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FIGURE 3. Pleon and urosoma. A in Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability

FIGURE 3. Pleon and urosoma. A: pleonites II–III of N. dalmatinus, dorsoventral lines illustrate the approximately perpendicular and sharply inclined distoposterior angle of epimeral plates (original drawing). Variability in shape and number of dorsoposterior setae along pleonites I–III (dorsal view, the position of setae indicated by arrow): B: N. lunaris (after G. Karaman 1985); C: N. salonitanus (S. Karaman 1950); D: N. bilecanus (after S. Karaman 1953). Variable shape of epimeral plates: E: N. balcanicus, arrows indicate setae along posterior margin and setae along subventral margin (after S. Karaman 1932); F: N. illidzensis (after S. Karaman 1932); G: N. valachicus (after S. Karaman 1950); H: N. pectinicauda (after Sket 1971); I: N. skopljensis (S. Karaman 1943a); J: N. orcinus (after S. Karaman 1950); K: N. jurinaci (after S. Karaman 1950); L: N. dalmatinus (after S. Karaman 1950); M: N. pannonicus (after S. Karaman 1950). Setal patterns on urosomites I–III: N: N. dalmatinus (urosomites I–II, original drawing); O: setae on humps in N. balcanicus (after S. Karaman 1932); P: setae on urosomite III in N. podgoricensis (rarely present otherwise) (arrow, after G. Karaman 1984a); spine-like seta at the base of uropods I (arrow) may be multiplied in some species.

FIGURE 1 in Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability

FIGURE 1. Body types and variability of body sizes. A: Niphargus pupetta, (4 mm, after Sket 1971); B: N. jovanovici (10 mm, after S. Karaman 1943a); C: N. skopljensis, (7.5 mm, after S. Karaman 1943a); D: N. balcanicus (30 mm, after S. Karaman 1932); E: N. macedonicus (19 mm, after S. Karaman 1943a); F: N. sanctinaumi (22 mm, after S. Karaman 1943a); G: differences in size between N. orcinus and N. transitivus (25 and 2.2 mm, respectively, adapted from Sket 1999). Note the variability in general aspects of proportions of some body parts such as lengths of antennae, pereopods, uropods and size of gnathopods. The polygon on N. macedonicus indicates the line along which we measured the body length.

FIGURE 5 in Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability

FIGURE 5. Variable proportions of parts of antenna I (A–F), antenna II (L–N) and various degree of development of additional structures. A: N. macedonicus, l1–l3 indicate the lines along which we measured the lengths of antenna I peduncle (adapted from S. Karaman 1950); B: N. orcinus (after S. Karaman 1950); C: N. grandii (after Sket 1972); D: N. krameri (after G. Karaman 1984b); E: N. pectinicauda (after Sket 1971); F N. rostratus (after Sket 1971); G: accessory flagellum of N. jovanovici (S. Karaman 1943a); H: accessory flagellum of N. rostratus (after Sket 1971); I: number of aesthetascs in N. macedonicus (S. Karaman 1943a); J: number of aesthetascs in N. smederevanus (after S. Karaman 1950); K: visor on the peduncle article I of antenna I in N. pupetta (after Sket 1971); L: N. dalmatinus l4–l6 indicate the lines along which we measured lengths of antenna II (original drawing); M: N. grandii (after Sket 1972); N: N. croaticus (after Jurinac 1888).

FIGURE 8 in Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability

FIGURE 8. Variability of carpus, propodus and dactylus of gnathopods I and II. Note differences in sizes of propodi I–II, inclination of palm, relative length of carpus and the size of posterior enlargement on carpus. A: N. croaticus (Jurinac 1888), B: N. trullipes (G. Karaman 1984a); C: N. bilecanus (S. Karaman 1953); D: N. orcinus (S. Karaman 1950); E: N. salonitanus (G. Karaman 1984a); F: N. grandii (Sket 1972); G: N. maximus (S. Karaman 1943a); H: N. parvus (S. Karaman 1943a); I: N. tamaninii (Ruffo 1953b); J: N. brevirostris; K: N. rostratus; L: N. transitivus (J–L after Sket 1971).

FIGURE 2 in Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability

FIGURE 2. Variability of a head. A: well developed rostrum (the arrow indicates the tip of the rostrum), Niphargus rostratus (after Sket 1971); B: extremely narrowed and elongated genal lobes N. pupetta (after Sket 1971); extraordinary spiniform setae of N. balcanicus (after S. Karaman 1932). The arrow indicates the line along which the head length was measured.

FIGURE 13. Uropod I in Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability

FIGURE 13. Uropod I. Peduncle (bl), endopodite (en-l) and exopodite lengths were measured (D). A–C show different proportions in lengths of rami, C–F show different patterns of setae. Figure G shows the position and structure of appendix on distal part of basis in males of some species. A: N. aquilex (G. Karaman 1980); B–C: N. cf. stygius (d'Ancona 1942); D: N. balcanicus (S. Karaman 1932); E: N. rostratus (Sket 1971); F: N. salonitanus (G. Karaman 1984a); N. zagrebensis (S. Karaman 1950).

FIGURE 14 in Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability

FIGURE 14. Uropod III. The measured lengths were basis (bl), both articles of exopodite (exl-1,2) and endopodite (enl). Note the rod-shaped and flattened type of uropod III and difference in number of setae along inner and outer margin of proximal article of exopodite. A: N. pectinicauda (Sket 1971); B: N. liburnicus (adapted from Fišer et al. 2007); C: N. orcinus (S. Karaman 1950); D: N. illidzensis (S. Karaman 1932); E: N. cf. stygius (d'Ancona 1942); F: N. karamani (S. Karaman 1952).

FIGURE 12. Pleopod II in Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability

FIGURE 12. Pleopod II (N. dalmatinus, original drawing). A: long stout spiniform seta near retinacles in N. brevirostris (from Sket 1971); B: variable number of retinacles (adapted from Husson 1950).

FIGURE 10. Pereopods VI–VII. A in Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability

FIGURE 10. Pereopods VI–VII. A: pereopod VI of N. dalmatinus, the lines of measurements are indicated (labels as in Fig. 7); B: pereopod VII of N. dalmatinus (original drawing); C: pereopod VII of N. multipennatus (Sket 1972); D: pereopod VII of N. balcanicus (S. Karaman 1932); E: pereopod VII of N. brevirostris (Sket 1971).

FIGURE 11 in Toward a unified taxonomy of Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): a review of morphological variability

FIGURE 11. Coxae, bases and dactyls of pereopods V and VII. Compare the sizes of anterior-posterior lobe of coxa V and the shape of coxal posterior margin (arrows D, E). Coxa VII differs with respect to position of the ventral-most point (arrows G, H). Note the differences in base width, presence/absence of posterior/anterior distal lobe, presence of proximo-posterior lobe (arrow I) and types of setae along posterior margins (A–C, F–I). Dactyls differ in shapes (left column) and setal patterns (right column). A, F: N. pectinicauda (Sket 1971); B, G: N. dalmatinus (original drawing); C, I: N. balcanicus (S. Karaman 1932); D, Q: N. jovanovici (S. Karaman 1943a); E: N. dabarensis (Fišer et al. 2006b); H, L: N. multipennatus (Sket 1972); J: N. rostratus (Sket 1971); K: N. orcinus (S. Karaman 1950); M: N. macedonicus (S. Karaman 1943a); N: N. illidzensis (S. Karaman 1932); O: N. delamarei (Ruffo 1954); P: N. grandii (Sket 1972).

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Morphological and behavioural differences facilitate tropical butterfly persistence in variable environments

1. The thermal biology of ectotherms largely determines their abundance and distributions. In general, tropical species inhabiting warm and stable thermal environments tend to have low tolerance to cold and variable environments, which may restrict their expansion into temperate climates. However, the distribution of some tropical species does extend into cooler areas such as tropical borders and high elevation tropical mountains. Behavioural and morphological differences may therefore play important roles in facilitating tropical species to cope with cold and variable climates at tropical edges. 2. We used field-validated biophysical models to estimate body temperatures of butterflies across elevational gradients at three sites in southern China and assessed the contribution of behavioural and morphological differences in facilitating their persistence in tropical and temperate climates. We investigated the effects of temperature on the activity of 4,844 individuals of 144 butterfly species along thermal gradients and tested whether species of different climatic affinities -- tropical and widespread (distributed in both temperate and tropical regions) -- differed in their thermoregulatory strategies (i.e. basking). In addition, we tested whether thermally-related morphology, or the strength of solar radiation (when butterflies were recorded) were related to such differences. 3. We found that activities of tropical species were restricted (low abundance) at low air temperatures compared to widespread species. Active tropical species were also more likely to bask at cooler body temperatures than widespread species. Heat gain from behavioural thermoregulation was higher for tropical species (when accounting for species abundance), and heat gain correlated with larger thorax widths but not with measured solar radiation. 4. Our results indicate that physiological intolerance to cold temperatures in tropical species may be compensated through behavioural and morphological responses in thermoregulation in variable sub-tropical environments. Increasing climatic variability with climate change may render tropical species more vulnerable to cold weather extremes compared to widespread species that are more physiologically suited to variable environments.

FIGURE. DnaSP DNA polymorphism analysis - Nucleotide variability (Pi) comparison between Strobilanthes lupulina and S. glandulata. The window length and step size were set to 600bp and 200bp respectively. The most varying regions and the commonly used barcoding regions are listed against the base-pair differences found. in Strobilanthes glandulata (Acanthaceae), a new species from Sri Lanka based on the morphological and molecular evidences

FIGURE. DnaSP DNA polymorphism analysis - Nucleotide variability (Pi) comparison between Strobilanthes lupulina and S. glandulata. The window length and step size were set to 600bp and 200bp respectively. The most varying regions and the commonly used barcoding regions are listed against the base-pair differences found.

FIGURE 12 in Review of Kamimuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, China, with notes on the morphological variability of K. tienmushanensis Wu, 1938

FIGURE 12. Kamimuria tienmushanensis, aedeagus, Longquan City, Zhejiang.A: dorsal; B: lateral; C: ventral. Wuyi Mountains, Fujian. D: dorsal; E: lateral; F: ventral.

FIGURE 11 in Review of Kamimuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, China, with notes on the morphological variability of K. tienmushanensis Wu, 1938

FIGURE 11. Kamimuria tienmushanensis, aedeagus, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang. A: dorsal; B: lateral; C: ventral.

FIGURE 10 in Review of Kamimuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Zhejiang and Fujian provinces, China, with notes on the morphological variability of K. tienmushanensis Wu, 1938

FIGURE 10. Kamimuria tienmushanensis, male terminalia, dorsal. A–C: Longquan City, Zhejiang, D: Wuyi Mountains, Fujian, terga with lighter coloration.

FIGURE 6. Styloperla spinicercia, male cercus from different individuals. A–B in The intraspecific morphological variability of Styloperla Wu, 1935 (Plecoptera: Styloperlidae)

FIGURE 6. Styloperla spinicercia, male cercus from different individuals. A–B: male from Guizhou (Mount Fanjing), the left long process with double subapical spines; C–D: male from Guangxi (Jinxiu), process on basal cercal segment is completely asymmetrical.

FIGURE 3 in The intraspecific morphological variability of Styloperla Wu, 1935 (Plecoptera: Styloperlidae)

FIGURE 3. Styloperla inae from Fujian, male right cercus from different individuals, with basal cercal segments that vary in distance from the apex.

FIGURE 10 in The intraspecific morphological variability of Styloperla Wu, 1935 (Plecoptera: Styloperlidae)

FIGURE 10. Styloperla wui from Anhui, terminalia of adult, dorsal and ventral view. A–B: male; C–D: female.

FIGURE 13 in The intraspecific morphological variability of Styloperla Wu, 1935 (Plecoptera: Styloperlidae)

FIGURE 13. The distribution of Styloperla in China. The doubtful distributions in Zhejiang Province are marked by "?".

FIGURE 5 in The intraspecific morphological variability of Styloperla Wu, 1935 (Plecoptera: Styloperlidae)

FIGURE 5. Styloperla spinicercia from Guangxi (Longsheng), male cercus from different individuals with asymmetrical cercal processes.