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opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

High site fidelity does not equate to population structure for common goldeneye and Barrow's goldeneye in North America.

Delineation of population structure provides valuable information for conservation and management of species, as levels of demographic and genetic connectivity not only affect population dynamics but also have important implications for adaptability and resiliency of populations and species. Here, we measure population genetic structure and connectivity across the respective ranges of two sister species of Goldeneye, Barrow's Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica) and Common Goldeneye (B. clangula). We use two different marker types: 7 nuclear microsatellite loci assayed across 229 samples and 3,678 double digest Restriction-site Associated DNA Sequencing (ddRAD-seq) loci assayed across 61 samples. First, both datasets failed to uncover genetic structure within Common or Barrow's Goldeneye, including between North American and European samples of Common Goldeneye. These results are in contrast with previous mitochondrial DNA, band recovery, and telemetry data which suggests that goldeneyes are structured across their range. We posit that the discordance between autosomal genetic markers and other data types suggests that males, possibly subadult males, may be maintaining genetic connectivity across each species' respective ranges. Next, although inter-specific brood parasitism was expected to cause some level of gene flow, we only identified a single F1 hybrid with no further evidence of contemporary or historical gene flow. Despite ddRAD-seq demographic analyses which recovered an optimum evolutionary model of split with migration (i.e., secondary contact), estimates of gene flow were <<1 migrant per generation in both directions. Together, we conclude that either strong ecological barriers or assortative mating are likely playing a role in preventing further backcrossing. Finally, demographic analyses estimated a relatively deep divergence time between Barrow's Goldeneye and Common Goldeneye of ~1.6 million years before present and that the genomes of both species have been under similar evolutionary constraints.

Data from: Phylotranscriptomics resolves interspecific relationships and indicates multiple historical out-of-North America dispersals through the Bering Land Bridge for the genus Picea (Pinaceae)

A robust phylogeny is prerequisite to understand the evolution and biogeography of organisms. However, ancient and recent evolutionary radiations occurred in many plant lineages, which pose great challenges for phylogenetic analysis, especially for conifers characterized by large effective population sizes and long generation times. Picea is an important component of the dark coniferous forests in the Northern Hemisphere. Previous studies improved our understanding of its evolutionary history, but its interspecific relationships and biogeographic history remain largely unresolved. In the present study, we reconstructed a well-resolved phylogeny of Picea by comparative transcriptomic analysis based on a complete species sampling. The phylogenetic analysis, together with molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction, further supports the North American origin hypothesis for Picea, and indicates that this genus experienced multiple out-of-North America dispersals by the Bering Land Bridge. We also found that spruces in the Japanese Archipelago have multiple origins, and P. morrisonicola from the Taiwan Island has a close relationship with species from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions. Our study provides the first complete phylogeny of Picea at the genomic level, which is important for future studies of this genus.

Supplementary material 1 from: Abram PK, McPherson AE, Kula R, Hueppelsheuser T, Thiessen J, Perlman SJ, Curtis CI, Fraser JL, Tam J, Carrillo J, Gates M, Scheffer S, Lewis M, Buffington M (2020) New records of Leptopilina, Ganaspis, and Asobara species associated with Drosophila suzukii in North America, including detections of L. japonica and G. brasiliensis. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 78: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.78.55026

Collection information for specimens reported in: New records of Leptopilina, Ganaspis, and Asobara species associated with Drosophila suzukii in North America, including detections of L. japonica and G. brasiliensis

Data from: Aragonite bias exhibits systematic spatial variation in the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, North America

Preferential dissolution of the biogenic carbonate polymorph aragonite promotes preservational bias in shelly marine faunas. Whilst field studies have documented the impact of preferential aragonite dissolution on fossil molluscan diversity, its impact on regional and global biodiversity metrics is debated. Epicontinental seas are especially prone to conditions which both promote and inhibit preferential dissolution, which may result in spatially extensive zones with variable preservation. Here we present a multi-faceted evaluation of aragonite dissolution within the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America. Occurrence data of molluscs from two time intervals (Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, early Campanian) are plotted on new high-resolution paleogeographies to assess aragonite preservation within the seaway. Fossil occurrences, diversity estimates and sampling probabilities for calcitic and aragonitic fauna were compared in zones defined by depth and distance from the seaway margins. Apparent range sizes, which could be influenced by differential preservation potential of aragonite between separate localities, were also compared. Our results are consistent with exacerbated aragonite dissolution within specific depth zones for both time slices, with aragonitic bivalves additionally showing a statistically significant decrease in range size compared to calcitic fauna within carbonate-dominated Cenomanian-Turonian strata. However, we are unable to conclusively show that aragonite dissolution impacted diversity estimates. Therefore, whilst aragonite dissolution is likely to have affected the preservation of fauna in specific localities, time averaging and instantaneous preservation events preserve regional biodiversity. Our results suggest that the spatial expression of taphonomic biases should be an important consideration for paleontologists working on paleobiogeographic problems.

Data from: The Magellanic Province and its fish fauna (South America): several provinces or one?

Aim: We assessed the validity of the division of the Magellanic Province into the four provinces as proposed by Briggs and Bowen (2012): Southern Chile, Tierra del Fuego, Southern Argentina and Falkland (Malvinas) Islands. We aimed to 1) present an up to date list of the fishes from the region known as "Magellanic Province", 2) analyze the specific richness of fishes in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors and their degree of endemism, 3) evaluate statistically the validity of the three Provinces proposed for the Atlantic sector Location: Southern tip of the American continent at latitudes higher than 40ºS in the Atlantic as well as in the Pacific Oceans. Methods: The list of fishes was prepared by consulting more than 140 sources, many related to observations resulting from research cruises, although two ichthyological collections and two ichthyological websites were also used. The South American species with distributions extending outside of the area corresponding to the Magellanic Province, and all cosmopolitan species, were excluded of endemism analyses. For analyzing fish distributions in the Atlantic sector, the data employed are from eight research cruises carried out from 1978 to 2006 from 37º to 59º South. A total of 523 fishing trawls have been analyzed, grouped into cell of 1º x 1º cells. The species composition of each cell was evaluated by multivariate analysis (nonmetric multidimensional scaling, cluster, and similarity analyses). Results: The percentage of endemism in each sector (Atlantic 2.87% and Pacific 2.87%) is smaller than the endemism common to both sectors (9.2%). The total of endemic species in the Province is 14.94%, which is bigger than the 10% indicated as the lower limit for defining a biogeographic province suggested by Briggs (1974). In addition, multivariate analyses does not show differences in the species composition, neither between Falkland (Malvinas) Islands and "Southern Argentina" nor between the latter and Tierra del Fuego. Main conclusions: The ichthyological data indicate only one biogeographic province in the region not four as previously posited.

Data from: Strangers in a strange land: Ecological dissimilarity to metatherian carnivores may partly explain early colonization of South America by Cyonasua-group procyonids

It was once thought that the endemic carnivorous mammals of South America, the metatherian sparassodonts, were driven extinct by North American carnivores through competitive exclusion. However, sparassodonts went extinct before most groups of carnivorans entered South America; only the endemic Cyonasua-group procyonids (Cyonasua and Chapalmalania), which immigrated to South America nearly four million years earlier than other carnivorans, significantly overlapped with sparassodonts in time. In this study, we examine the functional morphology of the dentition of Cyonasua and Chapalmalania through quantitative analysis to determine the dietary habits of these taxa and the degree to which they may have ecologically overlapped sparassodonts and large predatory Neogene didelphimorphians. We find Cyonasua and Chapalmalania to be more carnivorous than extant procyonids other than Bassariscus, in agreement with previous studies, but more omnivorous than most other carnivorans and all meat-eating South American metatherians, including sparassodonts. The extreme ecological dissimilarity between Cyonasua-group procyonids and members of the endemic South American predator guild may explain why procyonids were able to successfully establish themselves in South America several million years earlier than most other northern mammals (including all other carnivorans): they moved into a previously unoccupied ecological niche (large omnivore) and avoided direct competition with incumbent native species, a situation similar to that documented in historical cases of biological invasion. The omnivorous diets and climbing/swimming abilities of procyonids may have increased their chances for a successful over-water dispersal relative to other carnivorans, further favoring their successful establishment in South America.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Robust inference on large-scale species habitat use with interview data: the status of jaguars outside protected areas in Central America

Evaluating range-wide habitat use by a target species requires information on species occurrence over broad geographic regions, a process made difficult by species rarity, large spatiotemporal sampling domains, and imperfect detection. We address these challenges in an assessment of habitat use for jaguars (Panthera onca) outside protected areas in Central America. Occurrence records were acquired within 12 putative corridors using interviews with knowledgeable corridor residents. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical occupancy model to gain robust inference, allowing for heterogeneity introduced in the sampling process over space and time, using records of jaguar occurrence prone to false positives and false negatives. Probability of false detection of jaguars increased with the number of interviews conducted per unit (from 5.42% to 7.74% given <4 and ≥4 observers per unit). True probability of detection (mean=0.58) increased with the number of days interviewees spent in a survey unit per year. Failing to account for false positives biased predicted habitat use high (˜1.8x), especially where occurrence records were sparse. Probability of site use by jaguars increased with greater forest cover, prey richness, and distance from human settlements, and decreased with greater agricultural cover, elevation, and distance from protected areas. Site use probabilities averaged 0.15-0.97 by corridor, providing relatively fine-scale resolution of predicted jaguar occurrence consistent with known patterns of jaguar gene flow across Central America. Model validation, accounting for both false positives and negatives in the observation process, indicated moderate correspondence between model-predicted observations and actual observations for withheld data (0.65, 95% CRI 0.59–0.71), with sensitivity and specificity rates of 0.69 (0.61 – 0.77) and 0.59 (0.50 – 0.68), respectively. These results demonstrate that reliable predictions can be achieved despite the complexity of large-scale, interview-based analyses of species occurrence. Synthesis and applications. Our Bayesian hierarchical occupancy model accommodated heterogeneity caused by typical sampling inequities and idiosyncrasies associated with interview data, yielding robust estimates of jaguar habitat use. Our approach is applicable to any wide-ranging and readily identifiable species and has particular utility for rare species in human-dominated landscapes where traditional survey techniques (e.g., camera traps) may be impractical.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Data for Body mass-related changes in mammal community assembly patterns during the late Quaternary of North America

The late Quaternary of North America was marked by prominent ecological changes, including the end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinction, the spread of human settlements, and the rise of agriculture. Here we examine the mechanistic reasons for temporal changes in mammal species association and body size during this time period. Building upon the co-occurrence results from Lyons et al. (2016) – wherein each species pair was classified as spatially aggregated, segregated, or random – we examined body mass differences (BMD) between each species pair for each association type and time period (Late Pleistocene: 40,000 14C - 11,700 14C ybp, Holocene: 11,700 14C - 50 ybp, and Modern: 50 - 0 yrs). In the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, the BMD of both aggregated and segregated species pairs was significantly smaller than the BMD of random pairs. These results are consistent with environmental filtering and competition as important drivers of community structure in both time periods. Modern assemblages showed a breakdown between BMD and co-occurrence patterns: the average BMD of aggregated, segregated, and random species pairs did not differ from each other. Collectively, these results indicate that the late Quaternary mammalian extinctions not only eliminated many large- bodied species but were followed by a re-organization of communities that altered patterns of species coexistence and associated differences in body size.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Data from: Invasive lumbricid earthworms in North America – different life-histories but common dispersal?

Aim Lumbricid earthworms are invasive across northern North America, causing notable changes in forest ecosystems. During their range expansion, they encountered harsher climatic conditions compared to their native ranges in short time (~400 years). This study investigated if (1) dispersal barriers, (2) climatic selection, or (3) anthropogenic activities, i.e. fishing bait disposal, structure the dispersal of free-living earthworm populations. Location North America, forest habitats along former Wisconsinan glaciation line Taxon Lumbricus terrestris, L. rubellus Methods Lumbricus terrestris and L. rubellus co-occur in the same habitats but differ in ecology and use as fishing bait. Both species were sampled in five transects ranging from the east to the west coast of northern North America, including major dispersal barriers, three different climate zones, and bait shops near sampling locations. Genetic diversity and structure were compared between the two species, and the presence of free-living bait shop genotypes was assessed using four markers (COI, 16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, H3). Results Populations of both species were genetically diverse with some geographic structure, which was more pronounced in L. terrestris than in L. rubellus. Common haplotypes were present in all regions, but locally restricted haplotypes also occurred. Further, two distinct genetic clades of L. terrestris co-occurred only in the two most distant transects (Alberta and Minnesota). Genotypes identical to bait individuals were omnipresent in field populations of L. terrestris. Main conclusions Genetic diversity was high in both species, and invasive populations represented a genetic subset of European earthworms. Geographic and climatic dispersal barriers affected the less mobile species, L. rubellus, resulting in differences in genetic structure between the two species. Our results indicate common long-distance dispersal vectors and vectors affecting only L. terrestris. The roles of climate and anthropogenic activities are discussed, providing additional explanations of dispersal and new insights into establishment of invasive earthworm populations. Keywords biological invasion, colonisation, genetic clades, agriculture, climate, dispersal barriers

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Factors influencing fall departure phenology in migratory birds that bred in northeastern North America

The phenology of migrating birds is shifting with climate change. For instance, short-distance migrants wintering in temperate regions tend to delay their migration in fall during spells of warmer temperature. However, some species do not show strong shifts, and the factors determining which species will react to temperature changes by delaying their migration are poorly known. In addition, it is not known whether a slower migration or a postponed departure creates the observed delays in fall migration because most studies occur far south of the boreal breeding areas making it difficult to separate those two mechanisms. We used 22 years of data at a northern observatory in eastern North America, at the southern edge of the boreal forest, to examine how 21 short-distance migrants responded to changing temperatures. We investigated if those species responding to temperature share life history features (i.e. diet, size, total migration distance, breeding habitat, timing of migration). The period of migration in each species was, by far, the most important factor predicting the response of a species to temperature. Eight of the 13 species migrating in October changed their migration onset with temperature (usually by delaying migration by 1-2d/°C), while the migration timing of none of the eight species migrating in September was dependent on temperature. Furthermore, the absence of a greater migration delay by birds breeding farther from the study site (i.e. Arctic breeding birds) suggests the mechanism is a postponed departure rather than a slower migration. We conclude that temperature variations in late fall influence the conditions on the breeding grounds, so that birds still present at that time might benefit more from postponing their departure in warm weather.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

A re-evaluation of management units based on gene flow of a rare waterbird in the Americas

The maintenance of gene flow in species that have experienced population contractions and are geographically fragmented is important to the maintenance of genetic variation and evolutionary potential; thus, gene flow is also important to conservation and management of these species. For example, the Reddish Egret (Egretta rufescens) has recovered after severe population reductions during the 19th and 20th centuries, but population numbers remain below historic levels. In this study, we characterized gene flow among management units of the Reddish Egret by using ten nuclear microsatellite markers and part of the mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region from 176 nestlings captured at eight localities in Mexico (Baja California, Chiapas, Tamaulipas, and Yucatan), the U.S.A. (Texas, Louisiana, and Florida), and the Bahamas. We found evidence of population structure and that males disperse more often and across longer distances compared to females, which is congruent with previous banding and telemetry data. The maternally inherited mtDNA and biparentally inherited microsatellite data supported slightly different MU models; however, when interpreted together, a four MU model that considered population structure and geographic proximity was most optimal. Namely, MU 1 (Baja California); MU 2 (Chiapas); MU 3 (Yucatan, Tamaulipas, Texas, and Louisiana); and MU 4 (Florida and the Bahamas). Regions outside our sampled localities (e.g., the Greater Antilles and South America) require additional sampling to fully understand gene flow and movement of individuals across the species' entire range. However, the four MUs we have defined group nesting localities into genetically similar subpopulations, which can guide future management plans.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Westward range expansion from middle latitudes explains the Mississippi River discontinuity in a forest herb of eastern North America

It is often expected that temperate plants have expanded their geographic ranges northward from primarily southern refugia. Evidence for this hypothesis is mixed in eastern North American species, and there is increasing support for colonization from middle latitudes. We studied genome-wide patterns of variation in RADseq loci to test hypotheses concerning range expansion in a North American forest herb (Campanula americana). First, spatial patterns of genetic differentiation were determined. Then phylogenetic relationships and divergence times were estimated. Spatial signatures of genetic drift were also studied to identify the directionality of recent range expansion and its geographic origins. Finally, spatially explicit scenarios for the spread of plants across the landscape were compared, using variation in the population mutation parameter and Tajima's D. We found strong longitudinal subdivision, with populations clustering into groups west and east of the Mississippi River. While the southeastern region was likely part of a diverse Pleistocene refugium, there is little evidence that range expansion involved founders from these southern locales. Instead, declines in genetic diversity and the loss of rare alleles support a westward colonization wave from a middle latitude refugium near the southern Appalachian Mountains, with subsequent expansion from a Pleistocene staging ground in the Mississippi River Valley (0.51 - 1.27 Mya). These analyses implicate stepping stone colonization from middle latitudes as an important mechanism of species range expansion in eastern North America. This study further demonstrates the utility of population genetics as a tool to infer the routes traveled by organisms during geographic range expansion.

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Shards, sequences, and shorelines: two new species of Bembidion from North America (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Two new species of Bembidion are described from river shores in North America. One, Bembidion mimbres sp. nov., from the Gila River watershed in the lands of the Mimbres culture in New Mexico and Arizona, is closely related to the widespread Bembidion levigatum. DNA sequences from several linkage groups provide evidence of the distinctiveness of B. mimbres. The second, Bembidion corgenoma sp. nov., has been the subject of recent genomic and transcriptomic studies. It belongs in the Bembidion transversale subgroup, and occurs from California north to British Columbia, east to Montana and Nevada. The B. transversale subgroup as a whole is reviewed, and characters that distinguish B. corgenoma from the similar and sympatric B. transversale and B. erosum are described and illustrated. DNA sequences of these three species show no consistent differences in 28S, COI, CAD, and Topoisomerase, and a coalescent species delimitation analysis reveals no notable structure within the complex. This is the first known trio of species within Bembidion for which those genes provide no clear signal of species boundaries. A neotype is designated for the one name in the group that lacks a primary type, Bembidium haplogonum Chaudoir. Chromosomes of the new species and their relatives are as is typical for Bembidion, with 11 pairs of autosomes and an XY/XX sex chromosome system.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Data from: Continent-wide population genomic structure and phylogeography of North America's most destructive conifer defoliator, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)

The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, is presumed to be panmictic across vast regions of North America. We examined the extent of panmixia by genotyping 3650 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in 1975 individuals from 128 collections across the continent. We found three spatially structured subpopulations: Western (Alaska, Yukon), Central (southeastern Yukon to the Manitoba-Ontario border) and Eastern (Manitoba-Ontario border and Atlantic). Additionally, the most diagnostic genetic differentiation between the Central and Eastern subpopulations was chromosomally restricted to a single block of SNPs that may constitute an island of differentiation within the species. Geographic differentiation in the spruce budworm parallels that of its principal larval host, white spruce, Picea glauca, providing evidence that spruce trees survived in the Beringian refugium through the Last Glacial Maximum and that at least two isolated populations diverged with spruce/fir south of the ice sheets. Gene flow in the spruce budworm may also be affected by mountains in western North America, habitat isolation in West Virginia, regional adaptations, factors related to dispersal, and proximity of other species in the spruce budworm species complex. The central and eastern geographic regions contain individuals that assign to Eastern and Central subpopulations, respectively, indicating that these barriers are not complete. Our discovery of previously undetected geographic and genomic structure in the spruce budworm suggests that further population modelling of this ecologically important insect should consider regional differentiation, potentially co-adapted blocks of genes, and gene flow between subpopulations.

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 1 in Synopsis of the Castniidae (Lepidoptera) from Honduras and Nicaragua, Central America

FIGURE 1: Giant butterfly-moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) from Honduras and Nicaragua. A. Ƌ, Telchin cacica procera (Boisduval, [1875]), Morazán, Honduras (UNAH, Honduras); B. Ƌ, Telchin atymnius drucei (Schaus, 1911), Honduras (Streck- er Collection, FMNH, Chicago, USA); C. ♀, Telchin atymnius futilis (Walker, 1856), Atlántida, Honduras (CURLA, Honduras); D. Ƌ, Telchin evalthe viryi (Boisduval, [1875]), Honduras (Strecker Collection, FMNH, Chicago, USA); E. Ƌ, Telchin diva diva (Butler, 1870), Carazo, Nicaragua (MEL, Nicaragua); F. Ƌ, Telchin licus microsticta (Rothschild, 1919), Atlántida, Honduras (CURLA); G. Ƌ, (Type), Athis inca inca Walker, 1854, Honduras (NHMUK, London); H. Ƌ, Athis clitarcha (Westwood, 1877), Atlántida, Honduras (CURLA); I. ♀, Prometheus zagraea salvina (Westwood, 1877), Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua (EVDB). Scale: 10 mm.

GeoVectors-South-America-location (v0.1)

Description The GeoVectors corpus is a comprehensive large-scale linked open corpus of OpenStreetMap (https://www.openstreetmap.org/) entity embeddings that provides latent representations of over 980 million entities. The GeoVectors capture the semantic and geographic similarities of OpenStreetMap entities and make them directly accessible to machine learning applications. The "-tags" datasets provide embeddings that capture the semantic similarities of OpenStreetMap entities. The "-location" datasets provide the geographic similarities. Contents This dataset was derived from an OpenStreetMap snapshot that was taken on November 10, 2020 (© OpenStreetMap contributors). We provide the GeoVectors in region-specific subsets. This subset contains location-embeddings for the region "South-America" including the following countries: <ul> <li>Argentina</li> <li>Bolivia</li> <li>Brazil</li> <li>Chile</li> <li>Colombia</li> <li>Ecuador</li> <li>Paraguay</li> <li>Peru</li> <li>Suriname</li> <li>Uruguay</li> <li>Venezuela</li> </ul> File format The embeddings are provided in the tab-separated values (tsv) format. Each row contains the embedding of a single OpenStreetMap entity. The first column contains the OpenStreetMap type and the second column contains the OpenStreetMap id of the respective entity. The type can either be node (n), way (w), or relation (r). The remaining columns represent the dimensions of the embedding space. (See also header.tsv) Further information: For further information, please visit <a href="http://geovectors.l3s.uni-hannover.de">http://geovectors.l3s.uni-hannover.de</a> Funding: This work was partially funded by DFG, German Research Foundation (“WorldKG", DE 2299/2-1), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany (“Simple-ML", 01IS18054), the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), Germany (“d-E-mand", 01ME19009B), and the European Commission (EU H2020, “smashHit", grant-ID 871477).

GeoVectors-North-America-location (v0.1)

Description The GeoVectors corpus is a comprehensive large-scale linked open corpus of OpenStreetMap (https://www.openstreetmap.org/) entity embeddings that provides latent representations of over 980 million entities. The GeoVectors capture the semantic and geographic similarities of OpenStreetMap entities and make them directly accessible to machine learning applications. The "-tags" datasets provide embeddings that capture the semantic similarities of OpenStreetMap entities. The "-location" datasets provide the geographic similarities. Contents This dataset was derived from an OpenStreetMap snapshot that was taken on November 10, 2020 (© OpenStreetMap contributors). We provide the GeoVectors in region-specific subsets. This subset contains location-embeddings for the region "North-America" including the following countries: <ul> <li>Canada</li> <li>Greenland</li> <li>Mexico</li> </ul> File format The embeddings are provided in the tab-separated values (tsv) format. Each row contains the embedding of a single OpenStreetMap entity. The first column contains the OpenStreetMap type and the second column contains the OpenStreetMap id of the respective entity. The type can either be node (n), way (w), or relation (r). The remaining columns represent the dimensions of the embedding space. (See also header.tsv) Further information: For further information, please visit <a href="http://geovectors.l3s.uni-hannover.de">http://geovectors.l3s.uni-hannover.de</a> Funding: This work was partially funded by DFG, German Research Foundation (“WorldKG", DE 2299/2-1), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany (“Simple-ML", 01IS18054), the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), Germany (“d-E-mand", 01ME19009B), and the European Commission (EU H2020, “smashHit", grant-ID 871477).

GeoVectors-Central-America-location (v0.1)

Description The GeoVectors corpus is a comprehensive large-scale linked open corpus of OpenStreetMap (https://www.openstreetmap.org/) entity embeddings that provides latent representations of over 980 million entities. The GeoVectors capture the semantic and geographic similarities of OpenStreetMap entities and make them directly accessible to machine learning applications. The "-tags" datasets provide embeddings that capture the semantic similarities of OpenStreetMap entities. The "-location" datasets provide the geographic similarities. Contents This dataset was derived from an OpenStreetMap snapshot that was taken on November 10, 2020 (© OpenStreetMap contributors). We provide the GeoVectors in region-specific subsets. This subset contains location-embeddings for the region "Central-America" including the following countries: <ul> <li>Bahamas</li> <li>Belize</li> <li>Cuba</li> <li>Guatemala</li> <li>Haiti-and-Domrep</li> <li>Jamaica</li> <li>Nicaragua</li> </ul> File format The embeddings are provided in the tab-separated values (tsv) format. Each row contains the embedding of a single OpenStreetMap entity. The first column contains the OpenStreetMap type and the second column contains the OpenStreetMap id of the respective entity. The type can either be node (n), way (w), or relation (r). The remaining columns represent the dimensions of the embedding space. (See also header.tsv) Further information: For further information, please visit <a href="http://geovectors.l3s.uni-hannover.de">http://geovectors.l3s.uni-hannover.de</a> Funding: This work was partially funded by DFG, German Research Foundation (“WorldKG", DE 2299/2-1), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany (“Simple-ML", 01IS18054), the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), Germany (“d-E-mand", 01ME19009B), and the European Commission (EU H2020, “smashHit", grant-ID 871477).

GeoVectors-South-America-tags (v1.0)

Description The GeoVectors corpus is a comprehensive large-scale linked open corpus of OpenStreetMap (https://www.openstreetmap.org/) entity embeddings that provides latent representations of over 980 million entities. The GeoVectors capture the semantic and geographic similarities of OpenStreetMap entities and make them directly accessible to machine learning applications. The "-tags" datasets provide embeddings that capture the semantic similarities of OpenStreetMap entities. The "-location" datasets provide the geographic similarities. Contents This dataset was derived from an OpenStreetMap snapshot that was taken on November 10, 2020 (© OpenStreetMap contributors). We provide the GeoVectors in region-specific subsets. This subset contains tag-embeddings for the region "South-America" including the following countries: <ul> <li>Argentina</li> <li>Bolivia</li> <li>Brazil</li> <li>Chile</li> <li>Colombia</li> <li>Ecuador</li> <li>Paraguay</li> <li>Peru</li> <li>Suriname</li> <li>Uruguay</li> <li>Venezuela</li> </ul> File format The embeddings are provided in the tab-separated values (tsv) format. Each row contains the embedding of a single OpenStreetMap entity. The first column contains the OpenStreetMap type and the second column contains the OpenStreetMap id of the respective entity. The type can either be node (n), way (w), or relation (r). The remaining columns represent the dimensions of the embedding space. (See also header.tsv) Further information: For further information, please visit <a href="http://geovectors.l3s.uni-hannover.de">http://geovectors.l3s.uni-hannover.de</a> Funding: This work was partially funded by DFG, German Research Foundation (“WorldKG", DE 2299/2-1), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany (“Simple-ML", 01IS18054), the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), Germany (“d-E-mand", 01ME19009B), and the European Commission (EU H2020, “smashHit", grant-ID 871477).

GeoVectors-North-America-tags (v1.0)

Description The GeoVectors corpus is a comprehensive large-scale linked open corpus of OpenStreetMap (https://www.openstreetmap.org/) entity embeddings that provides latent representations of over 980 million entities. The GeoVectors capture the semantic and geographic similarities of OpenStreetMap entities and make them directly accessible to machine learning applications. The "-tags" datasets provide embeddings that capture the semantic similarities of OpenStreetMap entities. The "-location" datasets provide the geographic similarities. Contents This dataset was derived from an OpenStreetMap snapshot that was taken on November 10, 2020 (© OpenStreetMap contributors). We provide the GeoVectors in region-specific subsets. This subset contains tag-embeddings for the region "North-America" including the following countries: <ul> <li>Canada</li> <li>Greenland</li> <li>Mexico</li> </ul> File format The embeddings are provided in the tab-separated values (tsv) format. Each row contains the embedding of a single OpenStreetMap entity. The first column contains the OpenStreetMap type and the second column contains the OpenStreetMap id of the respective entity. The type can either be node (n), way (w), or relation (r). The remaining columns represent the dimensions of the embedding space. (See also header.tsv) Further information: For further information, please visit <a href="http://geovectors.l3s.uni-hannover.de">http://geovectors.l3s.uni-hannover.de</a> Funding: This work was partially funded by DFG, German Research Foundation (“WorldKG", DE 2299/2-1), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany (“Simple-ML", 01IS18054), the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), Germany (“d-E-mand", 01ME19009B), and the European Commission (EU H2020, “smashHit", grant-ID 871477).