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FIGURE 6 in Tardigrades in the alpine region of Northeast China with an integrative description of Crenubiotus liangshuiensis sp. nov.

FIGURE 6. Crenubiotus liangshuiensis sp. nov. egg under PCM. A–Eggshell overview; B, C– Processes; D–Egg process with a single tip in section. A black arrow indicates bubble; a white arrow indicates the bifurcating tip. Scale bars: 20 µm (A), 10 µm (B, C), 5µm (D).

FIGURE 5 in Tardigrades in the alpine region of Northeast China with an integrative description of Crenubiotus liangshuiensis sp. nov.

FIGURE 5. Crenubiotus liangshuiensis sp. nov. buccal apparatus under PCM: A–Buccal apparatus (holotype); B–Ventral view of the buccal tube (paratype, NMS0016). The arrow indicates one of the two median teeth formed by the dorsal lateral crests. Scale bar: 20 μm.

FIGURE 4 in Tardigrades in the alpine region of Northeast China with an integrative description of Crenubiotus liangshuiensis sp. nov.

FIGURE 4. Crenubiotus liangshuiensis sp. nov. leg granulation and claws under PCM and SEM: A, B, C–legs I, II and IV (holotype, PCM); D, E–legs I, II (paratype, SEM). A empty arrow indicates bulges on leg I, a filled arrow indicates the thicker middle of the claws I, a filled arrowhead indicates the granulation on leg II. Scale bars: 5 μm (A, B, C), 2 μm (D, E).

FIGURE 2 in Tardigrades in the alpine region of Northeast China with an integrative description of Crenubiotus liangshuiensis sp. nov.

FIGURE 2. Crenubiotus liangshuiensis sp. nov. habitus and cuticle pores under PCM: A–dorsoventral projection, holotype (NMS0011); B–the dorsal cuticle between legs II and III, the dotted ellipse indicate larger irregular holes distributed in band; C– the paratype (NMS0012) whole body, the black box correspond to the enlarged images in B. Scale bars: 50 μm (A), 10 μm (B).

Figure 4 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

Figure 4. PCoA of the dissimilarity values for species compositions for each province from biogeographic regions and transitions zones (Andean region (AR), South American transition zone (SATZ), Neotropical region (NR), and Mexican transition zone (MTZ)) considering a. all data ('false cosmopolitan' and 'indigenous species'; n = 51 provinces) and b. only 'indigenous data' (n = 43 provinces). Points represent provinces. All provinces are connected to the centroid (larger points with black outline), representing the mean of ordination values from all provinces from that area. Points furthest from the rest are interconnected, forming a polygon representing the space occupied by that area in ordination space. The AR is represented by blue points, lines and polygon; SATZ by light green points, lines and polygon; NR by pink points, lines and polygon, and MTZ by purple points, lines and polygon.

Figure 3 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

Figure 3. Species accumulation curves for all data ('false cosmopolitan' and 'indigenous species'), and only 'indigenous data' for a. the Neotropical region (NR), b. the Andean region (AR), c. the South American transition zone (SATZ), and d. the Mexican transition zone (MTZ). Orange curves represent all data, violet curves represent only 'indigenous data', and shaded areas around them represent their 95% confidence interval. Each publication containing species records was considered a survey.

Figure 2 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

Figure 2. Map of all incidence records of freshwater and limnoterrestrial tardigrades, from 1908 to 2023, present in the Andean and Neotropical regions proposed by Morrone (2015) and Morrone et al. (2022), respectively. Orange circles with black outline represent records. The hierarchy of compartmentalisation is from highest to lowest level: region, transition zone, subregion, dominion, and province. Each level can be subdivided into multiple lower levels under their name (e.g., a region consisting of several subregions). Each biogeographic province is coloured according to its transition zone, subregion or dominion. The Neotropical region (NR), in this study, is composed of the Antillean subregion (ASR), Brazilian subregion (BSR) and Chacoan subregion (CSR). The BSR is composed of the Mesoamerican dominion (MD), Pacific dominion (PD), Boreal Brazilian dominion (BBD) and South Brazilian dominion (BBD). The CSR is composed of the Southeastern Amazonian dominion (SAD), Chacoan dominion (CD) and Paraná dominion (PD). The Andean region (AR), in this study, is composed of the Central Chilean subregion (CCSR), Subantarctic subregion (SSR) and Patagonian subregion (PSR). The acronym for each region, transition zone, subregion or dominion is presented next to its name.

Figure 1 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

Figure 1. Biogeographic compartmentalisation of provinces from the Andean and Neotropical regions proposed by Morrone (2015) and Morrone et al. (2022), respectively. The hierarchy of compartmentalisation is from highest to lowest level: region, transition zone, subregion, dominion, and province. Each level can be subdivided into multiple lower levels under their name (e.g., a region consisting of several subregions). Each biogeographic province is coloured according to its transition zone, subregion or dominion. The Neotropical region (NR), in this study, is composed of the Antillean subregion (ASR), Brazilian subregion (BSR) and Chacoan subregion (CSR). The BSR is composed of the Mesoamerican dominion (MD), Pacific dominion (PD), Boreal Brazilian dominion (BBD) and South Brazilian dominion (BBD). The CSR is composed of the Southeastern Amazonian dominion (SAD), Chacoan dominion (CD) and Paraná dominion (PD). The Andean region (AR), in this study, is composed of the Central Chilean subregion (CCSR), Subantarctic subregion (SSR) and Patagonian subregion (PSR). The acronym for each region, transition zone, subregion or dominion is presented next to its name. Under each subregion or dominion, the names of the comprising provinces are listed. The nature of the records present in each province is indicated by an icon of a coloured tardigrade next to its name: provinces without records of tardigrade species (red tardigrade), provinces with only records of 'false cosmopolitan species' (blue tardigrade), provinces with records of 'false cosmopolitan' and 'indigenous species' (orange tardigrade), and provinces with only records of 'indigenous species' (violet tardigrade). The tardigrade icon is in the public domain and was obtained from Phylopic (https://www.phylopic.org).

Figure 5 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

Figure 5. Tanglegram of consensus tree exhibiting the similarity between all biogeographic provinces from biogeographic regions and transitions zones (Andean region (AR), South American transition zone (SATZ), Neotropical region (NR), and Mexican transition zone (MTZ)) for all data ('false cosmopolitan' and 'indigenous species', on the left) and only 'indigenous data' (on the right). Each province is connected to itself by a dark grey line. The consensus tree was obtained by resampling (1000×) the row order with the 'recluster' package (Dapporto et al. 2020). Each province is coloured according to their area of origin: provinces from the AR are coloured blue, provinces from the SATZ are coloured light green, provinces from the NR are coloured pink, and provinces from the MTZ are coloured purple. Branches of provinces that appear unrelated to any other are bold and red-coloured. Provinces without any records of 'indigenous species' are not present in the tanglegram. Provinces without any records of tardigrade species were excluded from the clustering analysis.

Table 2 in Removal of historical taxonomic bias and its impact on biogeographic analyses: a case study of Neotropical tardigrade fauna

<p><b>Table 2.</b> Extrapolated richness of limnoterrestrial and freshwater tardigrade species and standard error for each region and transition zone. Estimations were made with all data (‘false cosmopolitan’ and ‘indigenous species’) and only ‘indigenous data for comparison. Estimations were made using the Jackknife1 estimator (based on: Burnham and Overton 1978, 1979).</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Area</b></th><th><b>Dataset</b></th><th><b>Number of provinces with at least one record</b></th><th><b>Total number of provinces</b></th><th><b>Observed richness</b></th><th><b>Estimated richness</b></th><th><b>Standard error</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Neotropical region</th><td>All data (‘false cosmopolitan’ and ‘indigenous species’)</td><td>33</td><td>50</td><td>186</td><td>282.969</td><td>29.094</td></tr><tr><td>‘Indigenous data’</td><td>29</td><td>50</td><td>96</td><td>157.793</td><td>19.499</td></tr><tr><th>Andean region</th><td>All data (‘false cosmopolitan’ and ‘indigenous species’)</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>105</td><td>159.857</td><td>31.489</td></tr><tr><td>‘Indigenous data’</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>43</td><td>68.714</td><td>14.154</td></tr><tr><th>South America transition zone</th><td>All data (‘false cosmopolitan’ and ‘indigenous species’)</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>66</td><td>102.666</td><td>25.011</td></tr><tr><td>‘Indigenous data’</td><td>3</td><td>7</td><td>26</td><td>41.330</td><td>12.995</td></tr><tr><th>Mexican transition zone</th><td>All data (‘false cosmopolitan’ and ‘indigenous species’)</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>41</td><td>65.800</td><td>14.881</td></tr><tr><td>‘Indigenous data’</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>11</td><td>19.250</td><td>5.068</td></tr></tbody></table>

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FIGURE 1. A in Tardigrades of the Australian Antarctic: Hypsibius heardensis (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae: dujardini group) a new species from sub-Antarctic Heard Island

FIGURE 1. A, Antarctica and the subAntarctic islands in a polar projection, showing the position of Heard Island. B, Heard Island. Red Island, a promontory off Laurens Peninsula to the northwest indicated with an arrow.

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FIGURE 3 in Tardigrades of the Australian Antarctic: Hypsibius heardensis (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae: dujardini group) a new species from sub-Antarctic Heard Island

FIGURE 3. Hypsibius heardensis sp. nov. A, dorsal view buccal apparatus. B, lateral view buccal apparatus. C, claws of legs III. D, claws of legs IV. Scale bars = 10 micrometers.

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FIGURE 2 in Tardigrades of the Australian Antarctic: Hypsibius heardensis (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae: dujardini group) a new species from sub-Antarctic Heard Island

FIGURE 2. Hypsibius heardensis sp. nov. A, habitus (lateral view). B–C, buccal apparatus (B – dorsal view, C – lateral view). D, claws of legs III. E, claws of legs IV.

Figure 2 in The morphological and molecular analyses of a new South American urban tardigrade offer new insights on the biological meaning of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group of species (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae)

Figure 2. Macrobiotus kristenseni sp. nov. (A) Claws of the hind pair of legs; (B) claws of the hind legs and cuticular dots on the external surface of the leg (arrow); (C) cuticular "pores" (arrow) in the body cuticle; (D) drawing of the claws of the hind legs; (E) claws of the second pair of legs; (F) claws of a hind leg. A–C: scanning electron micrographs; E, F: holotype (phase contrast). Scale bars: A–C = 5 µm; E, F = 10 µm.

Figure 5 in The morphological and molecular analyses of a new South American urban tardigrade offer new insights on the biological meaning of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group of species (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae)

Figure 5. Macrobiotus kristenseni sp. nov. (A) Egg; (B) egg processes with filamentous matter developing from their tips (arrows); (C, D) egg processes with annulated surface (arrow) and filamentous matter developing from their tips (arrow head). A–D: scanning electron micrographs. Scale bars: A = 10 µm; B–D = 2 µm.

Figure 4 in The morphological and molecular analyses of a new South American urban tardigrade offer new insights on the biological meaning of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group of species (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae)

Figure 4. Macrobiotus kristenseni sp. nov. (A) Embryonated eggs; (B) egg surface with small rounded meshes (arrow) bearing elongated conical processes; (C) egg with embryo buccopharyngeal apparatus in development (arrow); (D) egg processes with filamentous matter developing from their tips (arrow). A–D: phase contrast. Scale bars: A–C = 20 µm; D = 5 µm.

Figure 1 in The morphological and molecular analyses of a new South American urban tardigrade offer new insights on the biological meaning of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group of species (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae)

Figure 1. Macrobiotus kristenseni sp. nov. (A) Habitus; (B) anterior portion of the animal; (C) bucco-pharyngeal apparatus in ventral view; (D) dorsal and (E) ventral transversal crests of the buccal armature; (F) buccal pharyngeal apparatus in lateral view. (A–C) holotype (phase contrast); (D–F) paratypes (differential interference contrast). Scale bars: A = 50 µm; B, C, F, = 20 µm; D, E = 5 µm.

Figure 7 in The morphological and molecular analyses of a new South American urban tardigrade offer new insights on the biological meaning of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group of species (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae)

Figure 7. Bayesian inference dendrogram computed on 18S rRNA sequences. Numbers near nodes indicate posterior probability. Macrobiotus kristenseni sp. nov. specimen is shown in bold (C3291 A02-V2).

Figure 3 in The morphological and molecular analyses of a new South American urban tardigrade offer new insights on the biological meaning of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group of species (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae)

Figure 3. Macrobiotus kristenseni sp. nov. (A) Most anterior end of the animal bearing the mouth opening, regular ring of pores (arrow), buccal sensory lobes (L), peribuccal lamellae (asterisk); (B) mouth opening with buccal lamellae (asterisk) and buccal armature: first band of teeth (arrow head), second band of teeth (arrow); (C) mouth opening with buccal lamellae (asterisk) and buccal armature: second band of teeth (arrow head), transversal crests (arrow); (D) mouth opening with buccal lamellae (asterisk) and protruding piercing stylets (ps). A–D: scanning electron micrographs. Scale bars: A, D = 5 µm; B, C = 2 µm.

Figure 6 in The morphological and molecular analyses of a new South American urban tardigrade offer new insights on the biological meaning of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group of species (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae)

Figure 6. Unrooted neighbour joining dendrogram computed on Macrobiotus "hufelandi group" cox1 sequences. Bootstrap percentages computed after 2000 replicates are shown above branches. Macrobiotus kristenseni sp. nov. specimens are shown in bold. Acronyms as in Table 1.