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Text-fig. 9. Mean individual differences in non-metric and metric variables of M1 from respective mean values of extant A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus and A. uralensis in the Recent samples (left) and fossils of particular Pleistocene biozones (right), superimposed to variation ranges and centroids of the former ones. in Genus Apodemus In The Pleistocene Of Central Europe: When Did The Extant Taxa Appear?

Text-fig. 9. Mean individual differences in non-metric and metric variables of M1 from respective mean values of extant A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus and A. uralensis in the Recent samples (left) and fossils of particular Pleistocene biozones (right), superimposed to variation ranges and centroids of the former ones.

Text-fig. 17. Scatter diagram of length and width of Promephitis species from Late Miocene faunas of southern Europe and western Asia. a – Promephitis maeotica, p4, dex, Gaverdovsky, GIN-1144-301: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. b – P. maeotica, p4, sin, reversed, Novoelizavetovka, PIN-355: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. Scale 1 mm. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 17. Scatter diagram of length and width of Promephitis species from Late Miocene faunas of southern Europe and western Asia. a – Promephitis maeotica, p4, dex, Gaverdovsky, GIN-1144-301: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. b – P. maeotica, p4, sin, reversed, Novoelizavetovka, PIN-355: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. Scale 1 mm.

Text-fig. 15. Large mammal remains from Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. a – Hipparion cf. moldavicum, SSC-RAS G-1/1, upper right M1–2, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; b – Hipparion aff. gromovae, SSC-RAS G-1/2, lower right m3, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; c – Hipparion sp., SSC-RAS G-1/4, lower right m1, occlusal view, Volchaya Balka; d–e – Microstonyx aff. major, SSC-RAS G-1/3, upper left dP4, d – occlusal view, e – lingual view, Volchaya Balka. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 15. Large mammal remains from Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. a – Hipparion cf. moldavicum, SSC-RAS G-1/1, upper right M1–2, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; b – Hipparion aff. gromovae, SSC-RAS G-1/2, lower right m3, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; c – Hipparion sp., SSC-RAS G-1/4, lower right m1, occlusal view, Volchaya Balka; d–e – Microstonyx aff. major, SSC-RAS G-1/3, upper left dP4, d – occlusal view, e – lingual view, Volchaya Balka.

Text-fig. 9. Bats from Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – Myotis sp. 1, right M2, GIN-1143-411; b – Myotis sp. 1, M2, dex, GIN-1143-412; c – Myotis sp. 2, m1 or m2, dex, GIN-1144- 311; e – Myotis sp. 2, M2, dex, GIN-1144-312; d – Eptesicus sp., M1 or M2, sin, GIN-1143-413. a, b, d – Volchaya Balka; c, e – Gaverdovsky. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 9. Bats from Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – Myotis sp. 1, right M2, GIN-1143-411; b – Myotis sp. 1, M2, dex, GIN-1143-412; c – Myotis sp. 2, m1 or m2, dex, GIN-1144- 311; e – Myotis sp. 2, M2, dex, GIN-1144-312; d – Eptesicus sp., M1 or M2, sin, GIN-1143-413. a, b, d – Volchaya Balka; c, e – Gaverdovsky.

Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view.

Text-fig. 5. Hyainailourus napakensis GINSBURG, 1980. a: NHMUK M 19090, left M1 from Napak (Uganda), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view. b: KNM-ME 22, left m2 from Meswa Brigde (Kenya), 1: buccal view, 2: lingual view. Hyainailouros sulzeri BIEDERMANN, 1863. c: GSN AD 375'94, right M1 from Arrisdrift (Namibia), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view. d: MNHN Tav 167, right m2 from Tavers (France), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view. in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)

Text-fig. 5. Hyainailourus napakensis GINSBURG, 1980. a: NHMUK M 19090, left M1 from Napak (Uganda), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view. b: KNM-ME 22, left m2 from Meswa Brigde (Kenya), 1: buccal view, 2: lingual view. Hyainailouros sulzeri BIEDERMANN, 1863. c: GSN AD 375'94, right M1 from Arrisdrift (Namibia), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view. d: MNHN Tav 167, right m2 from Tavers (France), 1: occlusal view, 2: buccal view, 3: lingual view.

Text-fig. 19. ONHM TQ 15, right P4/ of a palaeomastodontoid from Taqah, Dhofar Governorate, Oman. a) stereo radicular view, b) stereo occlusal view (scale bar 10 mm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 19. ONHM TQ 15, right P4/ of a palaeomastodontoid from Taqah, Dhofar Governorate, Oman. a) stereo radicular view, b) stereo occlusal view (scale bar 10 mm).

Text-fig. 18. Barytherium sp. from Dor el Talha, Libya. a) MNHN LBE 13, right upper premolar, stereo occlusal views (scale bar 1 cm) and b) MNHN LBE 004, right mandible containing m/2 and m/3 (b1 – stereo occlusal views, b2 – lingual view) (scale bar 5 cm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 18. Barytherium sp. from Dor el Talha, Libya. a) MNHN LBE 13, right upper premolar, stereo occlusal views (scale bar 1 cm) and b) MNHN LBE 004, right mandible containing m/2 and m/3 (b1 – stereo occlusal views, b2 – lingual view) (scale bar 5 cm).

Text-fig. 12. Lower molars of (a) Omanitherium dhofarense and (b) Moeritherium chehbeurameuri. a) stereo occlusal views of ONHM TN 2017-50, posterior lophid of an unworn right lower molar, probably m/2, from Mohammed's molar site, Dhofar, Oman, b) stereo occlusal views of MNHN 1890-14, left lower molar from "Khenchella", Algeria (note the longitudinal sulcus in the centre-line of the tooth of Moeritherium and its absence in Omanitherium). Arrows show the course of the sulcus in the molar from "Khenchella" (scale bar 10 mm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 12. Lower molars of (a) Omanitherium dhofarense and (b) Moeritherium chehbeurameuri. a) stereo occlusal views of ONHM TN 2017-50, posterior lophid of an unworn right lower molar, probably m/2, from Mohammed's molar site, Dhofar, Oman, b) stereo occlusal views of MNHN 1890-14, left lower molar from "Khenchella", Algeria (note the longitudinal sulcus in the centre-line of the tooth of Moeritherium and its absence in Omanitherium). Arrows show the course of the sulcus in the molar from "Khenchella" (scale bar 10 mm).

Text-fig. 11. Upper and lower incisors of Omanitherium dhofarense. a) ONHM TN 2017-51, right i/1 from Mohammed's molar site (a1 – mesial view, a2 – stereo labial view, a3 – stereo lingual view, a4 – distal view, a5 – apical view, a6 – mesial view of tooth occluded with the I1/); b) ONHM TH 6, from Thaytiniti (b1 – lingual view, b2 – mesial view of tooth occluded with the i/1) (scale bar 10 mm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 11. Upper and lower incisors of Omanitherium dhofarense. a) ONHM TN 2017-51, right i/1 from Mohammed's molar site (a1 – mesial view, a2 – stereo labial view, a3 – stereo lingual view, a4 – distal view, a5 – apical view, a6 – mesial view of tooth occluded with the I1/); b) ONHM TH 6, from Thaytiniti (b1 – lingual view, b2 – mesial view of tooth occluded with the i/1) (scale bar 10 mm).

Text-fig. 16. a) MNHN LBE 007, symphysis with left and right i/1 of Barytherium sp. from Dor el Talha, Libya. (a1 – superior stereo views of the symphysis, a2 – stereo distal view of right i/1 (arrow 1 shows the interstitial contact facet close to the apex caused by abrasion against the right i/2), a3 – section of right i/1 viewed from the radicular end to show the extent of the enamel cover (below the arrows 2) and the dome-shaped dentine mass on the lingual aspect (above the arrows), a4 – stereo occlusal views of right i/1 (note the orientation of the apical wear facet), a5 – stereo mesial view) (scale bar 5 cm); b–c) NHMUK M 82167b, distal stereo views of lower central incisors of Arcanotherium savagei from Dor el Talha, Libya, to show the interstitial wear facets near cervix caused by abrasion against the i/2s (b – left i/1, c – right i/1) (scale bar 10 cm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 16. a) MNHN LBE 007, symphysis with left and right i/1 of Barytherium sp. from Dor el Talha, Libya. (a1 – superior stereo views of the symphysis, a2 – stereo distal view of right i/1 (arrow 1 shows the interstitial contact facet close to the apex caused by abrasion against the right i/2), a3 – section of right i/1 viewed from the radicular end to show the extent of the enamel cover (below the arrows 2) and the dome-shaped dentine mass on the lingual aspect (above the arrows), a4 – stereo occlusal views of right i/1 (note the orientation of the apical wear facet), a5 – stereo mesial view) (scale bar 5 cm); b–c) NHMUK M 82167b, distal stereo views of lower central incisors of Arcanotherium savagei from Dor el Talha, Libya, to show the interstitial wear facets near cervix caused by abrasion against the i/2s (b – left i/1, c – right i/1) (scale bar 10 cm).

Text-fig. 8. Lower teeth of Arsinoitherium andrewsi from the Omanitherium type locality, Ashawq Formation, Oman. a) ONHM TN 2017-03, right m/3, (a1 – stereo buccal view, a2 – stereo occlusal view); b) ONHM TN 2017-04, right p/2 (b1 – stereo buccal view, b2 – stereo occlusal view); c) ONHM TN 2017-06, right p/4 (c1 – stereo buccal view, c2 – stereo occlusal view) (scale bar 10 mm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 8. Lower teeth of Arsinoitherium andrewsi from the Omanitherium type locality, Ashawq Formation, Oman. a) ONHM TN 2017-03, right m/3, (a1 – stereo buccal view, a2 – stereo occlusal view); b) ONHM TN 2017-04, right p/2 (b1 – stereo buccal view, b2 – stereo occlusal view); c) ONHM TN 2017-06, right p/4 (c1 – stereo buccal view, c2 – stereo occlusal view) (scale bar 10 mm).

Text-fig. 14. Upper cheek teeth of Omanitherium dhofarense. a) ONHM TN 2017-16, left P3/, stereo occlusal view; b) ONHM TN 2017-17, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; c) ONHM TN 2017-44, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; d) ONHM TN 2017-18, right M1/ stereo occlusal view; e and f) ONHM TN 2017-45, fragments of left M2/, stereo occlusal view; g) ONHM TN 2017-79, right M3/, stereo occlusal view (scale bar 10 mm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 14. Upper cheek teeth of Omanitherium dhofarense. a) ONHM TN 2017-16, left P3/, stereo occlusal view; b) ONHM TN 2017-17, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; c) ONHM TN 2017-44, right P4/, stereo occlusal view; d) ONHM TN 2017-18, right M1/ stereo occlusal view; e and f) ONHM TN 2017-45, fragments of left M2/, stereo occlusal view; g) ONHM TN 2017-79, right M3/, stereo occlusal view (scale bar 10 mm).

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Fig. 6. General habitus and right first ambulatory legs. A in Revision of the spider crab genus Maja Lamarck, 1801 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majoidea: Majidae), with descriptions of seven new genera and 17 new species from the Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific

Fig. 6. General habitus and right first ambulatory legs. A, Maja crispata, male (63.1 × 51.9 mm) (MNHN-IU-2013-4042), Italy; B, Maja crispata, male (48.5 × 39.0 mm) (MNHN-IU-2013-4041), Italy; C, Neomaja goltziana, male (73.4 × 65.0 mm) (MNHN-IU-2013-4046), Congo; D, Neomaja goltziana, male (90.2 × 83.1 mm) (MNHN-IU-2013-4044), Gabon; E, Maja squinado, neotype male (147.1 × 126.3 mm) (SMF-4548), Croatia; F, Neomaja goltziana, male (74.7 × 66.7 mm) (MNHN-IU-2013-4043), Senegal; G, Paramaya spinigera, male (85.0 × 66.4 mm) (ZRC 1999.738), Taiwan; H, Paramaja turgida n. sp., holotype male (74.1 × 66.8 mm) (NMCR), Philippines.

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet.

Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus.

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus.

Text-fig. 1. a, c – Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, skull in ventral, right lateral view; b – Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, skull in ventral view. Abbreviations: pa – porus acousticus, ptf – posttemporal foramen. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 1. a, c – Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, skull in ventral, right lateral view; b – Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, skull in ventral view. Abbreviations: pa – porus acousticus, ptf – posttemporal foramen.

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Text-fig. 7. Comparison of lower molars of different Eomyidae in occlusal (left) and labial (right) view. a) Eomys helveticus n. sp. from Rigi 1, M1/2 sin.: Rgi 3, holotype. b) Eomys schluneggeri n. sp. from Rigi 2, M1 dext. (reversed): Rgi 20, holotype. c) Eomys molassicus ENGESSER, 1987 from Rigi 2, M1 sin.: DKRgi13. d) Eomyodon mayoi ENGESSER, 1990 from Krummenau/ Thur, M1 dext. (reversed): Tpl A16. All figures at magnification 35×. in Eomys Helveticus N. Sp. And Eomys Schluneggeri N. Sp., Two New Small Eomyids Of The Chattian (Mp 25/Mp 26) Subalpine Lower Freshwater Molasse Of Switzerland

Text-fig. 7. Comparison of lower molars of different Eomyidae in occlusal (left) and labial (right) view. a) Eomys helveticus n. sp. from Rigi 1, M1/2 sin.: Rgi 3, holotype. b) Eomys schluneggeri n. sp. from Rigi 2, M1 dext. (reversed): Rgi 20, holotype. c) Eomys molassicus ENGESSER, 1987 from Rigi 2, M1 sin.: DKRgi13. d) Eomyodon mayoi ENGESSER, 1990 from Krummenau/ Thur, M1 dext. (reversed): Tpl A16. All figures at magnification 35×.

Text-fig. 11. Lower teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 641, left p4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 220, right p4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 233, right m1; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) MGL 665, right m1; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) MGL 225, holotype, right m2; e1 – occlusal view, e2 – buccal aspect, e3 – lingual aspect. f) MGL 222, left m1; f1 – lingual aspect, f2 – occlusal view, f3 – buccal aspect. g) MGL 231, right m2; g1 – occlusal view, g2 – buccal aspect, g3 – lingual aspect. h) MGL 646, left m3; h1 – buccal aspect, h2 – lingual aspect, h3 – occlusal view. i) MGL 619, right m3; i1 – buccal aspect, i2 – lingual aspect, i3 – occlusal view. Scale bar 1 mm. in A Reevaluation Of The Taxonomic Status Of The Rodent Masillamys Tobien, 1954 From Messel (Germany, Late Early To Early Middle Eocene, 48-47 M.Y.)

Text-fig. 11. Lower teeth of Masillamys mattaueri (HARTENBERGER) from Mas de Gimel (Hérault, France; MP 10, late early Eocene). a) MGL 641, left p4; a1 – occlusal view, a2 – buccal aspect, a3 – lingual aspect. b) MGL 220, right p4; b1 – occlusal view, b2 – buccal aspect, b3 – lingual aspect. c) MGL 233, right m1; c1 – occlusal view, c2 – buccal aspect, c3 – lingual aspect. d) MGL 665, right m1; d1 – occlusal view, d2 – buccal aspect, d3 – lingual aspect. e) MGL 225, holotype, right m2; e1 – occlusal view, e2 – buccal aspect, e3 – lingual aspect. f) MGL 222, left m1; f1 – lingual aspect, f2 – occlusal view, f3 – buccal aspect. g) MGL 231, right m2; g1 – occlusal view, g2 – buccal aspect, g3 – lingual aspect. h) MGL 646, left m3; h1 – buccal aspect, h2 – lingual aspect, h3 – occlusal view. i) MGL 619, right m3; i1 – buccal aspect, i2 – lingual aspect, i3 – occlusal view. Scale bar 1 mm.