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Data from: We happy few: using structured population models to identify the decisive events in the lives of exceptional individuals
In any population, some individuals make it big: they are among the few that produce many offspring, grow to large size, and so on. What distinguishes the lives of these happy few? We present three approaches for identifying what factors distinguish those "lucky" individuals who come to dominate reproduction in a population without fixed differences between individuals (genotype, site quality, etc.): comparing life-history trajectories for lucky and unlucky individuals and calculating the elasticity of the probability of becoming lucky to perturbations in demographic rates at a given size or a given age. As examples we consider published size-structured integral projection models for the tropical tree Dacrydium elatum and the semiarid shrub Artemisia ordosica and an age-size-structured matrix model for the tropical tree Cedrela ordosica. We find that good fortune (e.g., rapid growth) when small and young matters much more than good fortune when older and larger. Becoming lucky is primarily a matter of surviving while others die. For species with more variable growth (such as Cedrela and Ordosica), it is also a matter of growing fast. We focus on reproductive skew, but our methods are broadly applicable and can be used to investigate how individuals come to be exceptional in any aspect.
Data from: Acquired versus innate prey capturing skills in super-precocial live-bearing fish
Live-bearing fish start hunting for mobile prey within hours after birth, an example of extreme precociality. Because prenatal, in utero, development of this behaviour is constrained by the lack of free-swimming sensory-motor interactions, immediate success after birth depends on innate, evolutionarily acquired patterns. Optimal performance however requires flexible adjustment to an unpredictable environment. To distinguish innate from postnatally developing patterns we analysed over 2000 prey capture events for 28 metallic livebearers (Girardinus metallicus; Poeciliidae), during their first 3 days after birth. We show that the use of synchronous pectoral fin beats for final acceleration and ingestion is fixed and presumably innate. It allows for direct, symmetrical control of swimming speed and direction, while avoiding head yaw. Eye movements and body curvatures, however, change considerably in the first few days, showing that eye-tail coordination requires postnatal development. The results show how successful prey captures for newborn, live-bearing fish are based on a combination of fixed motor programmes and rapid, postnatal development.
Data from: Food availability and predation risk, rather than intrinsic attributes are the main factors shaping the reproductive decisions of a long-lived predator
Deciphering the causes of variation in reproductive success is a fundamental issue in ecology, as the number of offspring produced is an important driver of individual fitness and population dynamics. Little is known however, about how different factors interact to drive variation in reproduction, such as whether an individual's response to extrinsic conditions (e.g. food availability or predation) varies according to its intrinsic attributes (e.g. age, previous allocation of resources towards reproduction). We used 29 years of reproductive data from marked female tawny owls and natural variation in food availability (field vole) and predator abundance (northern goshawk) to quantify the extent to which extrinsic and intrinsic factors interact to influence owl reproductive traits (breeding propensity, clutch size and nest abandonment). Extrinsic and intrinsic factors appeared to interact to affect breeding propensity (which accounted for 83% of the variation in owl reproductive success). Breeding propensity increased with vole density, although increasing goshawk abundance reduced the strength of this relationship. Owls became slightly more likely to breed as they aged, although this was only apparent for individuals who had fledged chicks the year before. Owls laid larger clutches when food was more abundant. When owls were breeding in territories less exposed to goshawk predation, 99.5% of all breeding attempts reached the fledging stage. In contrast, the probability of breeding attempts reaching the fledging stage in territories more exposed to goshawk predation depended on the amount of resources an owl had already allocated towards reproduction (averaging 87.7% for owls with clutches of 1-2 eggs compared to 97.5% for owls with clutches of 4-6 eggs). Overall, our results suggested that changes in extrinsic conditions (predominantly food availability, but also predator abundance) had the greatest influence on owl reproduction. In response to deteriorating extrinsic conditions (fewer voles and more goshawks) owls appeared to breed more frequently, but allocated fewer resources per breeding attempt. However, intrinsic attributes also appeared to have a relatively small influence on how an individual responded to variation in extrinsic conditions, which indicates that reproductive decisions were shaped by a complex series of extrinsic and intrinsic trade-offs.
Data from: Is telomere length a molecular marker of individual quality? insights from a long-lived bird
1. In wild vertebrates, some individuals survive and reproduce better than others and this has led to the concept of individual quality. Despite its importance when studying ecological processes and life-history trade-offs, measuring individual quality is complex because individuals must be followed during a large part of their life. 2. Recently, telomere biology has been successfully brought into ecology and telomere length has been suggested to be a promising molecular tool to evaluate individual quality in wild vertebrates ('the telomere – individual quality hypothesis'). 3. In this study, we tested this hypothesis in a long-lived species, the Black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophrys) by simultaneously measuring telomere length and several potential complementary phenotypic proxies of individual quality in a single year. In addition, we followed the return rate and the reproductive performance of these same albatrosses for a decade. 4. We found that long telomeres were associated with several markers of high individual quality (foraging behaviour, body size, and stress hormone levels). Furthermore, we found that a single measure of telomere length could predict future offspring productivity, for at least several years following telomere measurement (better productivity being associated with longer telomeres). 5. Altogether, these results support the 'telomere – individual quality hypothesis' and suggest that telomere length can be useful to estimate individual quality in long-lived seabirds.
Data from: Species selection favors dispersive life histories in sea slugs, but higher per-offspring investment drives shifts to short-lived larvae
For 40 years, paleontological studies of marine gastropods have suggested that species selection favors lineages with short-lived (lecithotrophic) larvae, which are less dispersive than long-lived (planktotrophic) larvae. Although lecithotrophs appeared to speciate more often and accumulate over time in some groups, lecithotrophy also increased extinction rates, and tests for state-dependent diversification were never performed. Molecular phylogenies of diverse groups instead suggested lecithotrophs accumulate without diversifying due to frequent, unidirectional character change. Although lecithotrophy has repeatedly originated in most phyla, no adult trait has been correlated with shifts in larval type. Thus, both the evolutionary origins of lecithotrophy and its consequences for patterns of species richness remain poorly understood. Here, we test hypothesized links between development mode and evolutionary rates using likelihood-based methods and a phylogeny of 202 species of gastropod molluscs in Sacoglossa, a clade of herbivorous sea slugs. Evolutionary quantitative genetics modeling and stochastic character mapping supported 27 origins of lecithotrophy. Tests for correlated evolution revealed lecithotrophy evolved more often in lineages investing in extra-embryonic yolk, the first adult trait associated with shifts in development mode across a group. However, contrary to predictions from paleontological studies, species selection actually favored planktotrophy; most extant lecithotrophs originated through recent character change, and did not subsequently diversify. Increased offspring provisioning in planktotrophs thus favored shifts to short-lived larvae, which led to short-lived lineages over macroevolutionary time scales. These findings challenge long-standing assumptions about the effects of alternative life histories in the sea. Species selection can explain the long-term persistence of planktotrophy, the ancestral state in most clades, despite frequent transitions to lecithotrophy.
FIGURE 13 in Two new free living mite species of Eustigmaeus (Actinedida: Raphignathoidea: Stigmaeidae) from Poland, with new data of some other rare species of the genus
FIGURE 13. Eustigmaeus brevivestitus sp. n., female (holotype) right leg I, paraxial view.
FIGURE 4 in Two new free living mite species of Eustigmaeus (Actinedida: Raphignathoidea: Stigmaeidae) from Poland, with new data of some other rare species of the genus
FIGURE 4. Eustigmaeus formosus sp. n., female (holotype) ventral view.
FIGURE 10 in Two new free living mite species of Eustigmaeus (Actinedida: Raphignathoidea: Stigmaeidae) from Poland, with new data of some other rare species of the genus
FIGURE 10. Eustigmaeus brevivestitus sp. n., female (holotype) ventral view.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Haliclona (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) living in association with Geodia media Bowerbank (Mexican Pacific coast)
FIGURE 5. Cross-section of the choanosomal skeleton of Haliclona (Haliclona) sonorensis sp. nov.
FIGURES 50–51. 50. Spixia pyriformis, living specimen. 51 in Taxonomic review of the Spixia pyriformis species complex (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Odontostominae)
FIGURES 50–51. 50. Spixia pyriformis, living specimen. 51. Spixia martensii, living specimen.
FIGURE 10 in First Record of a living Platycopida (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Antarctic waters and a Discussion on Cytherella serratula (Brady, 1880) *
FIGURE 10. Published occurrences of Cytherella serratula (Brady, 1880).
FIGURE 8 in First Record of a living Platycopida (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Antarctic waters and a Discussion on Cytherella serratula (Brady, 1880) *
FIGURE 8. Appendages and genitalia of Cytherella rwhatleyi sp. nov.
FIGURE 7 in First Record of a living Platycopida (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Antarctic waters and a Discussion on Cytherella serratula (Brady, 1880) *
FIGURE 7. Valves and appendages of Cytherella rwhatleyi sp. nov.
FIGURE 2 in First Record of a living Platycopida (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Antarctic waters and a Discussion on Cytherella serratula (Brady, 1880) *
FIGURE 2. Length: height scatter plot of adult and juvenile valves of Cytherella rwhatleyi sp. nov.
FIGURE 1 in First Record of a living Platycopida (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Antarctic waters and a Discussion on Cytherella serratula (Brady, 1880) *
FIGURE 1. Previous records of Platycopida in the Southern Ocean and vicinities.
FIGURE 2 in On new taxa and some described armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) living in the galleries of the ant Melissotarsus insularis Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Madagascar
FIGURE 2. Adult female of Melissoaspis reticulata Ben-Dov, n. sp.
FIGURE 3 in Four new species of free-living marine nematodes of the family Comesomatidae (Nematoda: Araeolaimida) from coast of Vietnam
FIGURE 3. Pictorial key for valid species of genus Setosabatieria.
FIGURE 3 in Micromoina arboricola n. gen., n. spec. (Crustacea: Cladocera), a new moinid living in a forest tree-hole in Minas Gerais, Brazil
FIGURE 3. Micromoina arboricola sp. nov., general view of a parthenogenetic female
FIGURE 2 in Micromoina arboricola n. gen., n. spec. (Crustacea: Cladocera), a new moinid living in a forest tree-hole in Minas Gerais, Brazil
FIGURE 2. Detail of the tree-hole with its micro-aquarium
FIGURE 7 in Micromoina arboricola n. gen., n. spec. (Crustacea: Cladocera), a new moinid living in a forest tree-hole in Minas Gerais, Brazil
FIGURE 7. Micromoina arboricola sp. nov., female. A, T1. B, T2. C, T5. D, second antenna.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.