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opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Resident self-tissue of proinflammatory cytokines rather than their systemic levels correlates with development of myelofibrosis in Gata1low mice

Movie 1: tridimensional image of GFP localization in the nucleus Movie 2: tridimensional image of GFP localization in the cytoplasm Movie 3: tridimensional reconstruction of GFPpositive cells localized around an adipocyte

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Severe hypoxia exposure inhibits larval brain development but does not affect the capacity to mount a cortisol stress response in zebrafish

Fish nursery habitats are increasingly hypoxic and the brain is recognized as highly hypoxia-sensitive, yet there is a lack of information on the effects of hypoxia on the development and function of the larval fish brain. Here, we tested the hypothesis that by inhibiting brain development, larval exposure to severe hypoxia has persistent functional effects on the cortisol stress response in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposing 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae to 10% dissolved O2 (DO) for 16 h only marginally reduced survival, but it decreased forebrain neural proliferation by 55%, and reduced the expression of neurod1, gfap, and mbpa, markers of determined neurons, glia, and oligodendrocytes, respectively. The 5 dpf hypoxic exposure also elicited transient increases in whole body cortisol and in crf, uts1, and hsd20b2 expression, key regulators of the endocrine stress response. Hypoxia exposure at 5 dpf also inhibited the cortisol stress response to hypoxia in 10 dpf larvae and increased hypoxia tolerance. However, 10% DO exposure at 5 dpf for 16h did not affect the cortisol stress response to a novel stressor in 10 dpf larvae or the cortisol stress response to hypoxia in adult fish. Therefore, while larval exposure to severe hypoxia can inhibit brain development, it also increases hypoxia tolerance. These effects may transiently reduce the impact of hypoxia on the cortisol stress response but not its functional capacity to respond to novel stressors. We conclude that the larval cortisol stress response in zebrafish has a high capacity to cope with severe hypoxia-induced neurogenic impairment.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

The Development of Adaptation Aftereffects in the Vibrotactile Domain

Dataset for the study "The Development of Adaptation Aftereffects in the Vibrotactile Domain".

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Resident self-tissue of proinflammatory cytokines rather than their systemic levels correlates with development of myelofibrosis in Gata1low mice

Figure S1. Gating used to identify endothelial cells (ECs), mesenchymal cells (MSCs), osteoblasts (OBCs), megakaryocytes (MKs) and neutrophils (Neu) in the bone marrow from a wild type mouse. In order to correctly estimate the frequency of all the cell populations, the monocellular cell suspension used for the analyses were prepared by carefully crushing the femurs of the mice (see [34] and [35] for detail).  Figure S2. (A) Example of the computer assisted image analysis used to quantify the level of fibrosis in bone marrow sections stained by Reticulin (black fibers) from representative wild-type (WT) and Gata1low mice. The ImageJ program-assisted quantification process includes selection of the color channel (black histogram, Hue), determination of the threshold (Saturation histogram) and quantification of the areas which exceed the threshold (in %) (Brightness histogram). (B) Example of the computer assisted image analysis used to quantify the number of megakaryocytes positive per CXCR1 in in bone marrow sections from wild-type (WT) and Gata1low mice. In this case, the conditions to quantify the signal in wild-type and Gata1low mice were set separately. The ImageJ program-assisted quantification process includes selection of the cell type, determination of the threshold per cell (Saturation histogram) and quantification of the number of cells which exceed the threshold (Brightness histogram). Magnification 40x. Figure S3. Levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 (A), LCN2 (B) and CXCL1 (C) detected in the sera from wild-type, Pselnull and Gata1lowPselnull mice (all in the CD1 background). The levels of TGF-β1 in Gata1low mice were previously reported [33] and are presented as median values from 20 mice as horizontal green line for comparison. Values are presented divided by gender (M, males; F, females) and age (adult and old). P values were calculated with Turkey’s multiple comparison test and are summarized either on the right or in Table S1. The number of mice analyzed in each experimental group is indicated by n.  Figure S4. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1, upper panel; LCN2, middle panel; CXCL1, bottom panel) detected in CD1, C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Gender (M, males; F, females) and age (adult and old) were analyzed as independent variables. The number of mice analyzed in each experimental group is indicated by n. Significant p values calculated with multiple comparison performed separately among groups from each different genotype are indicated in the graph. P values obtained with Turkey’s multiple comparison test among all groups are summarized in supplementary Tables S2-S4.  Figure S5. Hematoxylin/Eosin (H&E) and reticulin staining and TGF-β1, LCN2 and CXCL1 immunostaining of bone marrow sections from representative wild-type (WT) and Gata1low littermates showing the fibrosis and increased cytokine bioavailability in the microenvironment of the mutant mice. Results are representative of those observed in 12-month old mice randomly selected from male and female, at least were analyzed 6 mice each staining. The arrows indicate individual megakaryocytes in wild-type mice and megakaryocyte clusters in Gata1low mice. Magnification 40x. Similar results were previously published in Dunbar et al, 2021[11]. Figure S6. Immunohistochemical staining with (P+S) and without (S) the primary antibodies of consecutive sections from the bone marrow of WT and Gata1low mice showing the specificity of the staining with the primary antibodies.  Figure S7. The bone marrow from Gata1low mice contain great levels of CXCR1. High levels of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in bone marrow sections from Gata1low mice. A) Representative sections from the bone marrow of wild-type and Gata1low littermates immunostained with antibodies per CXCR1 and CXCR2. Magnification 40x. B) Computer assisted quantification of the content of the CXCR1 and CXCR2 in 5 randomly selected areas per femur from three-four mice per experimental group. Statistical analysis was done by t-test and statistically significant p values among groups are indicated within the panels. Similar results were reported in Dunbar et al[11]. Figure S8. (A) Median optical slice of a confocal stack microscopy obtained with a 63x objective. The blue arrow indicates a GFP signal present inside nucleus (shown as tridimensional image in movie 1), whereas the red arrow indicates a cell were the GFP signal is localized in the cytoplasm (shown as tridimensional image in movie 2). DAPI and GFP signals are shown separately and combined. B) Hematoxylin-eosin staining (left) and fluorescent microscopy (right) of two representative sections from the bone marrow of one huCD34-GFPH2B mouse. The GFP staining labels either the nuclear areas of cells with small size (1, 2 and 3) or, very rarely, the cytoplasm of large cells (4), possibly macrophages. Slides were counter stained with DAPI. Magnification 40x.

Changes in the direction of the diversity-productivity relationship over fifteen years of stand development in a planted temperate forest

Experiments manipulating diversity in both forests and grasslands have often observed a positive diversity-productivity relationship (DPR) which tends to strengthen during plant community development. This pattern is generally attributed to an increase in niche complementarity or facilitation. Most analyses do not examine species dominance and density, which also change over time. Moreover, how neighbourhood scale interactions among tree species affect the DPR is not well understood. We analysed growth and mortality data from the Simplex experiment, a part of the BIOTREE tree diversity experiment. Simplex consists of 36 plots each planted with four common and commercially important tree species to create a gradient of tree species evenness at two tree densities (6667 and 3556 trees ha-1). We test whether: i) the effect of evenness on total aboveground biomass productivity increase with stand development (year), ii) the effect of evenness on productivity is stronger in dense plots; iii) intra-specific competition from neighbours negatively affect the growth of dominant species more strongly compared to co-dominant species, and whether this negative effect is stronger in denser plots. The direction of DPR was initially negative because the fast-growing long-lived pioneer Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) dominated. However, with time, shade tolerant Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) increased in abundance (by biomass), and the relationship between evenness and biomass increment changed from negative to positive in high-density plots. Neighbourhood analyses revealed that for Douglas fir and Norway spruce, conspecifics reduced individual growth rates across density levels and years. Synthesis: We observed a shift in the diversity-productivity relationship over 15 years in our experiment. Over time, increasing intraspecific competition limited the increment of the abundant Douglas fir in uneven plots, and a persistent increase in the abundance (by biomass) of shade tolerant Norway spruce and European beech in even plots led to a higher community biomass increment, which led to a positive DPR. Emergence of a positive DPR in temperate forest plantations requires significant time and is importantly promoted by diversity at the neighbourhood scale (intimate mixtures) as well as higher density planting.

Data from: The effects of phylogeny, habitat, and host characteristics on the thermal sensitivity of helminth development

Helminth parasites are part of almost every ecosystem, with more than 300 000 species worldwide. Helminth infection dynamics are expected to be altered by climate change, but predicting future changes is difficult due to lacking thermal sensitivity data for greater than 99.9% of helminth species. Here, we compiled the largest dataset to date on helminth temperature sensitivities and used the Metabolic Theory of Ecology to estimate activation energies (AEs) for parasite developmental rates. The median AE for 129 thermal performance curves was 0.67, similar to non-parasitic animals. Although exceptions existed, related species tended to have similar thermal sensitivities, suggesting some helminth taxa are inherently more affected by rising temperatures than others. Developmental rates were more temperature-sensitive for species from colder habitats than those from warmer habitats, and more temperature sensitive for species in terrestrial than aquatic habitats. AEs did not depend on whether helminth life stages were free-living or within hosts, whether the species infected plants or animals, or whether the species had an endotherm host in its life cycle. The phylogenetic conservatism of AE may facilitate predicting how temperature change affects the development of helminth species for which empirical data are lacking or difficult to obtain.Helminth parasites are part of almost every ecosystem, with more than 300 000 species worldwide. Helminth infection dynamics are expected to be altered by climate change, but predicting future changes is difficult due to lacking thermal sensitivity data for greater than 99.9% of helminth species. Here, we compiled the largest dataset to date on helminth temperature sensitivities and used the Metabolic Theory of Ecology to estimate activation energies (AEs) for parasite developmental rates. The median AE for 129 thermal performance curves was 0.67, similar to non-parasitic animals. Although exceptions existed, related species tended to have similar thermal sensitivities, suggesting some helminth taxa are inherently more affected by rising temperatures than others. Developmental rates were more temperature-sensitive for species from colder habitats than those from warmer habitats, and more temperature sensitive for species in terrestrial than aquatic habitats. AEs did not depend on whether helminth life stages were free-living or within hosts, whether the species infected plants or animals, or whether the species had an endotherm host in its life cycle. The phylogenetic conservatism of AE may facilitate predicting how temperature change affects the development of helminth species for which empirical data are lacking or difficult to obtain.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Validation data Set: Development and validation of a quantitative method for 15 antiviral drugs in poultry muscle using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Validation dataset for paper published in the Journal of Chromatography A.   Clément Douillet, Mary Moloney, Melissa Di Rocco, Christopher Elliott, Martin Danaher, Development and validation of a quantitative method for 15 antiviral drugs in poultry muscle using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1665, 2022, 462793, ISSN 0021-9673, Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop a quantitative multi-residue method for analysing antiviral drug residues and their metabolites in poultry meat samples. Antiviral drugs are not licensed for the treatment of influenza in food producing animals. However, there have been some reports indicating their illegal use in poultry. In this study, a method was developed for the analysis of 15 antiviral drug residues in poultry muscle (chicken, duck, quail and turkey) using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This included 13 drugs against influenza and associated metabolites, but also two drugs employed for the treatment of herpes (acyclovir and ganciclovir). The method required the development of a novel chromatographic separation using a hydrophilic interaction chromatographic (HILIC) BEH amide column, which was necessary to retain the highly polar compounds. The analytes were detected using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in positive electrospray ionization mode. A range of different sample preparation protocols suitable for polar compounds were evaluated. The most effective procedure was based on a simple acetonitrile-based protein precipitation step followed by a further dilution in a methanol/water solution. The confirmatory method was validated according to the EU 2021/808 guidelines on different species including chicken, duck, turkey and quail. The validation was performed using various calibration curves ranging from 0.1 µg kg−1to 200 µg kg−1, according to the analyte. Depending on the analyte sensitivity, decision limits achieved ranged from 0.12 µg kg−1 for arbidol to 34.7 µg kg−1 for ribavirin. Overall, the reproducibility precision values ranged from 2.8% to 22.7% and the recoveries from 84% to 127%. The method was applied to 120 commercial poultry samples from the Irish market, which were all found to be residue-free. Keywords: Antiviral drug residues; Influenza; HILIC; LC-MS/MS; Poultry muscle

Data from: A shift from phenol to silica-based leaf defenses during long-term soil and ecosystem development

The resource availability hypothesis predicts that plants adapted to infertile soils have high levels of anti-herbivore leaf defenses. This hypothesis has been mostly explored for secondary metabolites such as phenolics, while it remains underexplored for silica-based defenses. We determined leaf concentrations of total phenols and silicon (Si) in plants growing along the 2-million-year Jurien Bay chronosequence, exhibiting an extreme gradient of soil fertility. We found that nitrogen (N) limitation on young soils led to a greater expression of phenol-based defenses, whereas old, phosphorus (P)-impoverished soils favored silica-based defenses. Both defense types were negatively correlated at the community and individual species level. Our results suggest a tradeoff among these two leaf defense strategies based on the strength and type of nutrient limitation, thereby opening up new perspectives for the resource availability hypothesis and plant defense research. This study also highlights the importance of silica-based defenses under low P supply.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Drop Everything? Analyzing Developer Response to Fix a High Severity Dependency

Although using third-party libraries has become prevalent in contemporary software development, prior work are all in agreement that developers struggle to update their dependencies. They often acknowledge that due to the migration effort, priority and other issues cause lags in the adoption process. On the other hand, with a vulnerability that has showstopping potential, we expect developers to drop everything! to fix the risk. In this new idea paper, we explore a case study of when Log4JShell, which has the highest ever reported severity of 10. Our goal is to analyze the developer response in relation to how fast they migrated to a safer version, and what were the information discussed while fixing this severe vulnerability.

Mutation of rpoB shifts the nutrient threshold triggering Myxococcus multicellular development

The ability to perceive and respond to environmental change is essential to all organisms. In response to nutrient depletion, cells of the soil-dwelling δ-proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus undergo collective morphogenesis into multicellular fruiting bodies and transform into stress-resistant spores. This process is strictly regulated by gene networks that incorporate both inter- and intracellular signals. While commonly studied M. xanthus reference strains and some natural isolates undergo development only in nutrient-poor conditions, some lab mutants and other natural isolates commit to development at much higher nutrient levels, but mechanisms enabling such rich-medium development remain elusive. Here we investigate the genetic basis of rich-medium development in one mutant and find that a single amino-acid change (S534L) in RpoB, the β-subunit of RNA polymerase, is responsible for the phenotype. Ectopic expression of the mutant rpoB allele was sufficient to induce nutrient-rich development. These results suggest that the universal bacterial transcription machinery bearing the altered β-subunit can relax regulation of developmental genes that are normally strictly controlled by the bacterial stringent response. Moreover, the mutation also pleiotropically mediates a tradeoff in fitness during vegetative growth between high vs low nutrient conditions and generates resistance to exploitation by a developmental cheater. Our findings reveal a previously unknown connection between the universal transcription machinery and one of the most behaviorally complex responses to environmental stress found among bacteria.

FIGURE 10 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 10. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., last juvenile stage moulting to female, ZMB 12267, dorsal view (A, B) and optical section (C). A. Segments 7–10. B, C. Segments 10 and 11. Abbreviations: co, sublateral, subcuticular conical structure opening on segment 10; fe, refers to female character; juv, refers to character of last juvenile stage; las, lateral accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; mds, middorsal spine; ps, postmarginal spicula; re, cuticular reinforcement; s, segment; slt, sublateral tube. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads in A mark papillate sensory spots. Scale bar in A 50 µm. Scale bar in B 30 µm, valid for B and C.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 7. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., female, ZMB 12271 (A–E) and ZMB 12349 (F), right side (A–D) and dorsal view (E, F), SEM. A. Segments 1–3. B. Segments 4–6. C. Segments 7–8. D. Segments 9–11. E. Segments 10 and 11. F. Fringe of sublateral, subcuticular conical structure opening on segment 10. Abbreviations: co, fringe of sublateral, subcuticular conical structure opening on segment 10; gc1, type-1 gland cell outlet; hr, trunk cuticular hair; lat, lateral accessory tube; ltas, lateral accessory terminal spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; mds, middorsal spine; pf, primary pectinate fringe; s, segment; sdt, subdorsal tube (lost on segment 2); sf, secondary pectinate fringe; slt, sublateral to midlateral tube; te, tergal extension. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads mark type-1 sensory spots. Scale bar in A–E 10 μm. Scale bar in F 5 µm.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 6. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., female, ZMB 12271 (A, C) and ZMB 12272 (B), in laterodorsal (A), ventral (B), and dorsal-right (C) view, SEM. A. Habitus. B. Mouth cone. White arrow points to bifurcated tip of posterior spinose process. C. Two neighbouring introvert sector. Abbreviations: asp, anterior spinose process; in, introvert; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mc, mouth cone; mds, middorsal spine; oos, outer oral style; psc, primary spinoscalid; psp, posterior spinose process; s, segment; sc, spinoscalid; slt, sublateral tube; tr, trichoscalid. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment (A) or introvert ring number (C). Scale bar in A 100 μm. Scale bar in B and C 10 μm.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 5. Female specimens of species of Echinoderes, dorsal view (A, B, H, I, L–N), lateral view (C, K), and optical section (D–G, J), DIC. A–E. Echinoderes goku sp. nov. A, B. paratype ZMB 12335, segments 1–5 (A) and 6–9 (B). C. Paratype ZMB 12344, segments 2–7. D, E. Paratypes ZMB 12342 (D) and ZMB 12264 (E), segments 10 and 11 (D) and 10 (E). F–N. Segments 10 and 11. F, G. Echinoderes capitatus, ZMB 11913 (F) and 11921 (G). H, I. Echinoderes meteorensis, paratypes ZMB 11571b (H) and ZMB 11572b (I). J. Echinoderes unispinosus, paratype ZMB 11589b. K, L. Echinoderes apex, holotype ZMB 11561, paratype ZMB 11562a. M. Echinoderes ferrugineus, ZMB 11929. N. Echinoderes pilosus, paralectotype SMNH 9256; black arrow marks cuticular sheath around tube. Abbreviations: co, female-specific sublateral, subcuticular conical structure; gc1, type-1 gland cell outlet; ldt, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral accessory terminal spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mds, middorsal spine; re, cuticular reinforcement; s, segment; sdt, subdorsal tube; slt, sublateral tube; sph, laterodorsal subcuticular spherical structure; vlt, ventrolateral tube. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads mark type-1 sensory spots. White arrows point to type-1 gland cell outlets. Scale bar in B 50 μm, valid for A–C. Scale bar in D 20 µm, valid for D–M. Scale bar in N 20 µm.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 2. Line art illustrations of Echinoderes goku sp. nov., A, B, male holotype (MACN-In 43755), C, D, female paratype (MACN-In 43756b). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C, D. Segments 10 and 11, dorsal (C) and ventral view (D). Placids illustrated as appearing in SEM. Sublateral structures often hidden by the neighbouring body cuticle in the more or less dorsoventral mount and often only illustrated for one side. Abbreviations: co, female-specific, subcuticular conical structure; hr, cuticular hair; lat, lateral accessory tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mdgc, middorsal gland cell outlet; mds, middorsal spine; pa, pachycycli; pe, penile spine; pl, placid; pvp, paraventral patch of cuticular hairs; sdt, subdorsal tube; slt, sublateral to midlateral tube; te, tergal extension; vlp, ventrolateral to paraventral patch of cuticular hairs; vlt, ventrolateral tube; vmss, ventromedial sensory spot. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Scale bar: 100 μm.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 3. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., male paratype ZMB 12334 (A, C), juvenile non-type ZMB 12347 (B, D), and male holotype MACN-In 43755 (E–J), in ventral (A), lateral (B, D), and dorsal view (C, E–J), DIC. A–D. Habitus of specimens infected with fungus before (A, B) and after treatment with formaldehyde for two weeks (C, D). E. Segments 1–5. F, J. Segments 6–9 at different focal levels. G–I. Segments 10 (G), 10 and 11 (H), and 11 (I) at different focal levels. Abbreviations: fu, fungus; hr, trunk cuticular hair; mds, middorsal spine; pa, pachycycli; pl, placid; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; s, segment; sdt, subdorsal tube; slt, sublateral tube. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads mark type-1 sensory spots. Arrows point to type-1 gland cell outlets. Scale bar in D 100 μm, valid for A–D. Scale bar in F 50 µm, valid for E–J.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 9. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., last juvenile stage moulting to female, ZMB 12267, ventral (B–E), optical section (A, F), and dorsal side (G, H). A. Habitus. B. Segments 1–4. C, D. Segments 5–8 at different focal levels showing aspects of the juvenile (C) and adult (D) cuticle. E. Segments 8–11. F. Segments 9–11. G. Segments 1–4. H. Segments 4–7. Abbreviations: bs, button-like structures; fe, refers to female character; juv, refers to character of last juvenile stage; lat, lateral accessory tube; ltas, lateral accessory terminal spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mds, middorsal spine; mv, midventral articulation of sternal plates; mvpl, midventral placid; ps, postmarginal spicula; s, segment; vlt, ventrolateral spine. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Scale bar in A 100 µm. Scale bar in F 50 µm, valid for B–H.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 8. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., male (ZMB 12350, A) and female (ZMB 12271, B–F), right side (A) and ventral view (B–F), SEM. A. Segment 11 with penile spines. B. Segments 10–11. C. Segments 1–3. D. Segments 4–6. E. Segments 7 and 8. F. Segment 9–11. Abbreviations: dv, attachment site of dorsoventral muscle; lat, lateral accessory tube; ltas, lateral accessory terminal spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; peb, broad penile spine; pet, tubular penile spine; pf, primary pectinate fringe; pvp, paraventral patch of short cuticular hairs; s, segment; sf, secondary pectinate fringe; te, tergal extension; vlt, ventrolateral tube. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads mark type-1 sensory spots. Scale bar in A–F 10 μm.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) from the Argentinean continental shelf with notes on its postembryonic development and on subcuticular morphological characters unreported for Kinorhyncha

FIGURE 4. Echinoderes goku sp. nov., male holotype MACN-In 43755 (A–C), male paratype ZMB 12318 (D, F–H) and female paratypes ZMB 12337 (E), ZMB 12265 (I, K), and MACN-In 43756b (J), ventral view (A–E, I, K), dorsal view (F–H), and optical section (J), extended focus image from four images (D, K), DIC. A. Segments 1–6. B. Segments 7–10. C. Segments 9–11. D. Segments 1–4. E. Segment 10. F–H. Segments 10 and 11 at different focal levels. I, J. Segments 8–11. K. Mouth cone with outer oral styles. Abbreviations: bs, button-like structures; lat, lateral accessory tube; ltas, lateral accessory terminal spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mvpl, midventral placid; oos, outer oral style; ov, ovarium with egg; pa, pachycycli; peb, broad penile spine; pet, tubular penile spine; pvp, paraventral patch of short cuticular hairs; re, cuticular reinforcement; s, segment; slt, sublateral tube; te, tergal extension; vlt, ventrolateral tube. Digits after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment number. Arrowheads mark type-1 sensory spots. Arrows point to type-1 gland cell outlets. Scale bar in B 50 μm, valid for A–D, I, J. Scale bar in G 50 µm, valid for F, G. Scale bar in H 20 µm. Scale bar in K 30 µm, valid for E, K.