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FIGURES 60–61 in Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Conocephalinae, Hexacentrinae, Phaneropterinae Mecopodinae, Hetrodinae) from some protected areas of Central African Republic

FIGURES 60–61. Two species of Phaneropterinae: Gelotopoia bicolor at light (60) (photo by S. Buchet), Zeuneria melanopeza feeding on dog droppings (61) (photo by S. Danflous).

FIGURES 43–48. Dapanera brevistylata Massa, n in Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Conocephalinae, Hexacentrinae, Phaneropterinae Mecopodinae, Hetrodinae) from some protected areas of Central African Republic

FIGURES 43–48. Dapanera brevistylata Massa, n. sp., male: habitus in lateral view (43), dorsal (44) and lateral (45) view of cerci, subgenital plate showing short styli (46), stridulatory file (47). Supragenital plate of Poreuomena forcipata, showing on the left a stout spine, lacking on the right (48).

FIGURES 49–52. Dapanera brevistylata Massa, n in Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Conocephalinae, Hexacentrinae, Phaneropterinae Mecopodinae, Hetrodinae) from some protected areas of Central African Republic

FIGURES 49–52. Dapanera brevistylata Massa, n. sp., female: subgenital plate (49), ovipositor in lateral view (50). Vossia obesa, habitus of one female showing an atypical color (51). Corycoides karschi, female, ventral surface of tegmen showing a big bulge (52).

FIGURES 36–42. 36–39 in Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Conocephalinae, Hexacentrinae, Phaneropterinae Mecopodinae, Hetrodinae) from some protected areas of Central African Republic

FIGURES 36–42. 36–39. Arantia (Arantia) gretae Massa, n. sp., male: habitus in lateral view (36), lateral view of last abdominal segments (37), ventral view of cerci and subgenital plate (38), lateral view of cerci (39); 40–42. Arantia (Euarantia) syssamagalei Massa et Annoyer, n. sp., male: habitus in lateral view (40), dorsal view of head, pronotum and stridulatory area (40a), lateral view of head and pronotum (40b), stridulatory file (41), dorsal view of cerci (42).

FIGURES 27–35. Paraeurycorypha Massa n. gen. ocellata Massa et Annoyer n in Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Conocephalinae, Hexacentrinae, Phaneropterinae Mecopodinae, Hetrodinae) from some protected areas of Central African Republic

FIGURES 27–35. Paraeurycorypha Massa n. gen. ocellata Massa et Annoyer n. sp., male: habitus in dorsal view (27), lateral view of hind tibia (28), lateral view of inner tympanum of fore tibia (29), fronto-dorsal view of the head (30), lateral view of fore femur (31), dorsal view of head and pronotum (32; arrows show the mirror on the right and the stridulatory area on the left), subgenital plate, with styli and right cercus (33), lateral view of the right cercus (34), stridulatory file (35).

FIGURES 6–9 in Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Conocephalinae, Hexacentrinae, Phaneropterinae Mecopodinae, Hetrodinae) from some protected areas of Central African Republic

FIGURES 6–9. Other characters of Conocephalus (Anisoptera) iris. Lateral view of last abdominal tergites and sternites (6), subgenital plate of the female (7), dorsal view of male (8) and female (9) tegmina.

FIGURES 21–26a. Eurycoplangiodes sanghaensis Massa n. gen. n in Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Conocephalinae, Hexacentrinae, Phaneropterinae Mecopodinae, Hetrodinae) from some protected areas of Central African Republic

FIGURES 21–26a. Eurycoplangiodes sanghaensis Massa n. gen. n. sp., male: habitus in lateral view (21), dorsal view of stridulatory area (22), frontal view of the head (23), lateral view of head and pronotum (24), stridulatory file (25), dorsal view of last tergites (26), subgenital plate (26a).

FIGURES 2–5 in Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Conocephalinae, Hexacentrinae, Phaneropterinae Mecopodinae, Hetrodinae) from some protected areas of Central African Republic

FIGURES 2–5. Main characters of Conocephalus (Anisoptera) iris. Lateral view of the male (2) and female (3), dorsal (4) and ventral view (5) of cerci.

FIGURES 10–20 in Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Conocephalinae, Hexacentrinae, Phaneropterinae Mecopodinae, Hetrodinae) from some protected areas of Central African Republic

FIGURES 10–20. Stridulatory file below the left tegmen of Corycomima camerata (10); 11–14. Eulioptera spinulosa, male: habitus in lateral view (11), dorsal view (12) and lateral view (13) of last tergites, subgenital plate (14); 15–20. Paraeulioptera emitflesti Massa, n. gen. n. sp., male: habitus in lateral view (15), dorsal view of stridulatory area (16), fore femur and tibia (17), dorsal view of cerci (18), stridulatory file (19), lateral view of head and pronotum (20).

FIGURE 1 in Orthoptera Tettigoniidae (Conocephalinae, Hexacentrinae, Phaneropterinae Mecopodinae, Hetrodinae) from some protected areas of Central African Republic

FIGURE 1. Situation in Africa of the different protected areas and places cited; Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve and N'Gotto Classified Forest.

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

Data from: Assessing the effectiveness of a national protected area network in maintaining carnivore populations

Protected areas (PAs) are essential to prevent further biodiversity loss yet their effectiveness varies largely with governance and external threats. Although methodological advances have permitted assessments of PA effectiveness in mitigating deforestation, we still lack similar studies for the impact of PAs on wildlife populations. Here we demonstrate the application ofuse an innovative combination of matching methods and hurdle-mixed models with a large-scale and long-term dataset of unprecedented coverage for Finland's large carnivore species. We show that the national PA network , at the national level, PAs does not support higher densities than non-protected habitat for 3 of the 4 species investigated. For the brown bear, PAs appear to have lower densities than non-protected areas. For some species, PA effects interact with region or time, i.e. wolverine densities decreased inside PAs over the study period and lynx densities increased inside eastern PAs. Although we show that matching approaches could and should be applied to wildlife population data, Wwe support their application of matching methods in combination of additional analytical frameworks for deeper understanding of conservation impacts on wildlife populations. These methodological advances are crucial for improving PA targets and extremely timely for preparing ambitious PA targets a post-2020 global framework for biodiversity.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: Modelling the current and future biodiversity distribution in the Chilean Mediterranean Hotspot. The role of protected areas network in a warmer future

Aim: Mediterranean Chile is part of the five recognized Mediterranean-type climates in the world and harbors a very rich floral diversity. Climate change has been reported as a significant threat to its biodiversity. We used the flora of Mediterranean Chile to analyze how biodiversity patterns, as measured by Phylogenetic Diversity, genus and species richness will respond to climate change scenarios and identify the areas that will harbor the greatest evolutionary potential and biodiversity richness. We also evaluated how these spatial patterns are depicted within the current network of protected areas. Location: Chilean Mediterranean climate-type Region, South America. Methods: Biodiversity metrics were evaluated for current and future climatic scenarios. Species distribution models were done using Maxent for 1.727 species and 571 genera. Relationships between species/genera gain, loss and turnover were evaluated. For Mediterranean endemic species, loss and gain was also related to life form. Finally, variation in species gain, loss and turnover was evaluated in future climate change scenarios within and outside Mediterranean Chile state protected areas. Results: We found a general decrease in species richness in the entire Region toward future climate change scenarios. Phylogenetic Diversity is predicted to be higher than expected by richness in the north and south of the area, and lower than expected by richness in the Andes mountain. The highest average species and genus loss is predicted to occur outside the protected areas, meanwhile species and genus gain is higher within them. Main conclusions: Future biodiversity patterns are reported here for the first time in the Chilean Mediterranean Region. Our findings enhance the importance of the current protected areas to harbor this future variation, despite their reduced number and size along the region.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Integrating functional connectivity in designing networks of protected areas under climate change: a caribou case-study

Land-use change and climate change are recognized as two main drivers of the current biodiversity decline. Protected areas help safeguard the landscape from additional anthropogenic disturbances and, when properly designed, can help species cope with climate change impacts. When designed to protect the regional biodiversity rather than to conserve focal species or landscape elements, protected areas need to cover a representative sample of the regional biodiversity and be functionally connected, facilitating individual movements among protected areas in a network to maximize their effectiveness. We developed a methodology to define effective protected areas to implement in a regional network using ecological representativeness and functional connectivity as criteria. We illustrated this methodology in the Gaspésie region of Québec, Canada. We simulated movements for the endangered Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou population (Rangifer tarandus caribou), using an individual-based model, to determine functional connectivity based on this large mammal. We created multiple protected areas network scenarios and evaluated their ecological representativeness and functional connectivity for the current and future conditions. We selected a subset of the most effective network scenarios and extracted the protected areas included in them. There was a tradeoff between ecological representativeness and functional connectivity for the created networks. Only a few protected areas among those available were repeatedly chosen in the most effective networks. Protected areas maximizing both ecological representativeness and functional connectivity represented suitable areas to implement in an effective protected areas network. These areas ensured that a representative sample of the regional biodiversity was covered by the network, as well as maximizing the movement over time between and inside the protected areas for the focal population.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Data from: Assessing the effectiveness of protected areas for conserving range-restricted rainforest butterflies in Sabah, Borneo

Rainforests on Borneo support exceptional concentrations of endemic insect biodiversity, but many of these forest-dependent species are threatened by land-use change. Totally protected areas (TPAs) of forest are key for conserving biodiversity, and we examined the effectiveness of the current TPA network for conserving range-restricted butterflies in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo). We found that mean diurnal temperature range and precipitation of the wettest quarter of the year were the most important predictors of butterfly distributions (N = 77 range-restricted species), and that species richness increased with elevation and aboveground forest carbon. On average across all species, TPAs were effective at conserving ~43% of species' ranges, but encompassed only ~40% of areas with high species richness (i.e. containing at least 50% of our study species). The TPA network also included only 33-40% of areas identified as high priority for conserving range-restricted species, as determined by a systematic conservation prioritization analysis. Hence, the current TPA network is reasonably effective at conserving range-restricted butterflies, although considerable areas of high species richness (6565 km2) and high conservation priority (11,152-12,531 km2) are not currently protected. Sabah's remaining forests, and the range-restricted species they support, are under continued threat from agricultural expansion and urban development, and our study highlights important areas of rainforest that require enhanced protection.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Robust inference on large-scale species habitat use with interview data: the status of jaguars outside protected areas in Central America

Evaluating range-wide habitat use by a target species requires information on species occurrence over broad geographic regions, a process made difficult by species rarity, large spatiotemporal sampling domains, and imperfect detection. We address these challenges in an assessment of habitat use for jaguars (Panthera onca) outside protected areas in Central America. Occurrence records were acquired within 12 putative corridors using interviews with knowledgeable corridor residents. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical occupancy model to gain robust inference, allowing for heterogeneity introduced in the sampling process over space and time, using records of jaguar occurrence prone to false positives and false negatives. Probability of false detection of jaguars increased with the number of interviews conducted per unit (from 5.42% to 7.74% given <4 and ≥4 observers per unit). True probability of detection (mean=0.58) increased with the number of days interviewees spent in a survey unit per year. Failing to account for false positives biased predicted habitat use high (˜1.8x), especially where occurrence records were sparse. Probability of site use by jaguars increased with greater forest cover, prey richness, and distance from human settlements, and decreased with greater agricultural cover, elevation, and distance from protected areas. Site use probabilities averaged 0.15-0.97 by corridor, providing relatively fine-scale resolution of predicted jaguar occurrence consistent with known patterns of jaguar gene flow across Central America. Model validation, accounting for both false positives and negatives in the observation process, indicated moderate correspondence between model-predicted observations and actual observations for withheld data (0.65, 95% CRI 0.59–0.71), with sensitivity and specificity rates of 0.69 (0.61 – 0.77) and 0.59 (0.50 – 0.68), respectively. These results demonstrate that reliable predictions can be achieved despite the complexity of large-scale, interview-based analyses of species occurrence. Synthesis and applications. Our Bayesian hierarchical occupancy model accommodated heterogeneity caused by typical sampling inequities and idiosyncrasies associated with interview data, yielding robust estimates of jaguar habitat use. Our approach is applicable to any wide-ranging and readily identifiable species and has particular utility for rare species in human-dominated landscapes where traditional survey techniques (e.g., camera traps) may be impractical.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Relationships between a common Caribbean corallivorous snail and protected area status, coral cover, and predator abundance

As coral populations decline across the Caribbean, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the forces that inhibit coral survivorship and recovery. Predation by corallivores, such as the short coral snail Coralliophila abbreviata,are one threat to the health of reefs worldwide, but understanding of the factors controlling corallivore populations, and therefore corallivore predation pressure, remains limited. To examine the extent to which bottom-up (i.e., coral prey) and top-down (i.e., predators) forces relate to C. abbreviata distributions, we surveyed C. abbreviata abundance, percent coral cover, and the abundance of potential snail predators across six protected and six unprotected reefs in the Florida Keys. We found that C. abbreviata abundance was lower in protected areas, which had more diverse predator assemblages, and that across all sites snail abundance generally increased with coral cover. C. abbreviata abundance had strong, negative relationships with two gastropod predators in particular - the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) and the grunt black margate (Anisotremus surinamensis). Further, we found the size of C. abbreviata was also related to reef protection status, with larger C. abbreviata on average in protected areas, suggesting these gape-limited predators may alter size distributions by targeting small snails. Combined, these results provide preliminary evidence that marine protection in the Florida Keys may be a mechanism available to preserve critical trophic interactions that indirectly promote coral success via control of local populations of the common corallivore C. abbreviata.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Data from: Mediterranean marine protected areas have higher biodiversity via increased evenness, not abundance

1. Protected areas are central to biodiversity conservation. For marine fish, marine protected areas (MPAs) often harbour more individuals, especially of species targeted by fisheries. But precise pathways of biodiversity change remain unclear. For example, how local-scale responses combine to affect regional biodiversity, important for managing spatial networks of MPAs, is not well known. Protection potentially influences three components of fish assemblages that determine how species accumulate with sampling effort and spatial scale: the total number of individuals, the relative abundance of species, and within species aggregation. Here, we examined the contributions of each component to species richness changes inside MPAs as a function of spatial scale. 2. Using standardised underwater visual survey data, we measured the abundance and species richness of reef fishes in 43 protected and 41 fished sites in the Mediterranean Sea. 3. At both local and regional scales, increased species evenness caused by added common species in MPAs compared to fished sites was the most important proximate driver of higher diversity. 4. Site-to-site variation in the composition (i.e., ß-diversity) of common species was also higher among protected sites, and depended on sensitivity to exploitation. There were more abundant exploited species at regional scales than at local scales, reflecting a tendency for different protected sites to harbour different exploited species. In contrast, fewer abundant unexploited species were found at the regional scale than at the local scale, meaning that relative abundances at the regional scale were less even than at the local scale. 5. Synthesis and applications. Although marine protected areas (MPAs) are known to strongly influence fish community abundance and biomass, we found that changes to the relative abundance of species (i.e., increased evenness) dominated the biodiversity response to protection. MPAs had more relatively common species, which in turn led to higher diversity for a given sampling effort. Moreover, higher ß-diversity of common species meant that local scale responses were magnified at the regional scale due to site-to-site variation inside protected areas for exploited species. Regional conservation efforts can be strengthened by examining how multiple components of biodiversity respond to protection across spatial scales.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Pre-closure fishing pressure predicts effects of marine protected areas

1. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can be effective tools for marine resource management. However, despite evidence of the positive effects of MPAs, such as increases in body sizes of organisms targeted by fisheries, there is often heterogeneity in biological outcomes among them. 2. Because fishing can drastically impact fish populations, the goal of this study was to determine if the levels of exploitation prior to protection could predict variation in the magnitude of MPA effects. 3. Using a diver operated stereo-video camera system, we compared sizes of fishes targeted by anglers within seven MPAs spanning the Southern California Bight to nearby comparison areas (non-MPAs). We used fine-scale data on pre-closure fishing pressure to test responses of fishes to protection along a gradient of exploitation. 4. Fish size responded to protection in proportion to pre-closure fishing pressure, with MPAs in areas with high pre-closure fishing having greater responses in average lengths and size distributions than those in areas with low fishing pressure. 5. This response was evident in species heavily targeted by recreational fishing, but not in species that were not targeted in fisheries. 6. Synthesis and applications: Pre-closure fishing pressure of an area can impact the efficacy of MPAs, and, when available, should be considered when predicting and evaluating MPA performance. Prioritizing heavily exploited areas for protection when implementing spatial management tools could maximize ecological outcomes.05-Nov-2019

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Protected area, easement, and rental contract data reveal five communities of land protection in the United States

Land protection efforts represent large societal investments and are critical to biodiversity conservation. Land protection involves a complex mosaic of areas managed by multiple organizations, using a variety of mechanisms to achieve different levels of protection. We develop an approach to synthesize, describe, and map this land protection diversity over large spatial scales. We use cluster analysis to find distinct "communities" of land protection based on the organizations involved, the strictness of land protection, and the protection mechanisms used. We also associate identified land protection communities with socioenvironmental variables. Applying these methods to describe land protection communities in counties across the coterminous United States (US), we recognize five different land protection communities. Two land protection communities occur in areas with low human population size at higher elevations and include a large amount of protected land primarily under federal management. These two community types are differentiated from one another by the particular federal agencies involved, the relative contributions of smaller actors, and the amount of protection by designations vs. conservation easements or covenants. Three remaining land protection communities have less overall protection. Land in one community is primarily protected by federally managed rental contracts and government managed easements; another is managed by a diversity of non-federal actors through fee-ownership and easements; and the third stands out for having the lowest amount of formally recorded protection overall. High elevation and poor quality soils are over-represented in US protected lands. Rental contracts help fill in gaps in counties with high productivity soil while the US Fish and Wildlife Service fills in gaps in low-elevation counties. Counties with large numbers of threatened species have more and stricter protection, particularly by regional entities like water management districts. The ability to synthesize and map land protection communities can help conservation planners tailor interventions to local contexts, position local agencies to approach collaborations more strategically, and suggest new hypotheses for researchers regarding interactions among different protection mechanisms.