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Extended Data Fig. 7 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Extended Data Fig. 7 | Selected individual vertebrae of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). Thoracic (T6 and T16),lumbar (L1 and L11) and anterior caudal (Ca8) vertebrae are depicted in anterior,dorsal,left lateral and ventral views.The left transverse process of L11 is preserved but was separated from the vertebral column during preparation and has not been CT scanned.Dotted outlines represent the shape of preserved left transverse process,and the mirrored reconstructed right transverse process.

Extended Data Fig. 8 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Extended Data Fig. 8 | Limb bone elements of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a–p, ΜCT images.a, b, Left humerus in anterior (a) and posterior (b) views. c, d, Left ulna in anterior (c) and lateral (d) views.e, f, Left radius in anterior (e) and lateral (f) views.g, h, Left manus in dorsal (g) and palmar (= ventral) (h) views.i, j, Left femur in anterior (i) and posterior (j) views.k, l, Left tibia in anterior (k) and lateral (l) views.m, n, Left fibula in anterior (m) and lateral (n) views.o, p, Left pes in dorsal (o) and plantar (= ventral) (p) views.

Extended Data Fig. 1 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Extended Data Fig. 1 | Photographs of the skeleton of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a, b, 'Top' (a) and 'bottom' (b) views, as preserved.The left and right sides are indicated as (l) and (r), respectively.as,astragalus;at, atlas;av, anticlinal vertebra;ax,axis; C, cervical vertebra;ca,calcaneus;Ca,caudal vertebra;cap,capitate;CC,costal cartilage; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid;cu, cuboid;dpp,distal pedal phalanx;ent, entocuneiform;ep,epipubis; fe,femur; fi, fibula;ha,hamate;hu, humerus;i, lower incisor; ID, distal upper incisor; IM, medial upper incisor;imp,intermediate manual phalanx;ipp,intermediate pedal phalanx; L, lumbar vertebra;lu, lunate; m, mandible;mc,metacarpal;mt, metatarsal;na,navicular;osc, os calcaris;pc1, lower first postcanine tooth; PC1, upper first postcanine tooth; pe,pelvis;pfi, parafibula; pi, pisiform;pmp, proximal manual phalanx;ppp,proximal pedal phalanx;R, rib; ra, radius; sc, scapula;sca,scaphoid;stb, sternebra;T,thoracic vertebra; ti, tibia;tr, triquetrum; ul, ulna.

Extended Data Fig. 6 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Extended Data Fig. 6 | Enamel microstructure of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a–d, Scanning electron micrographs of single postcanine tooth enamel fragment sectioned in various planes.a, Transverse section of entire enamel band from the enamel–dentine junction (EDJ) to the outer enamel surface (OES) (about 0.4-mm thick) showing single layer of radial enamel and absence of distinct layer of prismless external enamel.Prism size increases from,on average,2.3 to 2.8 Μm from the enamel–dentine junction to the outer enamel surface.Prisms close to the enamel–dentine junction are intersected by interprismatic matrix at slightly higher angles than towards the outer enamel surface.b, Transverse section showing the clear distinction between enamel prisms and interprismatic matrix. c, Radial section showing radial enamel in outer zone with prisms surrounded by interprismatic matrix and some cross-sections of prisms showing tubules.d, Radial,but slightly oblique, section showing enamel of inner zone with prisms enveloped by interprismatic matrix and presence of odontoblastic processes.In this zone,crystallites of interprismatic matrix lie almost perpendicular to those of prisms.Prisms rise from the enamel–dentine junction at angle of about 45°; this angle is reduced only slightly towards the outer enamel surface.IPM, interprismatic matrix; od, odontoblastic process; p, prism; tu,tubule.

Extended Data Fig. 4 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Extended Data Fig. 4 | Inner ear of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a, Ventral view of reconstructed cranium, with petrosal fragment bounded by red line enlarged in a'. b–e, Reconstructed cochlear canal in dorsomedial (b), ventrolateral (c) and posteroventromedial (d, e) views,with the view in d being slightly more posterior and the view in e slightly more medial.In e, only the medial aspect of cochlear canal in grey is shown, to reveal primary bony lamina and cochlear nerve foramina.Semi-transparent grey,cochlear canal;yellow, cochlear nerve;blue, secondary canal.

Extended Data Fig. 2 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Extended Data Fig. 2 | Bivariate plots of body mass estimates for A. hui. a, Relationship between cranial length and body mass in 423 extant mammals, plus estimated body mass in the gondwanatherians A.hui and Vintana sertichi. b, Relationship between cranial width and body mass in 423 extant mammals, plus the estimated body mass in A. hui and V.sertichi. c, Relationship between cranial size and body mass in 423 extant mammals,plus the estimated body mass in A.hui and V.sertichi. d, Relationship between humeral length and body mass in 187 extant therian mammals,plus the estimated body mass in A.hui. e, Relationship between femoral length and body mass in 184 extant species of therian mammal,plus the estimated body mass in A.hui. f, Relationship between stylopodial diaphyseal circumference and body mass as calculated for a sample of 245 tetrapod species45 (data points shown for mammals only, n = 200),plus the estimated body mass in A.hui. Regression lines in a–e are from ordinary least squares regressions,whereas the regression line shown in f is from a phylogenetic generalized least squares regression.Measurement data,methods and references are provided in the Supplementary Information.

Fig. 2 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Fig. 2 | Cranium, lower jaw and dentition of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a–d, Reconstructed cranium in dorsal (a), ventral (b), right lateral (c) and anterior (d) views.e–g, Reconstructed right lower jaw in lateral (e), dorsal (= occlusal) (f) and medial (g) views.h–k, Micro-computed tomography (ΜCT) digital renderings of right upper dentition,showing the postcanine teeth (h), distal incisor (i) and mesial incisor (j) in buccal views,and the postcanine teeth in occlusal view (k). l–n, ΜCT digital renderings of right lower dentition, showing the postcanine teeth (l) and incisor (m) in buccal views,and the postcanine teeth in occlusal view (n). Scale bars,2 cm (a–g; scale bar above e and f applies to a–g), 5 mm (h–n). PC,upper postcanine tooth; pc,lower postcanine tooth.

Fig. 4 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Fig. 4 | Key stages in plate tectonic history of Madagascar. a, Position of Madagascar before rifting between West Gondwana (South America and Africa) and East Gondwana (Madagascar,Seychelles,Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka,Antarctica and Australia) at 183 Myr ago (Early Jurassic epoch). b, Separation of Indo-Madagascar from Antarctica and Australia at 124 Myr ago (mid-Early Cretaceous epoch).c, Separation of Indian subcontinent from Madagascar at 88 Myr ago (mid-Late Cretaceous epoch).d, Approximate time of deposition of Maevarano Formation at 66 Myr ago (latest Cretaceous period).Solid black lines indicate current coastlines of Madagascar and east Africa; brown represents Precambrian terranes;and yellow indicates sedimentary basins along west coast of Madagascar.The discovery site of UA 9030 is indicated by red star in d. Scale bars,500 km.Maps adapted from Earthworks (www.reeves.nl/gond.com).

Extended Data Fig. 10 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Extended Data Fig. 10 | Phylogenetic relationships of A. hui and selected mammaliaforms. Strict consensus tree of 16 equally parsimonious trees (tree length = 2,315,consistency index = 0.3015 and retention index = 0.7001) derived from analysis of 84 cynodont taxa and 530 characters,with multistate characters unordered and unweighted.Bremer values are listed next to the nodes.Adalatherium is highlighted in red.Allotheria—consisting of Cifelliodon, Euharamiyida,Gondwanatheria (including Adalatherium) and Multituberculata—is highlighted in blue.Taxon and character lists,the data matrix,limitations and assumptions,phylogenetic methods and a more detailed explanation of the results are provided in the Supplementary Information.

Extended Data Fig. 5 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Extended Data Fig. 5 | Lower jaw of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). Photographs of left dentary in left column; photographs of right dentary in right column. a, b, Lateral views.c, d, Dorsal (occlusal) views.e, f, Medial views.i, lower incisor;pc, lower postcanine tooth.

Fig. 3 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Fig. 3 | Skeleton of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a–g, Digitally reconstructed skeleton in left lateral view,highlighting the left scapulocoracoid in lateral view (a), thoracic vertebra 6 and lumbar vertebra 7 in anterior and dorsal views (missing parts mirrored and rendered as semi-transparent) (b), the left femur in distal and anterior views (c), the left humerus in anterior and distal views (d), the left astragalus and navicular in anterior view,and left calcaneus in medial and dorsal views (e), left hind foot in dorsal view (f), and the left tibia in lateral and anterior views (g). L,lumbar vertebra; T,thoracic vertebra.Scale bars,5 cm (main skeleton),1 cm (a–d, f, g), 5 mm (e).

Fig. 1 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Fig. 1 | Skull and postcranial skeleton of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a, 'Top' view,as preserved.Scale bar,5 cm.b, Reconstruction in left lateral view.Left and right sides indicated as (l) and (r), respectively.

Extended Data Fig. 9 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Extended Data Fig. 9 | Pectoral and pelvic girdle elements of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a–d, ΜCT images.a, b, Left scapulacoracoid,left and right clavicle and manubrium in 'top' (a) and 'bottom' (b) views (as preserved).c, d, Left os coxa and epipubic bone in lateral (c) and medial (d) views.

Extended Data Fig. 3 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity

Extended Data Fig. 3 | Cranium of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a–e, Photographs of external surfaces of cranium in right lateral (a), left lateral (b), dorsal (c), ventral (d) and anterior (e) views.a'–e', Labelled ΜCT images of cranium in the same views as in a–e, respectively.f, Labelled ΜCT image of medial view of right side of nasal cavity.aC,alveolus for upper canine; as, alisphenoid;eo, exoccipital; fr,frontal;ID,distal upper incisor;IM,mesial upper incisor; ju, jugal; la, lacrimal;mx, maxilla; na, nasal;os/ps, orbitosphenoid/presphenoid complex;PC,upper postcanine tooth;pe, petrosal;pmx,premaxilla;pt,pterygoid;smx,septomaxilla;sq, squamosal; v,vomer.

Fig. 3. Time lag between the 1 in How long does it take to discover a species?

Fig. 3. Time lag between the 1st specimen collected, the 15th specimen collected and the moment when at least 15 specimens are correctly determined for Aframomum. Each line represents a different species in the genus. Average time lag to accumulate 15 collections of Aframomum species is 60.5 years, whereas it takes, on average, another four decades to accumulate 15 correctly identified ones.

Fig. 5 in How long does it take to discover a species?

Fig. 5. Time lags between the collection of the 1st and the 3rd and the 1st and the 15th specimens in Aframomum and Acanthaceae. Values in the graph represent taxa for each taxonomic group, with dots indicating outliers. The X symbols indicate mean values for each family.

Fig. 2 in How long does it take to discover a species?

Fig. 2. (A) Numbers of specimens cited per new species of seed plant published in Kew Bulletin, between 1970 and 2010 inclusive (n ¼ 3,305). (B) Only 6.2% species had 15 or more specimens recorded at the time of publication, whereas 93.8% of them had less than 15 specimen records at the time of species description.

Fig. 4 in How long does it take to discover a species?

Fig. 4. Time lag between (A) the 1st and the 15th specimen collected for all species in Aframomum, Leucaena, conifers and Acanthaceae, and (B) between the 1st and the 15th specimen collected for all species from the 20 largest families of flowering plants. Values in the graph represent taxa for each taxonomic group, with dots indicating outliers. The X symbols indicate mean values for each family.

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Data from: Long-term mark-recapture and growth data for large-sized migratory brown trout (Salmo trutta) from Lake Mjøsa, Norway

This data package contains two unique publicly available time series of individual-based data originating from a 51-year mark-recapture study of a land-locked population of large-sized migratory brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Norway: the Hunder trout. In the period 1966-2015, nearly 14,000 adult Hunder trout have been captured and individually marked during their spawning migration from Lake Mjøsa to the river Gubrandsdalslågen. Almost a third of those individuals were later recaptured alive during a later spawning run and/or captured by fishermen and reported dead or alive. This has resulted in the first data series: a mark-recapture-recovery dataset spanning half a century and more than 18,000 capture records. The second data series consists of additional data on juvenile and adult growth and life-history schedules from half of the marked individuals, obtained by means of scale sample analysis. The two datasets offer a rare long-term perspective on individuals and population dynamics and provide unique opportunities to gain insights into questions surrounding management, conservation, and restoration of migratory salmonid populations and freshwater ecosystems.