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FIG. 9 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 9. Comparison of neuromast size in post-settlement juveniles and adult E. lori. Least squared means of (A) neuromast length and (B) neuromast width and standard error are plotted for each neuromast type (canal neuromasts [CN], canal neuromast homologs [CNH], superficial neuromasts [SN])—Head CN (n ¼ 13), Head CNH (n ¼ 45), Head SN (n ¼ 102), Trunk SN (n ¼ 65), and Tail SN (n ¼ 8)—based on linear measurements of scanning electron micrographs. Statistically significant differences are indicated by brackets (post hoc Tukey's HSD, P, 0.05).

FIG. 1 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 1. Examples of the distribution of lateral line canal pores (open circles) and superficial neuromasts (filled circles) in longitudinal and transverse patterns in gobies. (A) Thorogobius macrolepis has a longitudinal pattern with lines ventral to the eye (lines a, b, c, and d) that extend rostro-caudally (re-drawn from Sanzo, 1911). (B) Elacatinus oceanops has a transverse pattern with lines ventral to the eye that radiate from the edge of the orbit, the site of the ancestral infraorbital canal (the only published data for Elacatinus spp.; re-drawn from Miller, 1972). (C) Tigrigobius limbaughi (¼Elacatinus limbaughi), with a transverse pattern (re-drawn from Hoese and Reader, 2001). (D) Tigrigobius macrodon, with a transverse pattern (re-drawn from Miller, 1972).

FIG. 4 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 4. Distribution of superficial neuromasts (black circles) in body and caudal series in an E. lori post-settlement juvenile (''settler''; 38 dph, 9.5 mm SL) based on fluorescent images (see also Fig. 2D–G). Superficial neuromast series (defined by Sanzo, 1911) are color-coded: blue ¼ oculoscapular, purple ¼ anterior dorsal, pink ¼ body, and brown ¼ caudal. Names for superficial neuromast lines within series follow Sanzo (1911) and Wongrat and Miller (1991). The large pectoral fin is not drawn in order to visualize all neuromasts on the trunk. See text for additional details.

FIG. 12 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 12. Neuromast morphology in species of Tigrigobius (lateral views; rostral to left). (A) T. multifasciatus (AMNH 23621)—radiating superficial lines on the cheek (3, 4, 5, b, d; see Fig. 3B). (B) Lines 5 and b (see box in A), which have a tip-to-tip arrangement. (C) T. gemmatus (AMNH 26076)— preopercular canal (PO) pores (e, c) and opercular series (lines ot, os, oi, forming the ''F'' on the operculum). (D) T. gemmatus (AMNH 26076)— superficial neuromast line on trunk just caudal to tip of pectoral fin when against body. (E) T. dilepis (AMNH 250269)—diamond-shaped superficial neuromasts in line os (ventral horizontal line in ''F'' on operculum) with ''tip-to-tip'' arrangement and hair cell orientation (double-headed arrows) perpendicular to line. (F) T. gemmatus (AMNH 26076)—first two diamond-shaped superficial neuromasts in line b (see box in B) with ''tip-to-tip'' arrangement and hair cell orientation (double-headed arrows) perpendicular to line. Scale bars: A, C, 200 lm; B, D, 100 lm; E–F, 20 lm.

FIG. 8 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 8. Neuromast arrangements within lines in E. lori and other goby species examined. (A) Canal neuromasts, aligned ''side-by-side'' with axis of best physiological sensitivity parallel to the length of the canal and line of neuromasts (black lines represent canal walls). (B) Canal neuromast homologs or caudal fin superficial neuromasts, arranged ''side-by-side'' with axis of best physiological sensitivity parallel to line of neuromasts. On the caudal fin, each neuromast line is located on the membrane between adjacent fin rays. Dashed lines represent location of canal walls (in an ancestral canal) on the head or the fin rays on the tail. (C) Superficial neuromasts aligned ''tip-to-tip'' with axis of best physiological sensitivity perpendicular to line. Gray area ¼ sensory strip. Double-headed arrow ¼ axis of best physiological sensitivity (hair cell orientation).

FIG. 11 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 11. Ontogeny of neuromast number on one side of head in E. lori larvae and post-settlement juveniles (0–44 dph and wild-caught settler) based on histological material. Black circles ¼ canal neuromasts, open circles ¼ canal neuromast homologs þ superficial neuromasts. Canal neuromast number increases to a constant (n ¼ 8), which is reached at ~6 mm SL (~15 dph), while canal neuromast homologs and superficial neuromast number increase in number with fish size (R2 ¼ 0.982).

FIG. 7 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 7. Superficial neuromasts and canal neuromast homologs on the head and trunk in E. lori (rostral to left in all images). (A) Radiating lines of superficial neuromasts (lines 2, 3, 4, 5, b, and d) on cheek (lateral view). (B) Superficial neuromast series (lines ot, os, and oi) form an ''F'' on operculum (lateral view); preopercular canal pores (e, c) visible. (C) Post-otic region of head (caudal to post-otic canal pore); upper pair of SNs are aligned tip-to-tip and lower group of neuromasts extending caudally from the canal pore are aligned side-by-side (interpreted as canal neuromast homologs). (D) Portion of the double line of neuromasts on mandible (in ventral view), in which the neuromasts in the upper (more lateral) line have a tip-to-tip arrangement (line e; superficial neuromasts) and those in the lower (more median) line have a side-to-side arrangement (line i; canal neuromast homologs). (E) On the trunk, a line of three superficial neuromasts at the horizontal septum arranged tip-to-tip. (F) Middle row of superficial neuromasts on caudal fin (line lc1) aligned side-to-side. Double-headed arrows indicate axis of best physiological activity of hair cells in all images. Scale bars: A–B, 200 lm; C, 100 lm; D–E, 10 lm; F, 20 lm.

FIG. 8 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 8. New interpretation of the configuration of the lateral line scales illustrating features common to all ten study species (based on Embiotoca jacksoni, but see Figs. 5, 6, 7). Rostral to the left. Overlapping lateral line scales (black) sit beneath the epidermis (gray) at a shallow angle in the dermis (light gray). Tubular canal segments (one depicted in 3-D) form a continuous, epithelium-lined canal lumen that runs parallel to the skin surface. The infrascalar and suprascalar pores (the right and left open ends of the canal segment, respectively, in each scale) are represented by dashed lines in two scales. See text for additional explanation. Abbreviations: llc, lateral line canal; m, trunk muscle; n, canal neuromast; p, pore (dotted line); plln, posterior lateral line nerve; s, scale.

FIG. 5 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 5. Sections of the trunk canal in embiotocids with semi-diagrammatic representations. (A, B) Embiotoca jacksoni; (C, D) Micrometrus minimus; (E, F) Phanerodon furcatus; (G, H) Cymatogaster aggregata. Rostral to left. Diagrams drawn by tracing histological sections (B, D, F, H) highlight key anatomical features including the location of each neuromast (n, with domed cupula) and a 3-D representation of one tubular canal segment in a scale. Dotted lines denote the anterior suprascalar pore and the posterior infrascalar pore of the canal segment. Scales are located in the dermis and covered by an epidermis (gray); canal lumen is lined with epithelium (gray). Curvature of the scale roof and/or base (black) and separation of tissue layers are preparation artifacts. Scale bars: 500 lm.

FIG. 4 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 4. Sagittal section through the trunk canal of the embiotocid Embiotoca jacksoni showing the location of canal neuromasts (n) in the canal segments contained in the lateral line scales (s). Rostral to left. The scales sit within the dermis and beneath the epidermis; the lumen of the canal (llc) is lined by epithelium. The thin dotted line drawn between opposing tips of what appears to be one scale would suggest that the scales sit at a 458 angle within the dermis (see Fig. 2). However, the thicker dashed lines indicate the ends of the tubular canal segment (out of plane of section), which connect the base and roof of each canal segment. Scale bar: 500 lm. Abbreviations: dct, dermal connective tissue; llc, lateral line canal; m, trunk muscle; n, canal neuromast; p, pore; s, scale.

FIG. 3 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 3. Sagittal views of trunk canal in semi-diagrammatic form redrawn from (A) Coombs et al. (1988), but originally published by Weber and Schiewe (1976) and presumably based on a salmonid, and (B) Allis (1889) from his monograph on the anatomy and development of the lateral line system in Amia calva. Rostral is to left. Abbreviations: dct, dermal connective tissue; llc, lateral line canal; n, canal neuromast; p, pore; plln, posterior lateral line nerve; s, scale.

FIG. 2 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 2. Sample of figures from ichthyology and comparative anatomy textbooks depicting the configuration of the lateral line scales and the trunk canal contained within them in sagittal section (rostral to the left). Figures have been redrawn to provide uniform labeling. See text for additional explanation. (A) From Romer and Parsons, 1977 based on Perca sp.; (B) from Barton, 2007; (C) from Helfman et al., 2009; (D) from Weichert, 1958; (E) from Walker and Liem, 1994; (F) from Moyle and Cech, 1982 (originally published by Dijkgraaf, 1962), without indication of the lateral line nerve. Abbreviations: llc, lateral line canal; n, canal neuromast; p, pore (dotted line); plln, posterior lateral line nerve; s, scale; sn, superficial neuromast.

FIG. 1 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 1. Lateral line scales composing the trunk canal. (A) Trunk canal in a damselfish (based on Pristotis obtusirostris). (B) Cleared and stained lateral line scales of P. obtusirostris (¼P. jerdoni, MCZ 54084, 80 mm SL) in the position of the box in A. (C) Lateral line scale from Chromis lepidolepis (MCZ uncat., 58 mm SL) showing the suprascalar pore (solid line) on the scale surface and the infrascalar pore (dotted line) on the underside of the scale. The suprascalar and infrascalar pores represent the anterior and posterior ends (respectively) of the short tubular canal segment within a lateral line scale, which link the canal lumen in adjacent overlapping scales. Abbreviations: isp, infrascalar pore; llc, lateral line canal; ssp, suprascalar pore. B and C President and Fellows of Harvard College.

FIG. 7 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 7. Sections of the trunk canal in pleuronectiform (bothid, pleuronectid) fishes with semi-diagrammatic representations. (A, B) Hippoglossoides ellasodon; (C, D) Lyopsetta exilis; (E, F) Glyptocephalus zachirus. Rostral to left. Note that pores are not present (consistent with Voronina, 2009b). Diagrams drawn by tracing histological sections (B, D, F) highlight key anatomical features including the location of each neuromast (n, with domed cupula) in the canal segment within a scale, and include a 3-D representation of one tubular canal segment in a scale. Dotted lines denote the anterior suprascalar pore and the posterior infrascalar pore of the canal segment. Scales are in the dermis, beneath the epidermis (gray); canal lumen is lined with epithelium (gray). Curvature of the scale roof and/or base (black) and separation of tissue layers are preparation artifacts. Scale bars: 500 lm.

FIG. 6 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 6. Sections of the trunk canal in pomacentrids with semi-diagrammatic representations. (A, B) Abudefduf saxatilis (MCZ 42671); (C, D) Plectroglyphidodon dickii (MCZ 82690); (E, F) Amphiprion ocellaris (neuromasts not visible in plane of section). Rostral to left. Diagrams drawn by tracing histological sections (B, D, F) highlight key anatomical features including the location of each neuromast (n, with domed cupula) in the canal segment within a scale, and include a 3-D representation of one tubular canal segment in a scale. Dotted lines denote the anterior suprascalar pore and the posterior infrascalar pore of the canal segment. Scales are located in the dermis, which is covered by an epidermis (gray); canal lumen is lined with epithelium (gray). Curvature of the scale roof and/or base (black) and separation of tissue layers are preparation artifacts. Scale bars: 500 lm. A and C President and Fellows of Harvard College.

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Fig. 4. Pronotal coloration, left lateral view. A in A New Species of Sphaeridium Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from Indonesia

Fig. 4. Pronotal coloration, left lateral view. A) Sphaeridium sundense, new species, B) S. quinquemaculatum.

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Fig. 3. Median lobe, left lateral view. A in The Laccophilinae Gistel, 1848 of Belize (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

Fig. 3. Median lobe, left lateral view. A, Laccomimus pumilio (LeConte, 1878); B, Laccophilus duplex Sharp, 1882; C, L. fasciatus fasciatus Aubé, 1838; D, L. gentilis suavis Sharp, 1882; E, L. oscillator laevipennis Sharp, 1882; F, L. ovatus zapotecus Zimmerman, 1970; G, L. proximus Say, 1823; H, L. spangleri Zimmerman, 1970.

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FIGURE 2. Iochrom aamicorum. A. Fruit. B. Flower. C. Anther lateral view. D. Seed. E. Gynoecium. F. Flowering branch. G. Inflorescence. H. Anther dorsal view. I. Open corolla. J in A new and endangered species of Iochroma (Solanaceae) from the cloud forests of central Peru and its phylogenetic position in Iochrominae

FIGURE 2. Iochrom aamicorum. A. Fruit. B. Flower. C. Anther lateral view. D. Seed. E. Gynoecium. F. Flowering branch. G. Inflorescence. H. Anther dorsal view. I. Open corolla. J. Stamen isolated, showing anther in ventral view, and stapet with lateral projections which was separated from the tissue of the corolla. From M. Cueva et al. 646. Drawing by Segundo Leiva.

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FIGURE 1. Odontochilus nandae. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Dorsal sepal. D. Lateral sepal. E. Petal. F. Lip. G. Ovary and pedicel. H. Floral bract. I. Lip calli. J in Odontochilus nandae (Orchidaceae; Cranichideae; Goodyerinae), a new species from Nepal

FIGURE 1. Odontochilus nandae. A. Habit. B. Flower. C. Dorsal sepal. D. Lateral sepal. E. Petal. F. Lip. G. Ovary and pedicel. H. Floral bract. I. Lip calli. J. Pollinia (dissected from spirit-preserved material).