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Figs. 12–16. Ocladius dianthi, larva. 12 in Morphologic Characters Of The Immature Stages Of Ocladius Dianthi Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ocladiinae), With Phylogenetic Implications

Figs. 12–16. Ocladius dianthi, larva. 12) TIIII, AI, one side, dorsolateral; 13) detail of cuticle; 14) AIV, one side, dorsolateral and ventral; 15) AVII,VIII, one side, dorsolateral; 16) AIX,X, caudal. Scales, 12, 14–16 = 0.5 mm; 13 = 0.1 mm.

Figure 8 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 8. Vegetation predictors of the pimpline community across traps (n = 30). (a) Epiphyte density against log richness; (b) herb ground cover against the log of inverse Simpson's Index of Diversity;

Figure 7 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 7. Pimplinae community composition, as measured by the first axis of a Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis (NMDS1, see Figure 6) across sampling sites (n = 15), against the first Principal Component (PC1) of the habitat variables at those sites (see Table 4). The line is the linear regression (±95% CI in gray). The figure demonstrates that pimpline community composition is very strongly associated with differences in habitat characteristics across sites.

Figure 6 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 6. An ordination using Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) of the pimpline community at the site level. Black numbers and points indicate the 15 sampling sites, going from the bottom of the mountain (1) to the top (15). Species are in gray, small lettering.

Figure 4 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 4. Pimplinae wasp community metrics against elevation (altitude) across 30 traps. (a) Abundance; (b) Log10 Species Richness; (c) Log10 Simpson's Index (1/D); and (d) Shannon Index. Lines are the equations of the polynomial linear model in Table 2 with the lowest AICc, ±95%CI; (a,b): cubic models (c,d): quadratic models.

Figure 2 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 2. Some of the Pimplinae wasp species sampled (all are females). (a) Dolichomitus megalourus (scale bar 4 mm), 10 individuals sampled; (b) Neotheronia charli (scale bar 1 mm), 24 individuals sampled; (c) Neotheronia sp. 6 (scale bar 1 mm), 26 individuals sampled; (d) Pimpla caerulea (scale bar 1 mm), 447 individuals sampled; (e) Polysphincta organensis (scale bar 2 mm), 19 individuals sampled; and (f) Polysphincta teresa (scale bar 2 mm), 8 individuals sampled.

Figure 3 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 3. Species richness of pimplines against sampling intensity. (a) Estimates of total species richness against number of traps sampled (filled circles: observed data; open circles: bootstrap; diamonds: first-order jackknife; triangles: Chao; squares: second-order jackknife); (b) site-level rarefaction (±SD); (c) trap-level rarefaction (±SD); (d) mean individual-level rarefaction for the whole data (top line) and altitudinally-zoned subsets (from top to bottom, 332–549 m, 703–887 m, 952–1071 m, 110–150 m, and 1236–1482 m, which are superimposed, 1649–1812 m and 1935–2169 m), points are literature-based data covering the same span of sampling intensities for comparison from [45]. Note the log scale on the y-axis.

Figure 1 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 1. (a) Location of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park (gray shaded area), a protected tropical Atlantic Rain Forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. (b) Map of the 15 study sites and their respective altitudes along the elevational gradient in the Park, where four different phytophysiognomies are observed: (c) lower montane forest (up to 500 m), which presents a 20 m high canopy but normally no other well-defined forest layers; (d) montane forest (500 m to 1500 m), with its clear stratification into arboreal, shrub, and herb layers, and large emergent trees reaching 40 m covered with abundant lianas and epiphytes; (e) high montane forest (1500 m to 2000 m) with smaller trees of up to 10 m covered with mosses and epiphytes, and great diversity of shrubs; and (f) high-altitude grassland, also known as campos de altitude (above 2000 m), dominated by herbal vegetation growing around rocks and scattered shrubs.

Figure 5. Pimplinae wasp community metrics against mean monthly temperature across 15 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 5. Pimplinae wasp community metrics against mean monthly temperature across 15 sites. (a) Abundance; (b) Log10 Species Richness; (c) Log10 Simpson's Index (1/D); and (d) Shannon Index. Lines are the equations of the model in Table 3 ± 95%CI. (a) cubic model; (b,d) quadratic models; and (c): linear model.

Figure 65 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 65. Soft parts of Macroscapha scotia sp. nov. A–D, paratype adult male (SNB 0022, ZMH 40837). A, furca; B, C, male appendage V; D, appendage VI. Scale bars = 100 Mm.

Figure 64 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 64. Dorsal, ventral, and internal views of Macroscapha inaequata (Maddocks, 1990), Macroscapha rehmi sp. nov., Macroscapha scotia sp. nov., Macroscapha turbida (Müller, 1908), and Macroscapha walterae sp. nov. Macroscapha walterae sp. nov.: A, subfossil paratype (ZMH K-41486); I, J, paratype adult male (SNB 0051, ZMH K-40818). Macroscapha turbida (Müller, 1908): B, C, adult male; D, adult female (ZMH K-41476). Macroscapha scotia sp. nov.: E, paratype adult female, F, paratype adult male (ZMH K-33192); M, N, paratype adult male (SNB 0022, ZMH K-40837). Macroscapha inaequata (Maddocks, 1990): G, H, adult female (SNB 0054, ZMH K-40819). Macroscapha rehmi sp. nov.: K, L, paratype adult female (SNB 0059, ZMH K-40836). A, B, D–F, right and left valve (RLV) dorsal view; C, RLV ventral view; G, I, K, M, LV internal view; H, J, L, N, RV internal view. Scale bar = 500 Mm. The arrows point towards the anterior of the animal.

Figure 62 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 62. External view of right valves of Macroscapha rehmi sp. nov., Macroscapha subhemispherica sp. nov., Macroscapha turbida (Müller, 1908), and Macroscapha spp. (from the Mh. turbida group). Macroscapha turbida (Müller, 1908): A, paralectotype adult male (SNB 0747, ZMB 13133); B, adult male (SNB 0343-DNA 80); C, adult male (SNB 0352); D, adult male (SNB 0355); E, adult female (SNB 0356) (ZMH K-41476). Macroscapha rehmi sp. nov.: G, holotype adult male (SNB 0744, ZMH K-41482); H, paratype adult male (SNB 0743); I, paratype adult male (SNB 0059) (ZMH K-40836). Macroscapha subhemispherica sp. nov.: J, paratype A (ZMH K-34830); K, L, paratype A (ZMH K-34835). Macroscapha spp.: F, M, adult female? (ZMH K-35502b). Scale bar = 500 Mm.

Figure 61 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 61. Hemipenis of Macroscapha rehmi sp. nov., Macroscapha scotia sp. nov., and Macroscapha turbida (Müller, 1908). Macroscapha turbida (Müller, 1908): A, B, paralectotype adult male (SNB 0747, ZMB 13133); C, adult male (SNB 0344-DNA 81); D, (SNB 0347-DNA 84), (ZMH K-41476). Macroscapha rehmi sp. nov.: E, holotype adult male (SNB 0744, ZMH K-41482); F, paratype adult male (SNB 0025); G, paratype adult male (SNB 0058); H, paratype adult male (SNB 0026) (ZMH K-40836); I, paratype adult male (SNB 0742, ZMH K-40836). Macroscapha scotia sp. nov.: J, paratype adult male (SNB 0022); K, paratype adult male (SNB 0027); L, paratype adult male (SNB 0738); M, paratype adult male (SNB 0739) (ZMH K-40837). Scale bar = 100 Mm.

Figure 60 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 60. Details of hemipenis of Macroscapha rehmi sp. nov., Macroscapha scotia sp. nov., and Macroscapha turbida (Müller, 1908). Macroscapha turbida (Müller, 1908): A–D, adult male (SNB 0344-DNA 81, ZMH K-41476). Macroscapha rehmi sp. nov.: E–H, paratype adult male (SNB 0025, ZMH K-40836). Macroscapha scotia sp. nov.: I–L, holotype adult male (SNB 0739, ZMH K-40820). A, entire hemipenis; B, F, J, conical, perforated process of copulatory rod; C, G, K, distal, short process of copulatory rod; D, H, L, lamelliform structure of copulatory rod; E, I, entire copulatory rod. Scale bars: A, E, I = 100 Mm; B–D, F–H, J–L = 50 Mm.

Figure 59 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 59. Geographical distribution and height ¥ length scatter plot of valves of Macroscapha turbida informal group. Previous records of Mh. turbida from the northern Scotia Sea and from the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean are herein considered dubious because they were based on a much wider species morphological concept, which includes at least the three new species described herein – Macroscapha rehmi, Macroscapha scotia, and Macroscapha subhemispherica. Mh. subhemis. – Mh. subhemispherica sp. nov.; Mh. spp. Mad. – dubious records of Mh. turbida by Maddocks (1990); Mh. spp. Hart. – dubious records of Mh. turbida by Hartmann (1987, 1989b).

Figure 57 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 57. Soft parts of Macroscapha opaca Maddocks, 1990. A, adult female (SNB 0015, ZMH K-40830). B–E, adult male (SNB 0035, ZMH K-40829). A, female appendage V; B, C, male appendage V; D, appendage VI; E, furca. Scale bar = 100 Mm.

Figure 58 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 58. Valves and soft parts of Macroscapha solecavai sp. nov. A–K, holotype adult female (SNB 0204, ZMH K-41500). A, right valve external view; B, left valve external view; C, antenna I; D, antenna II; E, mandible; F, maxilla I; G, female appendage V; H, appendage VI; I, appendage VII; J, furca; K, genital lobes. Scale bars: A, B = 500 Mm; C, D, H–K = 100 Mm; E–G = 50 Mm.

Figure 56 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 56. Soft parts of Macroscapha opaca Maddocks, 1990. A–C, P–S, adult female; D-O, adult male (ZMH K-41491). A, endites and palp of maxilla I; B, C, upper and lower lips; D, masticatory process of mandible; E, palp of mandible; F, G, distal, modified seta (= peg) of podomere III (= palp podomere II) of male appendage V (note the absence of a perforation, which would be typical of aesthetascs); H, male appendage V; I–K, detail of distal, modified setae (= pegs) of podomere II (= palp podomere I) of male appendage V (note the absence of a perforation, which would be typical of aesthetascs); L, furca; M, proximal setae of furca rods; N, barbulae on lateral surface of furca rods; O, fused distal setae of furca; P, posterior part of the body, showing furca, appendage VI and appendage VII; Q, medial surface and distal margin of podomere III of appendage VI; R, podomeres V and VI of appendage VII; S, detail of reflexed seta of podomere VI of appendage VII. Scale bars: A, C–E, H, O, Q, S = 50 Mm; B, L, P, R = 100 Mm; J = 1 Mm; F, G, I, K, M, N = 10 Mm.

Figure 50 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 50. Soft parts of Macroscapha cactus sp. nov. A–D, holotype adult male (SNB 0041, ZMH K-41483). A, B, male appendage V; C, appendage VI; D, furca. Scale bars = 100 Mm.

Figure 49 in Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications

Figure 49. Valves of species of the informal group 'Macroscapha tensa-opaca'. Macroscapha cactus sp. nov.: A, B, holotype adult male (SNB 0041, ZMH K-41483). Macroscapha falcis sp. nov.: C, D, paratype adult male (SNB 0472-DNA 179); G, H, subfossils (A-1); Q, subfossil (A-1), (ZMH K-41496). Macroscapha solecavai sp. nov.: E, F, paratype adult male (SNB 0560-DNA 267); J, K, paratype (A-1) female (SNB 0568-DNA 275, ZMH K-41499); I, paratype subfossil (A-?3, ZMH K-41498). Macroscapha opaca Maddocks, 1990: L, M (A-1) female (SNB 0506-DNA 213, ZMH K-42018). N, P, subfossil (A-2) (ZMH K-41495); O, subfossil (A-1) (ZMH K-40831). Macroscapha sp. nov. 1: R, subfossil A, (ZMH K-33305). A, C, E, left valve (LV) internal view; B, D, F, right valve (RV) internal view; G, J, L, N, RV external view; H, I, K, M, O, P, LV external view; Q, RLV dorsal view; R, RLV ventral view. Scale bar = 500 Mm. The arrows point towards the anterior of the animal.