieri, M. pallida, M. tomellerii, and M. hyostoma from Mississippi River drainage.
FIGURE 1 in Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species
FIGURE 1. Species of Macrhybopsis aestivalis species complex from eastern North America. A) Macrhybopsis hyostoma, UAIC 11060.03, Female, 34 mm SL, Alabama, Limestone County, Elk River, 28 September 1994. B) Macrhybopsis boschungi, UAIC 10845.03, Female, 50 mm SL, Alabama, Dallas County, Cahaba River, 12 July 1993. C) Macrhybopsis etnieri, UAIC 11053.01, Female, 44 mm SL, Alabama, Bibb County, Cahaba River, 24 June 1994. D) Macrhybopsis pallida, UAIC 10855.04, Female, 36 mm SL, Alabama, Escambia County, Conecuh River, 15 July 1993. E) Macrhybopsis tomellerii, UAIC 11364.03, Female, 51 mm SL, Mississippi, Covington County, Pascagoula River drainage, 18 February 1994.
FIGURE 20 in Separation of Anthalona gen.n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines
FIGURE 20. Anthalona verrucosa verrucosa (Sars, 1901) comb. nov = Alona verrucosa Sars, 1901. Parthenogenetic females from temporary dune pools at the Lençóis Maranhenses, Brazil. A. Habitus (cultured from dry mud). B. Idem, from original
FIGURE 17. Alona obtusa n in Separation of Anthalona gen.n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines
FIGURE 17. Alona obtusa n. sp. Parthenogenetic females from pond at Palangka Raya University Campus, Borneo. A. First limb, anterior view, IDL and ODL omitted. B. Idem, anterior view (to show soft setae). C. Idem, IDL, ODL and accessory seta.
FIGURE 14 in Separation of Anthalona gen.n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines
FIGURE 14. Anthalona mediterranea (Yalim, 2005) comb. nov. = Alona mediterranea Yalim, 2005. Parthenogenetic females from pool at Homhill, Socotra Island (Yemen). A. First maxilla. B. First limb, complete, anterior view. C. Idem, IDL and ODL. D. Idem, anterior side to show reduced soft setae (arrows). E. Second limb. F. Idem, scraper eight. G. Idem, exopodite. H. Idem,
FIGURE 25 in Separation of Anthalona gen.n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines
FIGURE 25. Three Anthalona taxa with uncertain identity versus Anthalona verrucosa (Sars, 1901). A.–B. Type species of the genus, Anthalona verrucosa (Sars, 1901) from São Paulo, Brazi (Sars 1901). No holotypes or paratypes were selected by Sars, paralectotypes were selected later by Valdivia-Villar, see Fig. 22. Drawings after Sars (1901; as Alona verrucosa). C.–D. Alona rectangula sensu Daday (1905) = Biapertura pseudoverrucosa pseudoverrucosa (Smirnov, 1971) from Paraguay (Daday 1905). We regard it here as a synonym of A. verrucosa, but more than one species may yet be found in the Neotropics. Drawings after Daday (1905). E.–F. Alona alonopsiformis Brehm, 1933 from Philippines. Identity of this taxon is unknown, no types exist. Drawings after Brehm (1933). G.–J. Alona verrucosa lineolata Chen & Li, 1991 from China. Identity unknown, body shape and striation as Anthalona mediterranea, which may be identical. Drawings after Chen et al. (1991). Habitus of parthenogenetic females (A, C, E, G), postabdomen (B, D, F, H), head pores (I) and labrum (J).
FIGURE 24 in Separation of Anthalona gen.n. from Alona Baird, 1843 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda): morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines
FIGURE 24. Anthalona verrucosa pectinata (Elías-Gutiérrez & Suárez-Morales, 1999) comb. nov. = Alona pectinata Elías- Gutiérrez & Suárez-Morales, 1999, adult parthenogenetic females from Mahajual, Mexico, Leg. A.A. Kotov. A. Habitus. B. Idem, outline. C. Head pores. D. Second antenna. E. Postabdomen. F. Idem, marginal denticles. G. Idem, basal spine. H. Idem,
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