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9,671 results for “Leaf”
Data from: Contrasting leaf trait responses of conifer and broadleaved seedlings to altered resource availability are linked to resource strategies
<p>(1) Understanding tree seedling responses to water, nutrient and light availability is crucial to precisely predict potential shifts in composition and structure of forest communities under future climatic conditions.</p> <p>(2) We exposed seedlings of widespread central European tree species with contrasting leaf habit, deciduous broadleaves (DB) and evergreen conifers (EC), to factorial combinations of manipulated precipitation (100% and 50% of ambient), shade (40% and 60% of full sunlight) and nutrient availability (low and high NPK), and measured specific leaf area, C/N ratio, soluble sugars, starch and non-structural carbohydrate concentration, and δ<sup>13</sup>C of the leaves.</p> <p>(3) We found contrasting effects of water and nutrient availability on foliar traits of the two species groups: EC exhibited higher tolerance to low resource availability but also less plasticity in foliar traits, which is congruent with a "slow" resource strategy. In contrast, foliage of DB reacted particularly to altered nutrient availability, corresponding to a "fast" resource strategy with high foliar plasticity and rapid adjustments to resource fluctuations, commonly adopted by species with high growth rates.</p> <p>(4) We conclude that DB will respond to environmental change with foliar acclimation, while EC will either tolerate, to some extent, or shift their distribution range in response to environmental change.</p>
Data from: Impacts of rainfall extremes predicted by climate-change models on major trophic groups in the leaf-litter arthropod community
1. Arthropods in the leaf-litter layer of forest soils influence ecosystem processes such as decomposition. Climate-change models predict both increases and decreases in average rainfall. Increased drought may have greater impacts on the litter arthropod community. In addition to affecting survival or behavior of desiccation-sensitive species, lower rainfall may indirectly lower abundances of consumers that graze drought-stressed fungi, with repercussions for higher trophic levels. 2. We tested the hypothesis that trophic structure will differ between the two rainfall scenarios. In particular, we hypothesized that densities of several broadly defined trophic groupings of arthropods would be lower under reduced rainfall. 3. To test this hypothesis we used sprinklers to impose two rainfall treatments during three growing seasons in roofed, fenced 14-m2 plots; and documented changes in abundance from initial, pre-treatment densities of 39 arthropod taxa. Experimental plots were subjected to either LOW (fortnightly) or HIGH (weekly) average rainfall based upon climate models and the previous 100 years of regional weekly averages. Unroofed open plots, our reference treatment (REF), experienced higher-than-average rainfall during the experiment. 4. The two rainfall extremes produced clear negative effects of lowered rainfall on major trophic groups. Broad categories of fungivores, detritivores and predators were more abundant in HIGH than LOW plots by the final year. Springtails (Collembola), which graze fungal hyphae, were 3x more abundant in the HIGH-rainfall treatment. Taxa of larger-bodied fungivores and detritivores, spiders (Araneae), and non-spider predators were 2x more abundant under HIGH rainfall. Densities of mites (Acari), which include fungivores, detritivores and predators, were 1.5x greater in HIGH rainfall plots. Abundances and community structure of arthropods were similar in REF and experimental plots, showing that effects of rainfall uncovered in the experiment are applicable to nature. 5. This pattern suggests that changes in rainfall will alter bottom-up control processes in a critical detritus-based food web of deciduous forests. Our results, in conjunction with other findings on the impact of desiccation on arthropods and fungal growth, suggest that drier conditions will depress densities of fungal consumers, causing declines in higher trophic levels, with possible impacts on soil processes and the larger forest food web.
Data from: Ecological factors influence balancing selection on leaf chemical profiles of a wildflower
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Balancing selection is frequently invoked as a mechanism to maintain variation within and across populations. However, rigorous tests demonstrating balancing selection operating in nature are scarce, particularly on complex traits, which frequently display high levels of variation. Leveraging a focal polymorphism, leaf chemical profile in a perennial wildflower (<em>Boechera stricta</em>, Brassicaceae), we investigated the ecological and genetic mechanisms that may influence the maintenance of variation in this trait. A suite of common garden and greenhouse experiments showed that the alleles underlying variation in chemical profile have contrasting fitness effects across environments, implicating two ecological drivers of selection on chemical profile: herbivory and drought. Phenotype-environment associations and molecular genetic analyses revealed additional evidence of past selection by these drivers. Together, these data are consistent with balancing selection on chemical profile, likely caused by pleiotropic effects of genes that influence secondary chemical biosynthesis on herbivore defense and drought response.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Data from: Within-species patterns challenge our understanding of the Leaf Economics Spectrum
The utility of plant functional traits for predictive ecology relies on our ability to interpret trait variation across multiple taxonomic and ecological scales. Using extensive datasets of trait variation within species, across species, and across communities, we analyzed whether and at what scales 'leaf economics spectrum' (LES) traits show predicted trait-trait covariation. We found that most variation in LES traits is often, but not universally, at high taxonomic levels (between families, between genera in a family). However, we found that trait covariation shows distinct taxonomic scale-dependence, with some trait correlations showing opposite signs within versus across species. LES traits responded independently to environmental gradients within species, with few shared environmental responses across traits or across scales. We conclude that, at small taxonomic scales, plasticity may obscure or reverse the broad evolutionary linkages between leaf traits, meaning that variation in LES traits cannot always be interpreted as differences in resource use strategy.
Data from: Leaf-cutter ants engineer large nitrous oxide hot spots in tropical forests
Though tropical forest ecosystems are among the largest natural sources of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), the spatial distribution of emissions across landscapes is often poorly resolved. Leaf-cutter ants (LCA, Atta and Acromyrmex, Myrmicinae) are dominant herbivores throughout Central and South America and influence multiple aspects of forest structure and function. In particular, their foraging creates spatial heterogeneity by concentrating large quantities of organic matter (including nitrogen, N) from the surrounding canopy into their colonies, and ultimately, into colony refuse dumps. Here, we demonstrate that refuse piles created by LCA species Atta colombica in tropical rainforests of Costa Rica provide ideal conditions for extremely high rates of N2O production (high microbial biomass, potential denitrification enzyme activity, N content, and anoxia), and may represent an unappreciated source of heterogeneity in tropical forest N2O emissions. Average instantaneous refuse pile N2O fluxes surpassed background emissions by more than three orders of magnitude (in some cases exceeding 80,000 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1) and generating fluxes comparable to or greater than those produced by engineered systems such as wastewater treatment tanks. Refuse-concentrating Atta species are ubiquitous in tropical forests, pastures and production ecosystems, and increase density strongly in response to disturbance. As such, LCA colonies may represent an unrecognised greenhouse gas point source throughout the Neotropics.
Data from: Tree seedling responses to leaf-cutting ants herbivory in Atlantic Forest restoration sites
<p>Leaf-cutting ants (LCA) are generalist herbivores capable of causing severe plant damage. Negative impacts of ant herbivory vary according to the density of nests and availability of palatable plants; however, it is not yet clear how these herbivores affect tropical forest restoration sites. To investigate how LCA preference affects plant species performance, we evaluated the herbivory of Atta sexdens rubropilosa on native tree species seedlings in Atlantic Forest restoration sites. We expected pioneer species to suffer higher herbivory by LCA when compared with non-pioneer species, and that species with higher damage will have poorer growth and higher mortality. The experiment was conducted in three restoration sites in northern Paraná state, southern Brazil, with 1500 seedlings of 5 pioneer and 5 non-pioneer species. Sites share similar age, stand size, tree species composition, and LCA nest density. The number of attacks, degree of leaf damage, number of leaves, plant height and survival were recorded. Specific leaf area, leaf polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and nitrogen content were analyzed for each species. Plant damage was similar between pioneer and non-pioneer plant species. This could be explained by trait variability among species in each group and by LCA generalist foraging. Preferred species suffered decreases in growth and survival. Less preferred species suffered fewer ant attacks and no change in performance. Results suggest that ant herbivory can influence plant species establishment and thus species composition in restoration sites by reducing performance and increasing mortality of some, but not all species, making LCA an important ecological filter.</p>
Cocho with Banana Leaf Lid
Kaiowá and Guarani Chicha beverage container, made of a hollowed tree trunk. The lid is a banana leaf, and the cup is a gourd. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Carboniferous Pecopteris Leaf Fossil Imprint
Fossil of Pecopteris leaf Imprint from the Pennsylvanian. Francis Creek Shale, Illinois, Kankakee Canon EOS 80D, 35mm, F/16, ISO 100, Agisoft Metashape, Windows 10. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 28 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURE 28. Details of adult morphology of high-Andean Stigmella, Nepticulidae.
FIGURE 27 in Leaf-mining Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) from record high altitudes: documenting an entire new fauna in the Andean páramo and puna
FIGURE 27. Distribution map of the high-Andean Nepticulidae with height records.
Aberystwyth Leaf Evaluation Dataset
<p>We are releasing the dataset acquired to support the work of the EPSRC funded project “Dynamic Modelling of Plant Growth with Computer Vision” (grant code EP/LO17253/1) in the hope that its availability will help further advance the state of the art in the use of image analysis for plant sciences. It is a visible light, top down, timelapse image dataset of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). It incorporates the original images, some with leaf-level ground truth annotations, harvested plant ground truth data and scanned images together with supporting software.</p> <ul> <li>4 sets of 20 Arabidopsis Thaliana plants have been grown in trays</li> <li>Images of each tray are taken in a 15 minute timelapse sequence using a robotic greenhouse system</li> <li>Periodically, plants from each tray are sacrificed to record destructive measurements</li> <li>A subset of these images have been hand-annotated to provide leaf-based image <em>ground truth</em>. <ul> <li>In total, there are 56 annotated ground truth images containing 916 hand-marked up individual arabidopsis plants</li> </ul> </li> <li>We also release software to help with the analysis of these images</li> </ul>
Figures 8–11. - 8Scolioneuravaccinii, prepupa 9 Leaf mine of Scolioneuravaccinii 10 Cocoon of Shawiana sp. in leaf mine of Scolioneuravaccinii 11 Shawiana sp., lateral.
Figures 8–11. - 8Scolioneuravaccinii, prepupa 9 Leaf mine of Scolioneuravaccinii 10 Cocoon of Shawiana sp. in leaf mine of Scolioneuravaccinii 11 Shawiana sp., lateral.
Data from: Within-individual leaf trait response to local light availability and biodiversity in a subtropical forest experiment
<p>This dataset contains 15 leaf traits and the relative light availability from 400 trees at sub-individual level. Leaf samples were collected in August and September 2017 in the BEF-China main experiment (site A) in different sampling heights within the individuals. Samples were taken in 66 plots across all diversity levels of the experimental site. Leaf traits were analysed using near-infrared spectroscopy. Available leaf traits are LDMC, SLA, leaf N, leaf C, CN ratio, leaf Mg, leaf Ca, leaf K, leaf P, leaf S, cellulose, lignin, phenolics and tannin. Additionally, light data is available for each height level.</p>
Characterization of leaf transcriptome in a tropical tree species, Shorea curtisii, over a flowering season
<p><span>General flowering (GF) is a synchronous flowering event in the Southeast Asian tropical rainforests that occurs at irregular intervals of multiple years. The unpredictable intervals of GF raise conservation concerns for these under-researched forests with rich economically and ecologically important species. In this study, the leaf transcriptome of a GF species, <em>Shorea</em> <em>curtisii</em> obtained from three time points – before and after floral initiation, and post flowering stage – was sequenced. We assembled 243,759,478 sequencing reads into 39,943 non-redundant unigenes including 677 putative homologs of <em>Arabidopsis</em> <em>thaliana</em> flowering-related genes. Differential expression analysis conducted on pairwise comparisons of the time points identified 930 differentially expressed unigenes, which includes 17 flowering-related homologs. The differential expression of unigenes with significant enrichments of functions related to drought corroborated the involvement of drought as an environmental cue for GF. The outcomes of this study offer an insight into the conservation of floral regulatory genes and pathways in Shorea and could be used as a model to better understand the floral initiation cues and regulation of GF trees.</span></p>
QTL mapping for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe and leaf rust in two winter wheat populations
<p><span>The two recombinant inbred lines (RIL) populations developed by crossing Almaly × Avocet S (206 RILs) and Almaly × Anza (162 RILs) were used to detect the novel genomic regions associated with adult plant resistance (APR) and seedling or all-stage resistance (ASR) to yellow rust (YR) and leaf rust (LR). Both the populations were evaluated for YR APR in two environments (2018 and 2019) and LR APR in three environments (2018, 2019, and 2020) in the Anza population and two environments (2018 and 2019) in the Avocet population; both the populations were phenotyped for one environment during 2020 for LR and YR ASR and genotyped using high throughput DArTseq technology. A set of 51 QTLs including 22 for YR APR, nine for LR APR, nine for YR ASR, and 11 for LR ASR were identified. Also, a set of 13 stable QTLs including nine QTLs (<em>QYR-APR-2A.1, QYR-APR-2A.2, QYR-APR-4D.2, QYR-APR-1B, QYR-APR-2B.1, QYR-APR-2B.2, QYR-APR-3D, QYR-APR-4D.1, </em>and<em> QYR-APR-4D.2</em>) for YR APR and four QTLs (<em>QLR-APR-4A, QLR-APR-2B, QLR-APR-3B, </em>and<em> </em></span><em>QLR-APR-5A.2</em>) <span>for LR APR were identified. </span><span>In silico analysis revealed that the key putative candidate genes such as <em>Cytochrome P450</em></span><em><span>, Protein kinase-like domain superfamily</span><span>, Zinc-binding ribosomal protein</span><span>, SANT/Myb domain</span><span>, WRKY transcription factor</span><span>, Nucleotide-sugar transporter,</span></em><span> and <em>NAC</em> </span><em><span>domain superfamily</span></em><span> were in the QTL regions and involved in the regulation of host response towards the pathogen infection. </span><span>The stable QTLs identified in this study are useful for developing rust-resistant varieties through marker-assisted selection (MAS).</span></p>
Data from: Timing of conceptions in Phayre's leaf monkeys: energy and phytochemical intake
<p class="MsoNormal">Raising offspring imposes energetic costs, especially for female mammals. Consequently, seasons favoring high energy intake and sustained positive energy balance often result in a conception peak. Factors that may weaken this coordinated effect include premature offspring loss and adolescent subfertility. Furthermore, seasonal ingestion of phytochemicals may facilitate conception peaks. We examined these factors and potential benefits of a conception peak (infant survival, interbirth interval) in Phayre's leaf monkeys (<em>Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus</em>). Data were collected at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (78 conceptions). We estimated periods of high energy intake based on fruit and young leaf feeding and via monthly energy intake rates. Phytochemical intake was based on fecal progestin. We examined seasonality (circular statistics, cox proportional hazard models) and compared consequences of timing (infant survival and interbirth intervals, t-test, Fisher exact test). Conceptions occurred in all months but peaked from May to August. This peak coincided with high fecal progestin rather than presumed positive energy balance. Primipara conceived significantly later than multipara. Neither infant survival nor interbirth intervals were related to the timing of conception. Periods of high energy intake may not exist and would not explain the conception peak in this population. However, the presumed high intake of phytochemicals was tightly linked to the conception peak. Timing conceptions to the peak season did not provide benefits, suggesting that the clustering of conceptions may be a mere by-product of phytochemical intake. To confirm this conclusion, seasonal changes in phytochemical intake and hormone levels need to be studied more directly.</p>
Wood density and leaf size jointly predict woody plant growth rates across (but not within) species along a steep precipitation gradient
<p>1. Functional traits have been proposed to define key dimensions of plant ecological strategies, but we lack consensus on whether traits can accurately predict plant demography. Despite theoretical expectations, it has been challenging to find consistent relationships between functional traits and growth. 2. In this study, we quantified inter- and intraspecific trait variation and individual growth rates of woody plants across a steep moisture gradient that varies 10-fold in annual precipitation (350–3,700 mm) in southern Chile and used a hierarchical Bayesian model to predict growth as a function of trait values. 3. We show that large-leaved species with lower stem tissue density exhibited the fastest growth rates, and these two traits exhibited the highest proportion of interspecific variation. Predictions of growth improved considerably (R2 of the best model increased from 0.28 to 0.49) when species-level multiple traits and their interactions were considered. The inclusion of intraspecific trait variation (ITV), however, did not improve models of growth rate. 4. We found that trait-growth rate relationships were not always consistent across levels of biological organization; relationships observed at the interspecific level did not necessarily hold at the intraspecific level. We found that the relationships between wood density or leaf size and growth were consistent in direction across the precipitation gradient, and the relationships between leaf economics traits and growth were weak and site-specific. 5. Synthesis. Although using more than one functional trait considerably improved growth predictions, wood density and leaf size successfully predicted growth rates across (not within) species, which is consistent with a whole-plant carbon economy. We assert that these two traits are intimately linked and ultimately describe a continuum of plant architecture and carbon economy that covers multiple trait syndromes.</p>
Impairment of endothelial function by aerosol from marijuana leaf vaporizers
<p><strong>Methods and Results</strong> We exposed 8 rats/group to aerosol generated by two vaporizer systems using marijuana with varying THC levels, in a single pulsatile exposure session of 2 sec/min over 5 min, and measured changes in FMD. To model secondhand exposure, we exposed rats for 1 min to diluted aerosol approximating release of uninhaled Volcano aerosol into typical residential rooms. Exposure to aerosol from marijuana with and without cannabinoids impaired FMD by ~50%. FMD was similarly impaired by aerosols from Yocan, and from Volcano at both its standard temperature (185°C) and the minimum sublimation temperature of THC (157°C), even though the low-temperature aerosol condition did not effectively deliver THC to the circulation. Modeled secondhand exposure based on diluted Volcano aerosol also impaired FMD. FMD was not affected in rats exposed to clean air or water vapor passed through the Volcano system. </p> <p><strong>Conclusions </strong>Acute direct exposure and modeled secondhand exposure to marijuana leaf vaporizer aerosol, regardless of cannabinoid concentration or aerosol generation temperature, impair endothelial function in rats comparably to marijuana smoke. Our findings indicate that use of leaf vaporizers is unlikely to reduce vascular risk burden of smoking marijuana.</p>
Output Overlay images from Leaf Machine V2
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Modelled past autumn leaf phenology of deciduous trees
<p> </p> <p><span>Autumn leaf phenology (i.e. leaf colouring or leaf senescence) marks the end of the growing season, during which trees assimilate atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. Since autumn leaf phenology responds to climatic conditions, climate change affects the length of the growing season. Thus, autumn phenology is often modelled to assess possible climate change effects on future CO<sub>2</sub> mitigating capacities and species compositions of forests.</span></p> <p><span>Here, we give access to the entire dataset of modelled autumn phenology analyzed in Meier and Bigler (2023). The data was derived from >2.3 million model calibration runs according to 21 such models, 5 optimization algorithms, ≥7 sampling procedures, and 26 climate model chains from two representative concentration pathways. Calibration and validation were based on >45 000 observations for common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) from 500 Central European sites each.</span></p> <p><span>Cite as </span><span>Meier, M., & Bigler, C. (2023). Process-oriented models of autumn leaf phenology: Ways to sound calibration and implications of uncertain projections. <em>Geoscientific Model Development</em>, <em>16</em>(23), 7171–7201. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-7171-2023</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.