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Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.sinicaLinnaeus,1771—NE&SESriLanka(DryZone). M.s.aurifronsPocock,1931—SWSriLanka(WetZonelowlandsfromthecoastto¢.2000mabovesealevel). M.s. opisthomelas Hill, 1942 — SC Sri Lanka (montane areas above elevations of 1800 m). in Cercopithecidae
Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.sinicaLinnaeus,1771—NE&SESriLanka(DryZone). M.s.aurifronsPocock,1931—SWSriLanka(WetZonelowlandsfromthecoastto¢.2000mabovesealevel). M.s. opisthomelas Hill, 1942 — SC Sri Lanka (montane areas above elevations of 1800 m).
FIGURE 33. Dysonia species. A–C. D. holgeri. D–E. D. zikani. F–G. D. pardalis. H–I. D. monticola. J–K. D. melaleuca. L–M. D. alipes. A in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 33. Dysonia species. A–C. D. holgeri. D–E. D. zikani. F–G. D. pardalis. H–I. D. monticola. J–K. D. melaleuca. L–M. D. alipes. A. Habitus in lateral view. B, D, F, H, J, L. Subgenital plates. C, E, G, I, K, M. Cerci. (Figs. D–E., H–J. after Costa-Lima & Guitton, 1960).
FIGURE 16. Machima species. A–C. M in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 16. Machima species. A–C. M. itatiaia Antunes & Takiya, 2020. A. Male habitus in lateral view. B. Cerci in dorsal and, C. lateral view respectively. F. Ovipositor. D–J. Cerci in dorsal and lateral view: D–F. M. phyllacantha. G–H. M. scalprum. I–J. M. paranensis. (Figs. G–J. after Rehn, 1950).
FIGURE 43. Live individuals. A. Lichenodraculus matti. B. Markia arizae. C. M. major. D. M. hystrix. E. Apolinaria hygracantha. F. Paraphidnia brevicristata G in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 43. Live individuals. A. Lichenodraculus matti. B. Markia arizae. C. M. major. D. M. hystrix. E. Apolinaria hygracantha. F. Paraphidnia brevicristata G. Anaphidna rubricorpus. (Photos: A. L. Salagaje. B. A. Kay. C. J. Monzón. E. F. Arango. F. A. Anker. G. J. Cardona).
Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.suriferG.S.Miller,1900—SThailandandPeninsularMalaysia,aswellasmanyoffshoreIs. M.s.carimataeG.S.Miller,1906—BorneoaswellasmanyoffshoreIs(includingNatunaI). M.s.finusKloss,1916—EThailand,SLaos,C&SVietnam,Cambodia,andmanyoffshoreIs. M.s.ravusH.C.Robinson&Kloss,1916—Sumatra,Java,andmanyoffshoreIs. M.s.siarmaKloss,1919—N&WThailandandSMyanmar. M.s.tonkinensisBalakirev,2017—NVietnamandNLaos;probablyextremeSChina(Yunnan). M. s. ubecus Lyon, 1911 — E Borneo. in Muridae
Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.suriferG.S.Miller,1900—SThailandandPeninsularMalaysia,aswellasmanyoffshoreIs. M.s.carimataeG.S.Miller,1906—BorneoaswellasmanyoffshoreIs(includingNatunaI). M.s.finusKloss,1916—EThailand,SLaos,C&SVietnam,Cambodia,andmanyoffshoreIs. M.s.ravusH.C.Robinson&Kloss,1916—Sumatra,Java,andmanyoffshoreIs. M.s.siarmaKloss,1919—N&WThailandandSMyanmar. M.s.tonkinensisBalakirev,2017—NVietnamandNLaos;probablyextremeSChina(Yunnan). M. s. ubecus Lyon, 1911 — E Borneo.
Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.marmosurusThomas,1921—NEpeninsulaofSulawesi. R. m. facetus G. S. Miller & Hollister, 1921 — S portion of the NE peninsula and C Sulawesi. in Muridae
Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.marmosurusThomas,1921—NEpeninsulaofSulawesi. R. m. facetus G. S. Miller & Hollister, 1921 — S portion of the NE peninsula and C Sulawesi.
Distribution. Mt Cameroon, W Cameroon, and Bioko I, Equatorial Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 100- 130 mm, tail 110-147 mm, ear 16-20 mm, hindfoot 21-25 mm; weight 27-62 g. Fur of the Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse is dark rufous-brown to blackish brown above and pale to dark gray below. Tail is very long (c.112% of head-body length) and dark. Hindfeet and forefeet are dark brown. Females have three pairs of nipples. Habitat. Montane forest and alpine grassland at elevations above 1000 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Gestation lasts 26-30 days. Litters have 2-6 young. Activity patterns. The Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse is nocturnal and terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse occurs in two disjunct areas occupying only ¢.2900 km? and the extent and quality of its forest habitat continue to decline. Bibliography. Eisentraut (1970, 1973), Happold (2013a), Missoup et al. (2012), Monadjem etal. (2015). in Muridae
Distribution. Mt Cameroon, W Cameroon, and Bioko I, Equatorial Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 100- 130 mm, tail 110-147 mm, ear 16-20 mm, hindfoot 21-25 mm; weight 27-62 g. Fur of the Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse is dark rufous-brown to blackish brown above and pale to dark gray below. Tail is very long (c.112% of head-body length) and dark. Hindfeet and forefeet are dark brown. Females have three pairs of nipples. Habitat. Montane forest and alpine grassland at elevations above 1000 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Gestation lasts 26-30 days. Litters have 2-6 young. Activity patterns. The Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse is nocturnal and terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse occurs in two disjunct areas occupying only ¢.2900 km? and the extent and quality of its forest habitat continue to decline. Bibliography. Eisentraut (1970, 1973), Happold (2013a), Missoup et al. (2012), Monadjem etal. (2015).
"Amala River" (= upper course of Mara River), Kenya. Although M. pernanus is grouped in the genus Mastomys based on morphological grounds, molecular data from one speci men grouped it with Hylomyscus. Monotypic. Distribution. Mostly Serengeti Plains on the border between Kenya and Tanzania, with an aberrant specimen from EC Tanzania and an unconfirmed record from Rwanda. in Muridae
"Amala River" (= upper course of Mara River), Kenya. Although M. pernanus is grouped in the genus Mastomys based on morphological grounds, molecular data from one speci men grouped it with Hylomyscus. Monotypic. Distribution. Mostly Serengeti Plains on the border between Kenya and Tanzania, with an aberrant specimen from EC Tanzania and an unconfirmed record from Rwanda.
Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.saxicolaElliot,1839—India(Maharashtra,AndhraPradesh,Karnataka,andTamilNadustates). M.s.gurkhaThomas,1914—NW&NEIndia(HimachalPradesh,Uttarakhand,Jharkhand,andWestBengalstates)andSNepal. M. s. sadhu Wroughton, 1911 — SW & SE Pakistan (Balochistan and Sindh provinces) and W & C India (Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh states). in Muridae
Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.saxicolaElliot,1839—India(Maharashtra,AndhraPradesh,Karnataka,andTamilNadustates). M.s.gurkhaThomas,1914—NW&NEIndia(HimachalPradesh,Uttarakhand,Jharkhand,andWestBengalstates)andSNepal. M. s. sadhu Wroughton, 1911 — SW & SE Pakistan (Balochistan and Sindh provinces) and W & C India (Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh states).
Distribution. Endemic to India (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu states), at elevations of 500-1500 m. in Muridae
Distribution. Endemic to India (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu states), at elevations of 500-1500 m.
As currently delineated, this is a complex comprising at least two species, as dem- onstrated by the work of J. M. Lamb and colleagues in 2014 and A. Monadjem and colleagues in 2015. Large gray-bellied specimens attributed to M. triton form two highly divergent molecular and chromosomal clades: on the one hand, from Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique (with chromosomal complement of 2n = 20-22, FN = 34); and, on the other, from DR Congo (with 2n = 32, FN = 34. Monotypic. Distribution. Extreme S South Sudan, S Ethiopia (Bale Mts), NE DR Congo, and from Uganda and Kenya SW & S to Angola, Zambia, WC Mozambique, and Malawi. in Muridae
As currently delineated, this is a complex comprising at least two species, as dem- onstrated by the work of J. M. Lamb and colleagues in 2014 and A. Monadjem and colleagues in 2015. Large gray-bellied specimens attributed to M. triton form two highly divergent molecular and chromosomal clades: on the one hand, from Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique (with chromosomal complement of 2n = 20-22, FN = 34); and, on the other, from DR Congo (with 2n = 32, FN = 34. Monotypic. Distribution. Extreme S South Sudan, S Ethiopia (Bale Mts), NE DR Congo, and from Uganda and Kenya SW & S to Angola, Zambia, WC Mozambique, and Malawi.
Bangassou near Lake Maboké (near Mongoumba), Central African Republic. Based on proodont incisors, considered to be part of the M. sorella species group, from which it can be distinguished based on its reddish-brown dorsal coloration and blackish, slightly pointed ears. Monotypic. Distribution. Known from just three locali-ties in S Central African Republic. in Muridae
Bangassou near Lake Maboké (near Mongoumba), Central African Republic. Based on proodont incisors, considered to be part of the M. sorella species group, from which it can be distinguished based on its reddish-brown dorsal coloration and blackish, slightly pointed ears. Monotypic. Distribution. Known from just three locali-ties in S Central African Republic.
Distribution. Until recently thought to be endemic to the Albertine Rift (E DR Congo, SW Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi), at elevations of up to 2960 m in the Rwenzori Mts, but = onasequences, Bryja and colleagues in 2014 suggested that it occurs also in Central African Republic, N DR Congo, and W Kenya. in Muridae
Distribution. Until recently thought to be endemic to the Albertine Rift (E DR Congo, SW Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi), at elevations of up to 2960 m in the Rwenzori Mts, but = onasequences, Bryja and colleagues in 2014 suggested that it occurs also in Central African Republic, N DR Congo, and W Kenya.
Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.musculusLinnaeus,1758—EEurope,CAsia,andChina. M.m.castaneusWaterhouse,1843—Kenya,Madagascar,Pakistan,India,andSEAsia. M. m. domesticus E. Schwarz & H. K. Schwarz, 1943 — W Europe and N Africa. M. m. gentilulus Thomas, 1919 — Arabian Peninsula. Also three unnamed geographic lineages from C & SE Iran and Nepal. Now introduced worldwide, except Antarctica (modern introductions not shaded on the map). in Muridae
Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.musculusLinnaeus,1758—EEurope,CAsia,andChina. M.m.castaneusWaterhouse,1843—Kenya,Madagascar,Pakistan,India,andSEAsia. M. m. domesticus E. Schwarz & H. K. Schwarz, 1943 — W Europe and N Africa. M. m. gentilulus Thomas, 1919 — Arabian Peninsula. Also three unnamed geographic lineages from C & SE Iran and Nepal. Now introduced worldwide, except Antarctica (modern introductions not shaded on the map).
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003). in Muridae
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003).
Although previously treated as a subspecies of G. dolichurus, G.dryas was later recognized as a good species. Monotypic. Distribution. Restricted to elevations above 1000 m within the Albertine Rift Mts. Descriptive notes. Head-body 100-130 mm, tail 142-177 mm, car 15-21 mm, hindfoot 22-28 mm; weight 30-59 g. Fur of the Albertine Rift Thicket Rat is tawny brown above, becoming brighter orange brown on rump, with sharply demarcated pure white belly bordered by thin orange line. Tail is very long (160% of head-body length), semi-prehensile, tufted, and dark brown. Feet are pale buff, with four digits on forefoot and five on relatively short hindfoot, fifth digit longer and semi-opposable. Females have 0+2 = 2 pairs of nipples. in Muridae
Although previously treated as a subspecies of G. dolichurus, G.dryas was later recognized as a good species. Monotypic. Distribution. Restricted to elevations above 1000 m within the Albertine Rift Mts. Descriptive notes. Head-body 100-130 mm, tail 142-177 mm, car 15-21 mm, hindfoot 22-28 mm; weight 30-59 g. Fur of the Albertine Rift Thicket Rat is tawny brown above, becoming brighter orange brown on rump, with sharply demarcated pure white belly bordered by thin orange line. Tail is very long (160% of head-body length), semi-prehensile, tufted, and dark brown. Feet are pale buff, with four digits on forefoot and five on relatively short hindfoot, fifth digit longer and semi-opposable. Females have 0+2 = 2 pairs of nipples.
Otomys orestes previously was included in O. wrroratus or O. typus but later shown to be a distinct species. Monotypic. Distribution. Mt Kenya and Aberdare Range, C Kenya. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-175 mm, tail 61-93 mm, ear 21-25 mm, hindfoot 25-30 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Afroalpine Vlei Rat is large and robust, with large blunt head, short tail, and shaggy fur. Fur is tawny brown above, with distinctive creamy buff post-auricular patches, and dark gray below. Tail is short (c.46% of head-body length). Upper and lower incisors each have single deep groove, and additional faint groove is present on lower incisors. M, has fourlaminae, and M" has seven or occasionally six laminae. in Muridae
Otomys orestes previously was included in O. wrroratus or O. typus but later shown to be a distinct species. Monotypic. Distribution. Mt Kenya and Aberdare Range, C Kenya. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-175 mm, tail 61-93 mm, ear 21-25 mm, hindfoot 25-30 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Afroalpine Vlei Rat is large and robust, with large blunt head, short tail, and shaggy fur. Fur is tawny brown above, with distinctive creamy buff post-auricular patches, and dark gray below. Tail is short (c.46% of head-body length). Upper and lower incisors each have single deep groove, and additional faint groove is present on lower incisors. M, has fourlaminae, and M" has seven or occasionally six laminae.
Although previously included in O. typus, O. jackson: differs from it in body size, number of M® lamina, and genetically. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from Mt Elgon, E Uganda and W Kenya. Descriptive notes. Head-body 120-171 mm, tail 57-82 mm, ear 19-26 mm, hindfoot 19-26 mm; weight 70-121 g. The Mount Elgon Vlei Rat is medium to large in size and robust, with large blunt head, shorttail, and shaggy fur; it is the smallest of the O. typus species group. Fur coloris not clearly distinct from the Ethiopian Vlei Rat (O. typus). Lower incisors each have two deep grooves. M, has four laminae, and M? has seven laminae. in Muridae
Although previously included in O. typus, O. jackson: differs from it in body size, number of M® lamina, and genetically. Monotypic. Distribution. Known only from Mt Elgon, E Uganda and W Kenya. Descriptive notes. Head-body 120-171 mm, tail 57-82 mm, ear 19-26 mm, hindfoot 19-26 mm; weight 70-121 g. The Mount Elgon Vlei Rat is medium to large in size and robust, with large blunt head, shorttail, and shaggy fur; it is the smallest of the O. typus species group. Fur coloris not clearly distinct from the Ethiopian Vlei Rat (O. typus). Lower incisors each have two deep grooves. M, has four laminae, and M? has seven laminae.
Subspecies and Distribution. M.g.gouldiiGray,1843—mainlandNAustralia,includingtheKimberleyregionandhigherrainfallareasoftheNorthernTerritory. M.g.melvillensisHayman,1936—MelvilleI,NAustralia. M. g. rattoides Thomas, 1924 — N Queensland, NE Australia. in Muridae
Subspecies and Distribution. M.g.gouldiiGray,1843—mainlandNAustralia,includingtheKimberleyregionandhigherrainfallareasoftheNorthernTerritory. M.g.melvillensisHayman,1936—MelvilleI,NAustralia. M. g. rattoides Thomas, 1924 — N Queensland, NE Australia.
Distribution. Known only from vicinity of [Lake Habbema, at 2800 m in the Snow (= Sudirman) Mts of New Guinea. in Muridae
Distribution. Known only from vicinity of [Lake Habbema, at 2800 m in the Snow (= Sudirman) Mts of New Guinea.
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