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FIGURES 21–29. Aerenea sulcicollis Melzer, 1932. 21 in Three new species of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with notes on additional taxa

FIGURES 21–29. Aerenea sulcicollis Melzer, 1932. 21) Holotype male, dorsal habitus. 22) Female from Bolivia, dorsal habitus. 23–28) Pronotum, all from Brazil: 23) Female from Mato Grosso do Sul (Três Lagoas); 24) Male from Mato Grosso do Sul (Três Lagoas); 25) Female from Mato Grosso do Sul (Três Lagoas); 26) Female from Minas Gerais (Vila Monte Verde); 27) Male from S"o Paulo (Barueri); 28) Male from S"o Paulo (Itú). 29) Aerenea subsulcicollis, holotype, dorsal habitus, by Jesus Santiago Moure.

FIGURES 16–20 in Three new species of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with notes on additional taxa

FIGURES 16–20. Pseudosparna dimitrisi sp. nov., allotype female: 16) Dorsal habitus; 17) Ventral habitus; 18) Lateral habitus; 19) Head, frontal view; 20) Prosternal and mesoventral processes.

FIGURES 1–7. Methia spp. 1–2 in Three new species of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with notes on additional taxa

FIGURES 1–7. Methia spp. 1–2) Methia enigma Martins, 1981, paratype male: 1) Dorsal habitus; 2) Eye. 3–4) Methia argentina Bruch, 1918, male from Argentina (Catamarca): 3) Dorsal habitus; 4) Eye. 5) Methia argentina, female from Paraguay (Boquerón): Dorsal habitus; 6) Ventral habitus; 7) Eye.

FIGURES 8–15. Pseudosparna spp. 8–13 in Three new species of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with notes on additional taxa

FIGURES 8–15. Pseudosparna spp. 8–13) Pseudosparna dimitrisi sp. nov., holotype male: 8) Dorsal habitus; 9) Ventral habitus; 10) Lateral habitus; 11) Head, frontal view; 12) Mesoventral process; 13) Metatibia. 14–15) Pseudosparna antonkozlovi Santos-Silva & Nascimento, 2019, holotype male: 14) Mesoventral process; 15) Metatibia.

FIGURE 4. Peliosanthes virescens. A in Three new taxa and two noteworthy species of Peliosanthes (Asparagaceae, Convallarioideae) from Laos and Vietnam

FIGURE 4. Peliosanthes virescens. A. Habit of flowering plant. B. Leaves, adaxial side (left) and abaxial side (right). C. Basal part of flowering plant. D. Inflorescence. E. Flowering stem. F. Front view of flower on rachis. G. Flower with perianth segments detached, front view. H. Flower with perianth segments detached, rear view. I–K. Flowers, longitudinally sectioned. L. Distal part of ovary crosssectioned, view from underside. M. Corona and pistil, view from above. N–P. Pistils with corona removed, views from various angles. Q. Middle part of ovary, cross-sectioned. R. Corona, view from above. Photos, photo correction, and plate design by L. Averyanov and T. Maisak, type specimen V.C. Nguyen, L. Averyanov, AL 2037.

FIGURE 3. Peliosanthes micrantha. A in Three new taxa and two noteworthy species of Peliosanthes (Asparagaceae, Convallarioideae) from Laos and Vietnam

FIGURE 3. Peliosanthes micrantha. A. Habit of flowering plant, viewed from above. B. Basal portion of flowering plant. C. Leaf margins, adaxial (left) and abaxial side (right). D. Flowering plant. E. Inflorescences. F. Close up of inflorescence. G. Portion of inflorescence with some open flowers. H. Rachis with floral bracts, front flowers removed. I. Detached cataphylls, leaves, inflorescences at various stages, and seed-bearing withered flower. J & K. Closed or slightly open flowers. L. Flowers with pedicel, rear view. M. Two outer (above) and two inner (below) perianth segments (abaxial sides). N. Outer perianth segment, abaxial surface. O. Coronas, views from above and side. P. Mature flowers with dehisced anthers, longitudinally sectioned. Q. Basal portion of flower cross-sectioned except pistil (left), and corona and ovary cross-sectioned (right). R. Coronas viewed from above and below. S. Young green seeds of a withered flower. Photos, photo correction, and plate design by L. Averyanov and T. Maisak, specimen L. Averyanov AL2212.

FIGURE 2. Peliosanthes divaricatanthera. A in Three new taxa and two noteworthy species of Peliosanthes (Asparagaceae, Convallarioideae) from Laos and Vietnam

FIGURE 2. Peliosanthes divaricatanthera. A. Flowering plants in culture. B. Leaves and inflorescences detached. C. Portion of inflorescence. D. Close up of inflorescence portion. E. Flowers, front view. F. Flower in late anthesis, front view. G. Flower with pedicel, rear view. H. Flowers, rear view. I. Flowers, side view. J. Flowers with basal part removed, rear view. K. Flower, longitudinally sectioned. Photos, photo correction, and plate design by L. Averyanov and T. Maisak, specimen V.C. Nguyen, L. Averyanov, AL 2039.

FIGURE 1. Peliosanthes annamensis. A. Leaves and inflorescences detached. B in Three new taxa and two noteworthy species of Peliosanthes (Asparagaceae, Convallarioideae) from Laos and Vietnam

FIGURE 1. Peliosanthes annamensis. A. Leaves and inflorescences detached. B. Basal portion of flowering plant. C. Inflorescences. D & E. Portion of inflorescence. F. Flowers, view from above. G. Flower, side view. H. Flower, rear view. I. Flower with corona removed, showing pistil. J. Flower with corona and distal part of pistil removed, showing interior of ovary. K. Corona, external view. L. Corona, view from underside. M & N. Flower, longitudinally sectioned. Photos, photo correction, and plate design by L. Averyanov and T. Maisak, type specimen V.C. Nguyen, L. Averyanov, AL 2038.

Fig. 6. Cisandina n. gen. immature stages, C. philippa n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 6. Cisandina n. gen. immature stages, C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0336: (a) penultimate instar in dorso-lateral view; (b) last instar in dorso-lateral view; (c) host plant of C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat., Taquara micrantha (Poaceae) in situ; (d) inflorescence material of (c); C. castanya n. sp. based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0188: (e) second instar in lateral view; (f) third instar in lateral view; (g) fourth instar in lateral view; (h) pupa in lateral view; (i) pupa in ventral view; (j) host plant of C. castanya n. sp., Olyra latifolia (Poaceae) in situ. Scale bar = 1 mm for a, b, e-g; 5 mm for h, i.

Fig. 4. Cisandina n. gen. female genitalia, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 4. Cisandina n. gen. female genitalia, C. lea n. comb.: (a) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; illustration showing arrangement of signa below (not to scale); (b) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of 7th and 8th abdominal segments expanded ([a and b] based on dissection SN-20-53); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (c) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded; illustration showing arrangement of signa to right (not to scale); (d) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded ([c and d] based on dissection SN-20-11); C. castanya n. sp.: (e) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; (f) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded ([e and f] based on dissection SN-20-13); C. fida n. comb.: (g) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; (h) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of 7th and 8th abdominal segments expanded ([g and h] based on dissection SN-15-180); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (i) female genitalia

Fig. 7. Cisandina philippa n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 7. Cisandina philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. head capsule illustration based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0336: (a) penultimate instar in frontal view; (b) last instar in frontal view. Cisandina castanya n. sp. head capsule illustrations based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0188: c) second instar in frontal view; (d) third instar in frontal view; (e) fourth (last) instar in frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 2. Cisandina n. gen. adults, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 2. Cisandina n. gen. adults, C. lea n. comb.: (a) male lectotype of Papilio lea in dorsal view; (b) male lectotype of Papilio lea in ventral view (associated labels to the right); (c) female lectotype of Papilo junia in dorsal view; (d) female lectotype of Papilo junia in ventral view (associated labels to the right); C. esmeralda n. sp., e) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (f) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (g) male indivdual in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (MUSM-LEP-103081); (h) female individual in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (MUSM-LEP-103092); C. castanya n. sp.: (i) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (j) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (BC-DZ-139); C. fida fida n. comb.: (k) male paralectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (l) female lectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); C. fida directa n. ssp.: (m) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (n) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (DNA voucher LEP-14650, but sequence not obtained); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (o) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (p) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (MUSM-LEP 103661); C. trinitesis n. comb.: (q) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (r) female allotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 3. Cisandina n. gen. male genitalia, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 3. Cisandina n. gen. male genitalia, C. lea n. comb.: (a) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (b) posterior view of juxta; (c) lateral view of phallus; (d) posterior view of genitalic capsule indicating the reduced appendices angulares ([a to c] based on dissection KW-14-18, [d] based on dissection SN-20-16); C. esmeralda n. sp.: (e) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (f) posterior view of juxta; (g) lateral view of phallus (e to g) based on dissection SN-20- 14); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (h) lateral view of genitalic capsule with phallus; (i) posterior view of juxta; (j) lateral view of phallus ([h to j] based on dissection SN-20-34); C. castanya n. sp.: (k) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (l) posterior view of juxta; (m) lateral view of phallus; (n) vesica everted to visualize cornuti ([k to m] based on dissection SN-20-12, [n] based on SN-20-32); C. fida n. comb.: (o) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (p) posterior view of juxta; (q) lateral view of phallus ([o to q] based on dissection SN-20-40); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (r) lateral view of genitalic capsule with phallus; (s) posterior view of juxta; (t) lateral view of phallus ([r to t] based on dissection SN-14-149); C. trinitesis n. comb.: (u) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (v) posterior view of juxta; (w) lateral view of phallus ([u to w] based on dissection SN-20-84). Scale bar = 1 mm. Drawings of C. sanmarcos n. comb. are reproduced from Nakahara et al. (2018a).

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Fig. 12. Distribution maps. A in Giant Sticks from Vietnam and China, with three new taxa including the second longest insect known to date (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae, Clitumninae, Pharnaciini)

Fig. 12. Distribution maps. A. Phryganistria bachmaensis (Ta & Hoang, 2004) comb. nov. and P. heusii heusii (Hennemann & Conle, 1997). B. P. tamdaoensis sp. nov. and P. grandis Rehn, 1906. C. Phryganistria heusii yentuensis subsp. nov. and Phobaeticus trui sp. nov. D. Baculonistria magna (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) comb. nov.

Figure 4 from: Bernardes M, Le MD, Nguyen TQ, Pham CT, Pham AV, Nguyen TT, Rödder D, Bonkowski M, Ziegler T (2020) Integrative taxonomy reveals three new taxa within the Tylototriton asperrimus complex (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 935: 121-164. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.37138

Figure 4 Phylogram based on the Bayesian analysis. Number above and below branches are MP/ML bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities (> 50 %), respectively. Dashes represent values < 50 %. Sample AB769531 is from Nishikawa et al. 2013b.

Figure 5 from: Bernardes M, Le MD, Nguyen TQ, Pham CT, Pham AV, Nguyen TT, Rödder D, Bonkowski M, Ziegler T (2020) Integrative taxonomy reveals three new taxa within the Tylototriton asperrimus complex (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 935: 121-164. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.37138

Figure 5 Scatterplot between PC1 and PC2 of the morphological characters corrected to SVL and log–transformed, for A taxon 1 and taxon 2 of the Vietnamese Tylototriton cf. asperrimusB the head- and dorso- related data of taxon 3 from Lai Chau Province and T. cf. asperrimus from Vietnam sensu lato; and C the limb related data of taxon 3 from Lai Chau Province and T. cf. asperrimus from Vietnam sensu lato. In the graphics T. cf. refers to T. cf. asperrimus.

Figure 3 from: Bernardes M, Le MD, Nguyen TQ, Pham CT, Pham AV, Nguyen TT, Rödder D, Bonkowski M, Ziegler T (2020) Integrative taxonomy reveals three new taxa within the Tylototriton asperrimus complex (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 935: 121-164. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.37138

Figure 3 Holotype of Tylototriton asperrimus (ZMB 34089). In sequence: dorsal view; ventral view; lateral view with detail of ovaries; and detail of dorsal view of the head. Photographs T. Ziegler.

Figure 2 from: Bernardes M, Le MD, Nguyen TQ, Pham CT, Pham AV, Nguyen TT, Rödder D, Bonkowski M, Ziegler T (2020) Integrative taxonomy reveals three new taxa within the Tylototriton asperrimus complex (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 935: 121-164. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.37138

Figure 2 Distribution map of the new populations of Tylototriton from North Vietnam, based on the following symbols: square (taxon 3, this study) the population from Sin Ho District, Lai Chau Province; diamond (taxon 1, this study) the upper one identifies the population from Van Ho District, Son La Province, and the lower one identifies the population from Thuong Xuan District, Thanh Hoa Province; triangle (taxon 2, this study) the upper one identifies the population from Tan Son District, Phu Tho Province, the middle one identifies the population from Da Bac District, Hoa Binh Province, and the lower one identifies the population from Lac Son District, Hoa Binh Province. The two populations identified by the circles represent T. asperrimus sensu stricto from China. High resolution remote sensing land cover information was extracted from "GLAD-UMD and SERVIR-Mekong, Natural annual tree canopy structure and surface water dynamics products, 2017" (lower left panel). Bioclimatic variables (right side) were extracted from remote sensing data provided by Deblauwe et al. (2016).

Figure 7 from: Bernardes M, Le MD, Nguyen TQ, Pham CT, Pham AV, Nguyen TT, Rödder D, Bonkowski M, Ziegler T (2020) Integrative taxonomy reveals three new taxa within the Tylototriton asperrimus complex (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 935: 121-164. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.37138

Figure 7 Boxplot of the most differing characters related to limb values between taxon 1, taxon 2, and taxon 3. Characters were corrected to SVL and log–transformed. For abbreviations see Materials and methods.

Figure 10 from: Bernardes M, Le MD, Nguyen TQ, Pham CT, Pham AV, Nguyen TT, Rödder D, Bonkowski M, Ziegler T (2020) Integrative taxonomy reveals three new taxa within the Tylototriton asperrimus complex (Caudata, Salamandridae) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 935: 121-164. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.37138

Figure 10 Tylototriton pasmansi obsti ssp. nov. (holotype) In sequence: dorsal view; ventral view; lateral view; and detail of dorsal view of the head. Photographs T. Ziegler.