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1,723 results for “Alpine”
Historical context modifies plant diversity–community productivity relationships in alpine grassland
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>While most studies yield positive relationships between biodiversity (B) and ecosystem functioning (EF), awareness is growing that BEF relationships can vary with ecological context. The awareness has led to increased efforts to understand how contemporary environmental context modifies BEF relationships, but the role of historical context, and the mechanisms by which it may influence biodiversity effects, remains poorly understood.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We examined how historical context alters plant diversity‒community productivity relationships via plant species interactions in alpine grassland. We also tested how historical context modifies interactions between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which can potentially mediate the above processes.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We studied biodiversity effects on plant community productivity at two grassland sites with different histories related to grazing intensity — heavy versus light livestock grazing — but similar current management. We assembled experimental communities of identical species composition with plants from each of the two sites in disturbed soil from a contemporary heavily grazed grassland, ranging in species richness from one to two, three and six species. Moreover, we carried out a mycorrhizal hyphae-exclusion experiment to test how plant interactions with AM fungi influence plant responses to historical context.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We detected a significantly positive diversity‒productivity relationship that was driven by complementarity effects in communities composed of plants from the site without heavy-grazing history, but no such relationship in plant communities composed of plants from the site with heavy-grazing history</span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span>.</span></span><span> </span><span>Plants from the site with heavy-grazing history had increased competitive ability and increased yields in low-diversity communities but disrupted complementarity effects in high-diversity communities. </span><span>Moreover, plants of one species from the site with heavy-grazing history benefitted more from AM fungal communities than did plants from the site without such history.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Synthesis: Using the same experimental design and species, communities assembled by plants from two sites with different historical contexts showed different plant diversity</span><span>‒community productivity relationships</span><span>. Our results suggest that historical context can alter plant diversity</span><span>‒community productivity relationships via plant species interactions and potentially </span><span>plant</span><span>‒soil interactions. Therefore, considering historical contexts of ecological communities is of importance for advancing our understanding of long-term impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on ecosystem functioning.</span></p>
Monitoring genetic diversity with new indicators applied to an alpine freshwater top predator
<p><span>Genetic diversity is the basis for population adaptation and long-term survival, yet rarely considered in biodiversity monitoring. One key issue is the need for useful and straightforward indicators of genetic diversity. We monitored genetic diversity over 40 years (1970-2010) in metapopulations of brown trout (Salmo trutta) inhabiting 27 small mountain lakes representing 10 lake systems in central Sweden using >1200 fish per time point. We tested six newly proposed indicators; three were designed for broad, international use in the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD and are currently applied in several countries. The other three were recently elaborated for national use by a Swedish science-management effort and applied for the first time here. The Swedish indicators use molecular genetic data to monitor genetic diversity within and between populations (indicators ΔH and ΔFST, respectively) and assess the effective population size (Ne-indicator). We identified 29 genetically distinct populations, all retained over time. Twelve of the 27 lakes harbored more than one population indicating that brown trout biodiversity hidden as cryptic, sympatric populations are more common than recognized. The Ne indicator showed values below the threshold (Ne≤500) in 20 populations with five showing Ne<100. Statistically significant genetic diversity reductions occurred in several populations. Metapopulation structure appears to buffer against diversity loss; applying the indicators to metapopulations suggest mostly acceptable rates of change in all but one system. The CBD indicators agreed with the Swedish ones but provided less detail. All these indicators are appropriate for managers to initiate monitoring of genetic biodiversity.</span></p>
More soil organic carbon is sequestered through the mycelium-pathway than through the root-pathway under nitrogen enrichment in an alpine forest
<p><span>Plant roots and associated mycorrhizae exert a large influence on soil carbon (C) cycling. Yet, little was known whether and how roots and </span><span>ectomycorrhizal</span><span> extraradical mycelia differentially contribute to soil organic C (SOC) accumulation in alpine forests under increasing nitrogen (N) deposition. Using ingrowth cores, the relative contributions of the root-pathway (RP) (i.e., roots and rhizosphere processes) and mycelium-pathway (MP) (i.e., extraradical mycelia and hyphosphere processes) to SOC accumulation were distinguished and quantified in an ectomycorrhizal-dominated forest receiving chronic N addition (25 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>). Under the non-N addition, the RP facilitated SOC accumulation, while the MP reduced SOC accumulation. Nitrogen addition enhanced the positive effect of RP on SOC accumulation from +18.02 mg C g<sup>-1</sup> to +20.55 mg C g<sup>-1</sup> but counteracted the negative effect of MP on SOC accumulation from -5.62 mg C g<sup>-1</sup> to -0.57 mg C g<sup>-1</sup>, as compared to the non-N addition. Compared to the non-N addition, the N-induced SOC accumulation was 1.62~2.21 mg C g<sup>-1</sup> and 3.23~4.74 mg C g<sup>-1</sup>, in the RP and the MP, respectively. The greater contribution of MP to SOC accumulation was mainly attributed to the higher microbial C pump (MCP) efficacy (the proportion of</span><span> increased microbial residual C to the increased SOC under N addition) in the MP (72.5%) relative to the RP (57%). The higher MCP efficacy in the MP was mainly associated with the higher fungal metabolic activity (i.e., the greater fungal biomass and N-acetyl glucosidase activity) and greater binding efficiency of fungal residual C to mineral surfaces than those of RP. Collectively, our findings highlight the indispensable role of mycelia and hyphosphere processes in the formation and accumulation of stable SOC in the context of increasing N deposition.</span></p>
Supplementary data for: Effects of thermal acclimation on the proteome of the planarian Crenobia alpina from an alpine freshwater spring
<p>Species' acclimation capacities and their ability to maintain molecular homeostasis outside of ideal temperature ranges will partly predict their success following climate-change induced thermal regime shifts. Theory predicts that ectothermic organisms from thermally stable environments have muted plasticities, and that these species <span>may be</span> particularly vulnerable to temperature increase. Whether such species retained or lost acclimation capacities remains largely unknown. We studied proteome changes in the planarian <em>Crenobia alpina</em>, a prominent member of cold-stable alpine habitats that is considered to be cold-adapted stenotherm. We found that the species' CT<sub>max</sub> is above its experienced habitat temperatures and that different populations exhibit differential CTmax acclimation capacities, whereby an alpine population showed reduced plasticity. In a separate experiment, we acclimated <em>C. alpina</em> individuals from the alpine population to 8, 11, 14, or 17°C over the course of 168 h and compared a comprehensively annotated species-specific proteome. Network analyses of 3399 proteins and protein set enrichment show that while the species' proteome is overall stable across these temperatures, protein sets functioning in oxidative stress response, mitochondria, protein synthesis and turnover are lower abundant following warm acclimation. Proteins associated with an unfolded protein response, ciliogenesis, tissue damage repair, development, and the innate immune system were higher abundant following warm acclimation. Our findings suggest that this species has not suffered DNA decay (e.g., loss of heat-shock proteins) during evolution in a cold-stable environment and retained plasticity in response to elevated temperatures, challenging the notion that stable environments necessarily result in muted plasticity.</p>
Climate driven disruption of transitional alpine bumble bee communities
<p>Pollinators at high elevations face multiple threats from climate change including heat stress, failure to phenological match advancing flower resources and competitive pressure from range-expanding species of lower elevations. We conducted long-term multi-site surveys of alpine bumble bees to determine how phenology of range-stable and range-expanding species is responding to climate change. We ask whether bumble bee responses generate mismatches with floral resources, and whether these mismatches in turn promote community disruption and potential species replacement.</p> <p>In alpine environments of the central Rocky Mountains, range-stable and range-expanding bumble bees exhibit phenological mismatches with flowering host plants due to earlier flowering of preferred resources under warmer spring temperatures. However, workers of range-stable species are more canalised in their foraging schedules, exploiting a relatively narrow portion of the flowering season. Specifically, range-stable species show less variance in phenology in response to temporally and spatially changing conditions than range-expanding ones. Because flowering duration drives the seasonal abundance of floral resources at the landscape scale, we hypothesize that canalisation of phenology in alpine bumble bees could reduce their access to earlier or later season flowers.</p> <p>Warmer conditions are decreasing abundances of range-stable alpine bumble bees above the timberline, increasing abundance of range-expanding species, and facilitating a novel and more species-diverse bumble bee community. However, this trend is not explained by greater phenological mismatch of range-stable bees. Results suggest that conversion of historic habitats for cold-adapted alpine bumble bee species into refugia for more heat-tolerant congeners is disrupting bumble bee communities at high elevations, though the precise mechanisms accounting for these changes are not yet known. If warming continues, we predict that the transient increase in diversity due to colonization by historically low-elevation species will likely give way to declines of alpine bumble bees in the central Rocky Mountains.</p>
Global warming pushes the distribution range of the two alpine 'glasshouse' Rheum species north- and upwards in the Eastern Himalayas (EH) and the Hengduan Mountains (HM)
<p><span>Alpine plants' distribution is being pushed higher towards mountaintops due to global warming, finally diminishing their range and thereby increasing the risk of extinction. Plants with specialized 'glasshouse' structures have adapted well to harsh alpine environments, notably to the extremely low temperatures, which makes them vulnerable to global warming. </span><span>How</span><span>ever, their response to global warming is quite unexplored. Therefore, by compiling occurrences and several environmental strata, we utilized multiple ensemble species distribution modeling (eSDM) to estimate the historical, present-day, and future distribution of two alpine 'glasshouse' species <em>Rheum nobile</em> Hook. f. & Thomson and <em>R. alexandrae</em> Batalin. <em>Rheum nobile</em> was predicted to extend its distribution from the Eastern Himalaya (EH) to the Hengduan Mountains (HM), whereas <em>R. alexandrae</em> was restricted exclusively in the HM. Both species witnessed a northward expansion of suitable habitats followed by a southerly retreat in the HM region. Our findings reveal that both species have a considerable range shift under different climate change scenarios, mainly triggered by precipitation rather than temperature. The model predicted northward and upward migration for both species since the last glacial period which is mainly due to expected future climate change scenarios. Further, the observed niche overlap between the two species presented that they are more divergent depending on their habitat, except for certain regions in the HM. However, relocating appropriate habitats to the north and high elevation may not ensure the species' survival, as it needs to adapt to the extreme climatic circumstances in alpine habitats. Therefore, we advocate for more conservation efforts in these biodiversity hotspots.</span></p>
A genomic and morphometric analysis of alpine bumblebees: Ongoing reductions in tongue length but no clear genetic component
<p>Over the last six decades, populations of the bumblebees <em>Bombus sylvicola</em> and <em>Bombus balteatus</em> in Colorado have experienced decreases in tongue length, a trait important for plant-pollinator mutualisms. It has been hypothesized that this observation reflects selection resulting from shifts in floral composition under climate change. Here we used morphometrics and population genomics to determine whether morphological change is ongoing, investigate the genetic basis of morphological variation, and analyse population structure in these populations.</p> <p>We analysed whole-genome sequencing data and morphometric measurements of 580 samples of both species from seven high-altitude localities. Out of 281 samples originally identified as <em>B</em>. <em>sylvicola</em>, 67 formed a separate genetic cluster comprising a newly-discovered cryptic species ("incognitus"). However, an absence of genetic structure within species suggests that gene flow is common between mountains. We did not discover any genetic associations with tongue length, but a SNP related to production of a proteolytic digestive enzyme was implicated in body size variation. We identified evidence of covariance between kinship and both tongue length and body size, which is suggestive of a genetic component of these traits, although it is possible that shared environmental effects between colonies are responsible. Our results provide evidence for ongoing modification of a morphological trait important for pollination and indicate that this trait probably has a complex genetic and environmental basis.</p> <p>This archive contains genetic variation data derived from genome sequencing of 580 bumblebee samples collected from high-elevation locations in Colorado. The species are Bombus sylvicola (n=214), Bombus balteatus (n=299) and "incognitus" (n=67).</p>
High resolution ancient sedimentary DNA shows that alpine plant diversity is associated with human land use and climate change
<p>The European Alps are highly rich in species, but their future may be threatened by ongoing changes in human land use and climate. Here, we reconstructed vegetation, temperature, human impact and livestock over the past ~12,000 years from Lake Sulsseewli, based on sedimentary ancient plant and mammal DNA, pollen, spores, chironomids, and microcharcoal. We assembled a highly-complete local DNA reference library (PhyloAlps, 3,923 plant taxa), and used this to obtain an exceptionally rich <em>sed</em>aDNA record of 366 plant taxa. Vegetation mainly responded to climate during the early Holocene, while human activity had an additional influence on vegetation from 6 ka onwards. Land-use shifted from episodic grazing during the Neolithic and Bronze Age to agropastoralism in the Middle Ages. Associated human deforestation allowed the coexistence of plant species typically found at different elevational belts, leading to levels of plant richness that characterise the current high diversity of this region. Our findings indicate a positive association between low-intensity agropastoral activities and precipitation with the maintenance of the unique subalpine and alpine plant diversity of the European Alps.</p>
Data from: Leaf litter breakdown along an elevational gradient in Australian alpine streams
<p>These data were generated to investigate the rate of leaf litter breakdown and how temperature and other factors such as microbial and and invertebrate activities were influenced over elevational and temporal gradients. Breakdown of allochthonous organic matter is a central step in nutrient cycling in stream ecosystems. There is concern that increased temperatures from climate change will alter the breakdown rate of organic matter with important consequences for ecosystem functioning of alpine streams. Dried leaves of Snow Gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and cotton strips were deployed in coarse (6mm) and fine (50µm) mesh size bags along an 820 m elevation gradient. Loss of mass in leaf litter and cotton tensile strength per day (k per day), fungal biomass measured as ergosterol concentration, invertebrate colonization of leaf litter and benthic organic matter (mass and composition) were determined. Both microbial and macroinvertebrate activities were equally important in leaf litter breakdown with the abundance of shredder invertebrate taxa. The overall leaf litter breakdown rate and loss of tensile strength in cotton strips (both k per day) were greater during warmer deployment periods and at lower elevations with significant positive relationships between mean water temperature and leaf breakdown and loss of tensile strength rate, but no differences between sites, after accounting for the effects of temperature. Despite considerably lower amounts of benthic organic matter in streams above the tree line relative to those below, shredders were present in coarse mesh bags at all sites. Ergosterol concentration was greater on leaves in coarse mesh bags than in fine mesh bags, implying differences in the microbial communities. The importance of water temperatures on the rate of leaf litter breakdown suggests potential effects of climate change-induced temperature increases on ecological processes in such streams.</p>
Effects of warming temperatures on germination responses and trade-offs between seed traits in an alpine plant
<p>1. Climate warming may affect multiple aspects of plant life history, including important factors such as germination responses and the key trade-off between offspring size and number. As a case study to address these concepts, we used an alpine plant (waxy bluebell, <em>Wahlenbergia</em> <em>ceracea</em>; Campanulaceae) that shows plasticity to warming in seed traits and in which seed dormancy status regulates germination. We chose an alpine species because alpine environments are ecosystems particularly under threat by climate change.</p> <p>2. We conducted germination assays under cool and warm temperatures using seeds produced by individuals that were grown under historical (cooler) and future (warmer) temperature scenarios. We assessed the presence of a seed size vs number trade-off, and then examined the effects of seed number and size on germination percentage, the fractions of dormant and viable seeds, and germination velocity. Further, we examined whether warming during parental growth and during germination affected these relationships.</p> <p>3. We found evidence for a seed size vs number trade-off only under historical parental temperatures. Indeed, under future growth temperatures, parental plants produced fewer and smaller seeds and there was no evidence of a trade-off. However, the reductions in both seed traits under warming did not affect germination, despite correlations of seed size and number with germination traits. Warming increased germination, particularly of larger seeds, but overall it resulted in more than fourfold reductions in parental fitness.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study shows the importance of growth conditions when evaluating the seed size vs number trade-off. Stressful conditions, such as warmer temperatures, can restrain the ability of plants to reach optimal investment in reproduction, masking the trade-off. By analysing responses across the whole life cycle, we show here an overall detrimental effect of warming, highlighting the potential risk of climate change for <em>W</em>. <em>ceracea</em>, and, potentially, for alpine plant communities more widely. </p>
Alpine Structure Ruins, Grisons, Switzerland
Ruins of an alpine structure situated at around 2200 m a.s.l. in the Val Urschai, Lower Engadine, Switzerland (see [here](https://s.geo.admin.ch/8b6c79dd3e) for a map). The structure might have been a cellar for cooling milk. Its exact age is unknown, it belongs most probably to the Middle Ages or Early Modern Age. Nearby lie the seemingly associated ruins of a [building](https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/alpine-building-ruins-grisons-switzerland-539df679807249ab840fe9e8f9060275). Imagery shot in July 2011 using Kite Aerial Photography, see [https://silvrettahistorica.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/kinderspielzeug-im-dienste-der-archaologie/](https://silvrettahistorica.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/kinderspielzeug-im-dienste-der-archaologie/) (in German), and reprocessed in August 2020. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data from: Captures do not affect escape response to humans in Alpine marmot
<p>Capture and manipulation are an integral part of wildlife research and management. These practices, however, can affect animals either directly or indirectly, and studies should generally evaluate the consequences of captures to ensure animal welfare and reduce sampling bias. Here, we investigated the indirect, behavioural effects of live-capture on escape response to humans in Alpine marmot <em>Marmota marmota </em>within the Stelvio National Park (central Italian Alps) over three seasons (2021- 2023). We used flight initiation distance (FID) as a measure of escape response and tested it in relation to capture status using linear mixed modelling. Captures did not have any detectable effect on escape response, and FID was best explained by covariates such as starting distance, distance to nearest burrow, current behaviour during the observation and year of observation. It might be that, in marmots, escape response to humans is a rather inert behaviour. As such, although we cannot rule out unmeasured effects, capture may not represent an excessively traumatic experience which could trigger immediate behavioural modification. In turn, capture is unlikely to compromise animal welfare or cause scientific bias in studies investigating escape response in this species, at least over the short term.</p>
Data from: Climate refugia along Lake Superior's shores: Disjunct arctic-alpine plants rely on cool shoreline temperatures but are unlikely to persist under climate warming
<p>Climate refugia can serve as remnant habitat or stepping stones for species dispersal under climate warming. The largest freshwater lake by surface area, Lake Superior, USA and Canada, serves as a model system for understanding cooling-mediated local refugia, as its cool water temperatures and wave action have maintained shoreline habitats suitable for southern disjunct populations of arctic-alpine plants since deglaciation. Here we seek to explain spatial patterns and environmental drivers of arctic-alpine plant refugia along Lake Superior's shores, and assess future risk to refugia under moderate (+3.5 °C) and warmest (+5.7 °C) climate warming scenarios. First, we examined how the interactive effects of summer surface water temperatures and wind affected onshore temperatures, resulting in areas of cooler refugia. Second, we developed an ecological niche model for presence of disjunct arctic-alpine refugia (pooling 1253 occurrences from 58 species) along the lake's shoreline. Third, we fit species distribution models for 20 of the most common arctic-alpine disjunct species and predicted presence to identify refugia hotspots. Finally, we used the two climate warming scenarios to predict changes in presence of refugia and disjunct hotspots. Bedrock type, elevation above water, inland distance, July land surface temperature from MODIS/Terra satellite, and near-shore depth of water were the best predictors of disjunct occurrences. Overall, we predicted 2,236 km of the shoreline (51%) as disjunct refugia habitat for at least one species under current conditions, but this was reduced to 20% and 7% with moderate (894 km) and warmest (313 km) climate change projections.</p>
Figure 1 in Non-breeding season records of the Alpine Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus occisinensis
Figure 1. Sampling localities of Phylloscopus affinis (sensu lato) in Bangladesh and Thailand.
Fig. 7. - Humerocyrtis n in New Middle Triassic Bell-Shaped Nassellarian Radiolaria From Alpine And Carpathian Areas
Fig. 7. - Humerocyrtis n. sp., H – shoulder, Rc4.
Tower-based C-band radar measurements of an alpine snowpack
<p>This repository contains the data presented in the following paper: Brangers, I., Marshall, H.-P., De Lannoy, G., Dunmire, D., Matzler, C., and Lievens, H.: Tower-based C-band radar measurements of an alpine snowpack, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2927, 2023. </p> <p>The data consist of C-band tower based radar data measured in the Idaho Rocky mountains during the snow seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. The site lies within a local ski area called 'Bogus Basin'. Information about the data collection and processing is presented in the aforementioned paper.</p> <p>The data contains arrays with the timestamps of the measurements, the sampling frequency, and matrices of the time-domain traces of radar bakcscatter at 4 channels (rows=samples/timedomain bins, increases with distance from radar; columns=traces, 1 for each ~hourly timestep ). An example script on how to read and process the data using Matlab is included.</p> <p>For any further questions please contact Isis Brangers (isis.brangers@kuleuven.be) or Hans Lievens (hans.lievens@ugent.be) </p>
Waning snowfields have transformed into hotspots of greening within the alpine zone
<p>Dataset of the paper</p> <p><strong><span>Waning snowfields have transformed into hotspots of greening within the alpine zone</span></strong></p> <p><span>Nature Climate Change - <span>NCLIM-24020412</span></span></p>
Data from: Climate drives body mass changes in a mountain ungulate: Shorter winters lead to heavier Alpine ibex
<p>Climate affects seasonality and plant phenology, which can influence seasonal body mass dynamics of herbivores in temperate environments. We investigated long-term trends of seasonal body mass changes in male Alpine ibex (<em>Capra ibex</em>). We used SEM to test direct and indirect relationships between body mass, mass changes and environmental and climatic variables. Individually recognizable Alpine ibex were weighed repeatedly between 2000 and 2022 in Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy). Autumn mass increased substantially over these two decades, up to 15% in some age classes. Over the same time frame, both summer mass gain and winter mass loss decreased, suggesting that heavier autumn body mass was due to the cumulative effects of reduced mass loss over several winters. The environmental factor with the strongest effects on winter mass changes was the starting date of vegetation green-up at low altitude, where ibex gather after winter to feed on new growth vegetation. Early springs led to lower winter mass loss, likely because ibex relied on stored fat for a shorter period and had greater access to forage. High population density also increased winter mass loss. Environmental conditions and resource availability, possibly also influenced by density in winter and early spring seem therefore to directly affect the body mass dynamics of male Alpine ibex, while the effect of summer conditions appears less relevant. By affecting seasonal body mass dynamics, climate change may have consequences for life history and population dynamics of mountain herbivores, for example via earlier access of young males to reproduction.</p>
Fig. 57 in Rhizotrogus tedeschii, a new species from the alpine zone of the Pollino Massif, southern Italy (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae)
Fig. 57. Distribution of the number of metatibial teeth.
Figs 2-3 – Rhizotrogus tedeschii n in Rhizotrogus tedeschii, a new species from the alpine zone of the Pollino Massif, southern Italy (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae)
Figs 2-3 – Rhizotrogus tedeschii n. sp., habitus of male (2, holotype) and female (3, paratype).
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