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1,533 results for “rearing”
Rear-edge populations are important for understanding climate change risk and adaptation potential of threatened species
<p>Climate change disproportionately threatens alpine species, by reducing available habitat and by isolating their populations. These pressures are particularly relevant for rear-edge populations, which typically occupy more marginal habitat compared to populations at the core of species' ranges. We studied Caucasian grouse <i>Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi</i> in the Caucasus ecoregion, a global biodiversity hotspot where this species is endemic, to understand potential climate change impacts on the species. Specifically, we assessed how climate change impacts rear-edge populations and how important these populations are for understanding range shifts and adaptive capacity under climate change. We used maximum entropy modelling to assess changes in the distribution of climatically-suitable habitat under present and 2070 climate conditions for the representative concentration pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5). Our results revealed that ignoring rear-edge populations leads to a significant underestimation of the future range (by about 14,700 km²). Rear-edge populations were better adapted to warmer climates compared to core populations, and ignoring them therefore also underestimates adaptive capacity. Preventing the loss of rear-edge populations should therefore be a priority for conservation planning in the face of climate change. Because the Caucasian grouse is associated with alpine mountain tops, conservation should focus on establishing connectivity between rear-edge and core populations (e.g., via transboundary corridors or assisted colonizations). Our study reveals how species distribution modelling can highlight the importance of rear-edge populations for mitigating climate change impacts on species of conservation concern.</p>
Parenting costs time: Changes in pair bond maintenance across pregnancy and infant rearing in a monogamous primate (Plecturocebus cupreus) [dataset]
<p>Relationships support social animals’ health, but maintaining relationships is challenging. When transitioning to parenthood, new parents balance pair-bond maintenance with infant care. We studied pair-bond maintenance via affiliation in 22 adult titi monkey pairs (<em>Plecturocebus cupreus</em>) for 16 months centered around their first offspring’s birth. Pair affiliation peaked during pregnancy, decreased across the postpartum period, and rose after reaching minimum affiliation 32.6 weeks postpartum. Pairs in which fathers infant-carry more than average had lower affiliation at the infant’s birth and return to an increase in affiliation sooner. Parents of infants who were slow to independence had higher rates of affiliation. Titi monkey infants actively prefer their fathers; mothers may avoid their infant-carrying mate, suggesting infants play an active role in parental affiliative decline. Our data supports previous findings that affiliation between partners declines following an infant’s birth, but demonstrates new knowledge about the extent and duration of affiliative decline.</p>
Data from: The modulating role of group stability on fitness effects of group size is different in females and males of a communally rearing rodent
Group size may influence fitness benefits and costs that emerge from cooperative and competitive interactions in social species. However, evidence from plural breeding mammals indicates that group size is insufficient to explain variation in direct fitness, implying other attributes of social groups were overlooked. We studied the natural population of a social rodent during 5 years to test the hypothesis that social stability – in terms of group composition – modulates the effects of increasing number of breeding females (a proxy of communal rearing) and males on the number of offspring weaned (sired) and on the number of offspring weaned (sired) surviving to breeding age (two proxies of direct fitness). We quantified the effects of social stability (measured as changes in female or male group members between mating and the onset of lactation) on these fitness measures. We used live trapping, telemetry and DNA markers to determine social and fitness measures. Social stability in degus was variable in terms of the number of changes in group composition across groups. Low stability was mostly due to mortality and emigration of group members. Results supported a modulating role of social stability on the relationship between group size and the number of offspring weaned (sired). Stability in female and male group composition were both modulators of fitness to females and males. The modulatory role of stability was sex specific, where high social stability was often fitness beneficial to the females. Instead, low social stability was fitness enhancing to the males.
Data from: Honey bee colonies headed by hyperpolyandrous queens have improved brood rearing efficiency and lower infestation rates of parasitic Varroa mites
A honey bee queen mates on wing with an average of 12 males and stores their sperm to produce progeny of mixed paternity. The degree of a queen's polyandry is positively associated with measures of her colony's fitness, and observed distributions of mating number are evolutionary optima balancing risks of mating flights against benefits to the colony. Effective mating numbers as high as 40 have been documented, begging the question of the upper bounds of this behavior that can be expected to confer colony benefit. In this study we used instrumental insemination to create three classes of queens with exaggerated range of polyandry– 15, 30, or 60 drones. Colonies headed by queens inseminated with 30 or 60 drones produced more brood per bee and had a lower proportion of samples positive for Varroa destructor mites than colonies whose queens were inseminated with 15 drones, suggesting benefits of polyandry at rates higher than those normally obtaining in nature. Our results are consistent with two hypotheses that posit conditions that reward such high expressions of polyandry: (1) a queen may mate with many males in order to promote beneficial non-additive genetic interactions among subfamilies, and (2) a queen may mate with many males in order to capture a large number of rare alleles that regulate resistance to pathogens and parasites in a breeding population. Our results are unique for identifying the highest levels of polyandry yet detected that confer colony-level benefit and for showing a benefit of polyandry in particular toward the parasitic mite V. destructor.
Data from: Laboratory rearing of Anopheles arabiensis: impact on genetic variability and implications for Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) based mosquito control in northern Sudan
Background: Mosquito colony populations often show significant changes in their population genetic make-up compared to the field populations that were used as founding source. Most of the changes that have been reported are indicators of depletion in the overall genetic diversity of the colony populations. The Sterile Insect Techniques programme of mosquito control that is underway in Northern Sudan uses sterilized males produced from a laboratory-maintained colony population. The genetic diversity of an advanced generation of this colony population was quantitatively assessed and compared to the field population from which the colony was derived. Methods: Anopheles arabiensis mosquito samples from the 13th generation of the colony, and from the locality that was the source of the first generation of the colony, were genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci distributed throughout the species' genome. Standard population genetic analyses were carried out to quantify and compare their population genetic make-up and diversities. Results: The colony samples showed significant reduction in the total number of alleles, the numbers of rare and private alleles, and the fractions of heterozygote individuals at all the loci. The pattern of change is consistent with the expected effect of the use of a small number of mosquitoes when the colony was established. Departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in the direction of homozygote excess was observed at some loci and attributed to the presence of null-alleles. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for broad sampling when initiating colony populations and for ongoing assessment of the population genetic make-up of colony populations. Previous assessments of survivorship, dispersive behaviour and swarm formation indicate that the inbreeding and reduced genetic variability reported in this study may not have had direct fitness consequences yet. However, noting the lessons learned in other SIT programmes about the impact of colonization on male sexual behaviour and longevity, as well as other inbreeding related adverse effects, a systematic investigation of these potential effects is recommended because they have direct impact on the ultimate success of the programme.
Data from: Paternity analyses in wild-caught and lab-reared Caribbean cricket females reveal the influence of mating environment on post-copulatory sexual selection
Polyandry is ubiquitous in insects and provides the conditions necessary for male- and female-driven forms of post-copulatory sexual selection to arise. Populations of Amphiacusta sanctaecrucis exhibit significant divergence in portions of the male genitalia that are inserted directly into the female reproductive tract, suggesting that males may exercise some post-copulatory control over fertilization success. We examine the potential for male-male and male-female post-copulatory interactions to influence paternity in wild-caught females of A. sanctaecrucis and contrast our findings with those obtained from females reared in a high-density laboratory environment. We find that female A. sanctaecrucis exercise control by mating multiple times (females mount males), but that male-male post-copulatory interactions may influence paternity success. Moreover, post-copulatory interactions that affect reproductive success of males are not independent of mating environment: clutches of wild-caught females exhibit higher sire diversity and lower paternity skew than clutches of lab-reared females. There was no strong evidence for last-male precedence in either case. Most attempts at disentangling the contributions of male-male and male-female interactions toward post-copulatory sexual selection have been undertaken in a laboratory setting and may not capture the full context in which they take place —such as the relationship between pre-mating and post-mating interactions. Our results reinforce the importance of designing studies that can capture the multifaceted nature of sexual selection for elucidating the role of post-copulatory sexual selection in driving the evolution of male and female reproductive traits, especially when different components (e.g., pre-copulatory and post-copulatory interactions) do not exert independent effects on reproductive outcomes.
Data from: Elevated oxidative stress in pied flycatcher nestlings of eumelanic foster fathers under low rearing temperatures
Striking variation in melanin coloration within natural populations is likely due to the different fitness outcomes of alternative phenotypes in varying environmental conditions. There are two types of melanins. Eumelanins yield blackish hues, while pheomelanins yield reddish hues. The production of eumelanins requires low levels of glutathione (GSH), which is the most important intracellular antioxidant, while the production of pheomelanins requires high levels of GSH. We investigated the oxidative status of male pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) with different degrees of melanin coloration under different temperatures during the nestling period. Moreover, we assessed the oxidative status of offspring in relation to their biological or foster father's melanin coloration and ambient temperature. To separate offspring genotype effects and paternal effects in different temperatures, we used a partial cross-foster design. The temperature differently affected the oxidative status of differently colored male pied flycatchers and their foster offspring. When the weather was relatively cold, black males had higher glutathione S-transferase levels compared to brown males, indicating enhanced stress in black males. Foster offspring of black males had lower ratio between reduced and oxidized GSH followed by higher total amount of GSH than foster offspring of brown males. Thus, foster offspring of black males seem to suffer from oxidative stress under relatively cold weather compared to those of brown males, and vice versa under relatively warm weather. While differently colored males experienced changes in their oxidative status under different temperatures, the link between father melanin coloration and offspring oxidative stress appears to be environmentally induced.
Data from: Stoichiometric traits of stickleback: effects of genetic background, rearing environment, and ontogeny
Phenotypes can both evolve in response to, and affect, ecosystem change, but few examples of diverging ecosystem-effect traits have been investigated. Bony armor traits of fish are good candidates for this because they evolve rapidly in some freshwa- ter fish populations, and bone is phosphorus rich and likely to affect nutrient recycling in aquatic ecosystems. Here, we explore how ontogeny, rearing environment, and bone allocation among body parts affect the stoichiometric phenotype (i.e., stoichio- metric composition of bodies and excretion) of threespine stickleback. We use two populations from distinct freshwater lineages with contrasting lateral plating pheno- types (full vs. low plating) and their hybrids, which are mostly fully plated. We found that ontogeny, rearing environment, and body condition were the most important pre- dictors of organismal stoichiometry. Although elemental composition was similar be- tween both populations and their hybrids, we found significant divergence in phosphorus allocation among body parts and in phosphorus excretion rates. Overall, body armor differences did not explain variation in whole body phosphorus, phospho- rus allocation, or phosphorus excretion. Evolutionary divergence between these line- ages in both allocation and excretion is likely to have important direct consequences for ecosystems, but may be mediated by evolution of multiple morphological or physi- ological traits beyond plating phenotype.
Data from: Multiple mating is linked to social setting, and benefits the males in a communally rearing mammal
Individuals in social species may mate with multiple opposite sex individuals, including members of the same or different social groups. This variation may be linked to genetic benefits, where multiple mating decreases risk of inbreeding. Multiple mating also may be constrained by the socio-spatial setting through its effect on availability of mates. Since multiple mating with individuals from same or different groups may determine sex-specific fitness effects, we also examined how multiple mating modulates social benefits of females and males. We used 7 years of data on demography, social organization, and genetics of a natural population of the group-living and colonial rodent, Octodon degus, to determine how kin and sex composition within social groups, and spatial relations between these groups (i.e., colonial habits) influence multiple mating and its fitness consequences. 81.3% of males and 64.9% of females produced offspring with multiple opposite sex individuals within groups and with individuals of neighboring groups. Thus, polygynandry was the dominant mating system in the degu population examined. Multiple mating in degus was high when compared with estimates reported in other social mammals. Variation in female and male multiple mating was better explained by social setting through its effect on availability of potential mates rather than by benefits derived from decreasing risk of inbreeding. Finally, our study revealed how multiple mating enhances male, but not female reproductive success.
Bronze Rearing Horse - 2nd Century
53 shots - Panasonic GF7 processed with Agisoft Photoscan Bronze Rearing Horse - Romano-Arabian, late 2nd century Displayed in the Byzantine Collection, Dumbarton Oaks Museum in Washington DC VR Ready Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Bryn Celli Ddu rear area
Famous megalithic site on Anglesey Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURES 1–4. Aleiodes itamevorus new species. 1 in Two new Eastern North American species of the Aleiodes coxalis (Spinola) speciesgroup (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Rogadinae) reared from Geometridae
FIGURES 1–4. Aleiodes itamevorus new species. 1: dorsolateral profile of head and anterior mesosoma; 2: microsculpture of vertex, dorsolateral view; 3: propodeum, dorsolateral view; 4: first metasomal tergum, dorsolateral view.
FIGURES 5–8. 5 in Two new Eastern North American species of the Aleiodes coxalis (Spinola) speciesgroup (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Rogadinae) reared from Geometridae
FIGURES 5–8. 5: Aleiodes itamevorus new species, metasoma, dorsolateral view; 6: A, maritimus new species, metasoma, dorsal view; 7: A maritimus, first metasomal tergum, dorsal view; 8: A. maritimus, second metasomal tergum, dorsal view.
FIGURES 1–4 in Three new species of Percnobracon Kieffer & Jörgensen (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Argentina, reared from cecidomyiid (Diptera) and eurytomid (Hymenoptera) galls
FIGURES 1–4. Percnobracon pampeanus sp. nov. 1, forewing; 2, mesoscutum in dorsal view; 3, propodeum and metasomal tergum I in dorsal view; 4, habitus of female in lateral view.
FIGURES 10–13 in Three new species of Percnobracon Kieffer & Jörgensen (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Argentina, reared from cecidomyiid (Diptera) and eurytomid (Hymenoptera) galls
FIGURES 10–13. Percnobracon witru sp. nov. 10, forewing; 11, mesoscutum in dorsal view; 12, propodeum and metasomal tergum I in dorsal view; 13, habitus of female in lateral view.
FIGURES 5–9 in Three new species of Percnobracon Kieffer & Jörgensen (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Argentina, reared from cecidomyiid (Diptera) and eurytomid (Hymenoptera) galls
FIGURES 5–9. Percnobracon rugosus sp. nov. 5, forewing of female; 6, forewing of male; 7, mesoscutum in dorsal view; 8, propodeum and metasomal tergum I in dorsal view; 9, habitus of female in lateral view.
FIGURE 4. A in A new species of Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae) reared from dobsonfly egg-masses (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in Brazil
FIGURE 4. A. Intact (top) and ecloded (bottom) egg-masses of Corydalidae (not attacked by parasites). B. Egg-masses attacked by Pseudogaurax idiogenes showing emergence holes of adult flies (top) and remaining fly puparia (bottom, protective layer of egg mass partially removed).
FIGURES 1–3. Pseudogaurax idiogenes. 1. Male genitalia, lateral. 2. Male genitalia, posterior. 3 in A new species of Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae) reared from dobsonfly egg-masses (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in Brazil
FIGURES 1–3. Pseudogaurax idiogenes. 1. Male genitalia, lateral. 2. Male genitalia, posterior. 3. Male genitalia, ventral. Abbreviations: cer – cercus; ej ap – ejaculatory apodeme; epd – epandrium; hyp – hypandrium; phal – phallus; phap – phallapodeme; pog – postgonite; sur – surstylus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Morphology of first seven larval stages of the striped soldier shrimp, Plesionika edwardsii (Brandt, 1851) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae) from laboratory reared material
FIGURE 1. Plesionika edwardsii, lateral view: A, zoea I; B, zoea II; C, zoea VI; cephalotorax dorsal view: D, zoea I; E, zoea II; F, zoea III; G, zoea VII. Scale bars: 500 μm.
FIGURE 5 in Morphology of first seven larval stages of the striped soldier shrimp, Plesionika edwardsii (Brandt, 1851) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Pandalidae) from laboratory reared material
FIGURE 5. Plesionika edwardsii, second maxilliped: A, zoea I; B, zoea II; C, zoea VII; third maxilliped: D, zoea VII; E,
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.