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FIGURE 14 in Shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from SW Madagascar

FIGURE 14. Cirrhipathes anguina (Dana, 1846) (a–h) In situ pictures showing the wide range of phenotypes that the species can present (a—INV.131378; b—INV.131369; c—INV.131373; d—INV.131379; e—INV.131360; f—INV.131359; g—INV.131362; h—INV.131363). All these phenotypes have the same spine morphology. (i) Distal section 0.48 mm in diameter from the 30 cm-long juvenile colony INV.131363. At this stage, regular rows of spines can be seen. (j) Distal section 3.5 mm in diameter of a 2.5 m tall colony INV.131379. The regular rows formed by the spines start to be lost. (k–n) Different spine morphologies seen on distal parts of Ci. anguina colonies. The spines are generally stout and papillose but irregular growths are sometimes found, as well as triangular, minute spines or cylindrical, narrow newly formed spines. (o) Triangular, laterally compressed spines from a distal fragment of the juvenile colony INV.131363.

FIGURE 17 in Shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from SW Madagascar

FIGURE 17. Cirrhipathes cf. indica Summers, 1910 specimen INV.131341. (a) In situ picture of the entire colony. (b) Closeup view of the polyp arrangement on the basal part. (c) In situ close-up view of the polyp arrangement in the intermediate region showing a side free of polyps. (d) Section of the growing apical region 0.63 mm in diameter and showing irregularly verticillated spines. (e) Section of the intermediate region 3.6 mm in diameter. (f) Section of the basal region just above the basal anchorage measuring 6 mm in diameter. (g) Spines of the apical part. (h–i) Spines of the intermediate region. (j) Spine of the basal region.

FIGURE 16 in Shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from SW Madagascar

FIGURE 16. (a, c) Cirrhipathes densiflora Silberfeld, 1909 type specimen (schizotype USNM 100475) from Japan. (b, d) Cirrhipathes contorta van Pesch, 1910 type specimen (schizotype USNM 100414) from Indonesia.

FIGURE 6 in Shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from SW Madagascar

FIGURE 6. (a) Tylopathes? hypnoides (Brook, 1889) holotype NHMUK 86.2.8.2 from Mauritius. (b) Close-up view of the schizotype USNM 100356.

FIGURE 20. Cirrhipathes rumphii van Pesch, 1910 in Shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from SW Madagascar

FIGURE 20. Cirrhipathes rumphii van Pesch, 1910 type specimen (schizotype USNM 100412) from Indonesia. (a) Section 1.25 mm in diameter. (b) Section 0.82 mm in diameter. (c) Spine found in the section shown in (a). (d) Spine found in the section shown in (b).

FIGURE 5 in Shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from SW Madagascar

FIGURE 5. Antipathes hypnoides (Brook, 1889) specimen INV.131347. (a) Entire colony. (b) Top view of the colony showing some flabellate parts growing parallel to the plane. (c) Close-up view of expanded polyps. (d) Detailed view of the branching pattern. (e) Section of a branchlet 0.13 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 0.23 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (g) Section of a branch 0.90 mm in diameter. (h) Polypar spine on a branch 0.13 mm in diameter. (i) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (j–l) Needle-like, bifid and forked spines on a 0.90 mm branch. (m) Close-up view of the tip of a spine showing the small papillae.

opencc-zeroFeb 2020View details →

dryad32/100

Palms and trees resist extreme drought in Amazon forests with shallow water tables

1. The intensity and frequency of severe droughts in the Amazon region has increase in recent decades. These extreme events are associated with changes in forest dynamics, biomass and floristic composition. However, most studies of drought response have focused on upland forests with deep water tables, which may be especially sensitive to drought. Palms, which tend to dominate the less well-drained soils, have also been neglected. The relative neglect of shallow water tables and palms is a significant concern for our understanding of tropical drought impacts, especially as one third of Amazon forests grow on shallow water tables (<5m deep). 2. We evaluated the drought response of palms and trees in forests distributed over a 600 km transect in central-southern Amazonia, where the landscape is dominated by shallow water table forests. We compared vegetation dynamics before and following the 2015-16 El Nino drought, the hottest and driest on record for the region (-214 mm of cumulative water deficit). 3. We observed no change in stand mortality rates and no biomass loss in response to drought in these forests. Instead, we observed an increase in recruitment rates, which doubled to 6.78% y-1 ± 4.40 (mean ± SD) during 2015-16 for palms and increased by half for trees (to 2.92% y-1 ± 1.21), compared to rates in the pre-El-Nino interval. Within these shallow water table forests, mortality and recruitment rates varied as a function of climatic drought intensity and water table depth for both palms and trees, with mortality being greatest in climatically and hydrologically wetter environments and recruitment greatest in drier environments. Across our transect there was a significant increase over time in tree biomass. 4. Synthesis: Our results indicate that forests growing over shallow water tables – relatively under-studied vegetation that nonetheless occupies one-third of Amazon forests - are remarkably resistant to drought. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that local hydrology and its interactions with climate strongly constrain forest drought effects, and has implications for climate change feedbacks. This work enhances our understanding of integrated drought effects on tropical forest dynamics and highlights the importance of incorporating neglected forest types into both the modeling of forest climate responses and into public decisions about priorities for conservation.

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Data from: Starting a DNA barcode reference library for shallow water polychaetes from the southern European Atlantic coast

Annelid polychaetes have been seldom the focus of dedicated DNA barcoding studies, despite their ecological relevance and often dominance, particularly in soft-bottom estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. Here, we report the first assessment of the performance of DNA barcodes in the discrimination of shallow water polychaete species from the southern European Atlantic coast, focusing on specimens collected in estuaries and coastal ecosystems of Portugal. We analysed cytochrome oxidase I DNA barcodes (COI-5P) from 164 specimens, which were assigned to 51 morphospecies. To our data set from Portugal, we added available published sequences selected from the same species, genus or family, to inspect for taxonomic congruence among studies and collection location. The final data set comprised 290 specimens and 79 morphospecies, which generated 99 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) within Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD). Among these, 22 BINs were singletons, 47 other BINs were concordant, confirming the initial identification based on morphological characters, and 30 were discordant, most of which consisted on multiple BINs found for the same morphospecies. Some of the most prominent cases in the latter category include Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller, 1776) (7), Eulalia viridis (Linnaeus, 1767) (2) and Owenia fusiformis (delle Chiaje, 1844) (5), all of them reported from Portugal and frequently used in ecological studies as environmental quality indicators. Our results for these species showed discordance between molecular lineages and morphospecies, or added additional relatively divergent lineages. The potential inaccuracies in environmental assessments, where underpinning polychaete species diversity is poorly resolved or clarified, demand additional and extensive investigation of the DNA barcode diversity in this group, in parallel with alpha taxonomy efforts.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

opennotspecifiedDec 2016View details →

FIGURE 1 in A new shallow water species of Artemisina Vosmaer, 1885 (Microcionidae, Demospongiae; Porifera) from Northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Artemisina brasili sp. nov. (UFPEPOR 2124 and MNRJ 20790). A, specimens in situ (MNRJ 20790); specimen freshly collected; B, detail of papillae and surface (UFPEPOR 2124); C, thick section showing the ectosome and choanosome; A–B = 1 cm; C = 200 µm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2016View details →

FIGURE 2 in A new shallow water species of Artemisina Vosmaer, 1885 (Microcionidae, Demospongiae; Porifera) from Northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 2. Spicule complement of Artemisina brasili sp. nov. in SEM (UFPEPOR 2124, holotype). A, size variation of subtylostyles; B, details of subtylostyles; C, palmate isochelae; D, light microscope images of toxas (arrows). Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 5 µm; C = 5 µm; D = 50 µm.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Leptogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific

FIGURE 6. Leptogorgia cofrini sp. nov., holotype (UCR 398A), holdfast mineralisation: A, fractured surface showing layers of gorgonin and mineralized loculi; B, mineralized filaments of loculi (a close view of the right bottom section of A); C, microspheres of CHAp on organic filament; D, microspheres of CHAp coating filaments that were partially removed after maceration.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Leptogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific

FIGURE 2. Leptogorgia cofrini sp. nov., holotype (UCR 398A), SEM sclerites: A, from the coenenchyme; B, from the anthocodia.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Leptogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific

FIGURE 1. Leptogorgia cofrini sp. nov.: A, living colonies photographed 4 m depth by H.M. Guzman; B, holotype (UCR 398A); C, detail of colony branch; D, light micrograph of sclerites.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Leptogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific

FIGURE 4. Leptogorgia cofrini sp. nov., holotype (UCR 398A), axis mineralisation, SEMmicrograph stereo pairs of longitudinal sections of terminal twig after maceration in sodium hypochlorite: A, longitudinal strands of CHAp in the axial cortex; B, chambered core with mineralized filaments.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Leptogorgia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) from the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific

FIGURE 5. Leptogorgia cofrini sp. nov., holotype (UCR 398A), axis mineralisation, SEMmicrograph of longitudinal sections of terminal twig after maceration in sodium hypochlorite: A, central chamber showing filaments coated with CHAp (stero pair); B, detail of CHAp microspheres coating filaments.

FIGURE 8 in Astacilla boreaphilis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera) from shallow and deep North Atlantic waters

FIGURE 8. Astacilla boreaphilis sp. nov., allotype ɗ, 7.0 mm (IMNH 2006.06.01.2). A, penial plate. B, pleopod 1. C, pleopod 2. D, pleopod 3. E, pleopod 4. F, pleopod 5. G, uropod. Scales: a = 0.2 mm, b = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Astacilla boreaphilis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera) from shallow and deep North Atlantic waters

FIGURE 4. Astacilla boreaphilis sp. nov., holotype Ψ, 7.4 mm, (IMNH 2006.06.01.1). A, pereopod 5. B, pereopod 6. C, pereopod 7. Scale = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Astacilla boreaphilis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera) from shallow and deep North Atlantic waters

FIGURE 1. Astacilla boreaphilis sp. nov., holotype Ψ, 7.4 mm, (IMNH 2006.06.01.1). A, habitus, lateral view. B, habitus, dorsal view. C, antenna 1. Scales: a = 2 mm, b = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Astacilla boreaphilis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera) from shallow and deep North Atlantic waters

FIGURE 9. Astacilla boreaphilis sp. nov., A–B, paratype preparatory, 6.4 mm (IMNH 2006.06.01.5), C–D, paratype precopulatory ɗ, 5.8 mm (IMNH 2006.06.01.7). A, habitus, lateral view. B, habitus, dorsal view. C, habitus, lateral view. D, habitus, dorsal view. Scale = 2 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Astacilla boreaphilis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera) from shallow and deep North Atlantic waters

FIGURE 7. Astacilla boreaphilis sp. nov., allotype, 7.0 mm (IMNH 2006.06.01.2). A, antenna 1. B, antenna 2. C, right mandible, various angles. D, maxilla 1, outer lobe. E, maxilla 2. F, maxilliped. Scales: a, b = 0.5 mm, c = 0.2 mm.