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443 results for “Cephalopod”
Data from: Intraspecific variation in cephalopod conchs changes during ontogeny: perspectives from three-dimensional morphometry of Nautilus pompilius
Intraspecific variation of organisms is of great importance to correctly carry out taxonomic work, which is a prerequisite for important disciplines in paleontology such as community paleoecology, biostratigraphy, and biogeography. However, intraspecific variation is rarely studied in ectocochleate cephalopods (ammonoids and nautiloids), in which an excessive number of taxa were established during the past centuries. Since intraspecific variation of fossilized organisms suffers from various biases (time averaging and taphonomy), an extant example is needed for actualistic comparison. We applied 3D morphometry to 93 specimens of Nautilus pompilius from three different geographic populations. This dataset was used to examine the intraspecific variation throughout ontogeny in detail. Although there are slight differences between the populations as well as some measurement biases, a common pattern of intraspecific variation appears to be present. High variation appears early in ontogeny and then decreases gradually in the following ontogenetic stages. Subsequently, the variation shows an increase again before maturity until a sharp increase or decrease occurs towards the end of ontogeny. Comparison with intraspecific variation of ammonoids and belemnites illustrated that some groups have ontogenetic patterns of intraspecific variation, which are similar to that of N. pompilius. This implies that the above-mentioned ontogenetic pattern of intraspecific variation might be common in some major cephalopod clades.
Data from: New records of the late Pliensbachian to early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) gladius-bearing coleoid cephalopods from the Ya Ha Tinda Lagerstätte, Canada
The Ya Ha Tinda Lagerstätte from Alberta, Canada, is the first Jurassic marine Konservat-Lagerstätte from North America and hosts a substantial collection of exceptionally preserved fossil Vampyropoda specimens. Vampyropods are soft-bodied cephalopods (coleoids) characterized by eight arms and an internalized chitinous shell (gladius). Due to their lack of hard parts, Vampyropoda have a fragmentary fossil record, largely limited to exceptional Lagerstätten deposits. Excavations at Ya Ha Tinda have uncovered sixteen vampyropod fossils from Pliensbachian and Toarcian strata, making it the largest deposit of Vampyropoda found outside of the Tethys Ocean (Europe and the Middle East) for the Jurassic. Here, we present a taxonomic analysis of the Ya Ha Tinda Vampyropoda specimens and the first comprehensive study of Early Jurassic vampyropods from North America. In total, fourteen specimens have sufficient morphological details preserved on the gladius for taxonomic descriptions. Two specimens are identifiable only to the suborder Loligosepiina (one to the family Geopeltidae), while the remaining twelve specimens are identified to the genus level; six Paraplesioteuthis, three Loligosepia, one Geopeltis, one Parabelopeltis, and one Jeletzkyteuthis. The discovery of Loligosepia cf. aalensis within Pliensbachian strata pushes back the earliest occurrence of this taxon from the early Toarcian to the late Pliensbachian. With the exception of Paraplesioteuthis, this is the first time these genera have been found outside of Europe for the Jurassic; therefore, this study significantly expands their palaeogeographic range. Furthermore, with established high-resolution bio and chemostratigraphy, specimens can be assigned to ammonite zones and placed in context of the global Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event.
Data from: Marine life in a greenhouse world: cephalopod biodiversity and biogeography during the early Late Cretaceous
Two end-member models are proposed to explain marine biotic responses to greenhouse conditions. Global warming and increasing sea level may: (1) promote dispersal of marine species, leading to larger geographic ranges and decreased speciation and biodiversity, or (2) form isolated epicontinental basins that host endemic radiations, leading to smaller geographic ranges and increased speciation and biodiversity. The Cenomanian–Turonian (C–T) interval, marked by greenhouse warming, sea level rise, ocean anoxia, and biotic turnover, presents an opportunity to test these two end-member models. In particular, how cephalopods responded to these global changes has not been clear. A global database of 7,262 cephalopod occurrences was used to evaluate biodiversity changes through the C–T interval. Both species- and genus-level diversity peaked in the Late Cenomanian. The global diversity drop across the C/T boundary was modest; rather, diversity was low during the Middle Cenomanian and Middle Turonian, times of brief cooling. Regional variations in diversity responses may reflect the degree and timing of environmental perturbations within different oceanographic settings. Surprisingly, cephalopod faunas in the European Platform, Western Interior, and South Atlantic all shifted equatorward across the C/T boundary, whereas other regions saw no change in latitudinal distributions. Global generic geographic ranges did not change through the C–T interval, but the percentage of cosmopolitan genera did increase significantly across the C/T, both globally and within the Western Interior and Europe, whereas cosmopolitans dropped in the Pacific and South Atlantic. Neither end-member model for biodiversity change in a greenhouse world is supported for C–T cephalopods, as diversity increased without an associated increase in geographic range. It may be that sea level rise and global warming led to both endemic radiations in epicontinental basins and an increase in cosmopolitan taxa in some regions, demonstrating the importance of combining global and regional scale analyses.
Supplementary material 1 from: Wang J-h, Zheng X-d (2017) Comparison of the genetic relationship between nine Cephalopod species based on cluster analysis of karyotype evolutionary distance. Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 477-494. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.12752
Chromosome relative length, supplemental formulae : Explanation note: Chromosome relative length, supplemental formulae and all of the original images are made available under the online digital repository Figshare, and it is free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data, more details in https://figshare.com/s/8d21a0db9ffe1f17d279
Fig. 15 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 15 Loligo vulgaris hatchling: histology of the head region (transversal sections; Richardson staining; see also interactive supplementary figure 5). a Overview with selected planes B-H (3D reconstruction; left side view). b Brachial crown with arms and tentacles. c Base of brachial crown near mouth opening. d Midline of eyes, radula. e Lobus opticus just behind the eyes, anterior basal lobe. f Central lobus opticus with optic commissure, pedal lobe. g Posterior lobus opticus, statocysts with statoliths. h Palliovisceral lobes just behind the lobus opticus, statocysts. Labels: a 1–4=arms 1–4, abl=anterior basal lobe, aco=anterior chamber organ, doc=dorsal optic commissure, es=esophagus, ey= eye, fu=funnel, ibl=inferior buccal lobe, le=lens, ipl=inner plexiform layer, mcl=magnocellular lobe, noai=inferior anterior oculomotoric nerve, of=olfactory organ, ofl=olfactory lobe, ol=optic lobe (medullar core), opl=outer plexiform layer, pdc=peduncle commissure, pdl= peduncle lobe, pl=pedal lobe, pvl=palliovisceral lobe, ra=radula, re=retina, sl=statolith, st=statocyst, svl=subvertical lobe, t=tentacle, tp=tentacular pocket, voc=ventral optic commissure, vtl=vertical lobe; arrowhead crossing of first-order giant axons
Fig. 14 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 14 Idiosepius notoides hatchling: histology of the head region (transversal sections; Richardson staining; see also interactive supplementary figure 4). a Overview with selected planes B-H (3D reconstruction; left side view). b Brachial crown with arms and tentacles. c Base of brachial crown near mouth opening, buccal mass. d Midline of eyes, brachial lobe. e Lobus opticus just behind eyes. f Central lobus opticus with optic commissure, anterior funnel. g Posterior lobus opticus, statocysts with statoliths. h Palliovisceral lobes just behind the lobus opticus, statocysts. Labels: a 1–4=arms 1–4, bl=brachial lobe, bm=buccal mass, es= esophagus, ey=eye, fu=funnel, ifl=inferior frontal lobe, le=lens, mbl=median basal lobe, np=pallial nerve, oc=optic commissure, of=olfactory organ, ol=optic lobe (medullar core), opl=outer plexiform layer, pdl=peduncle lobe, pl=pedal lobe, pvl=palliovisceral lobe, ra=radula, rc=radula cartilage, re=retina, sfl=superior frontal lobe, sl= statolith, st=statocyst, t=tentacle, tp=tentacular pocket
Fig. 11 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 11 Sepia officinalis hatchling: histology of the head region (transversal sections; Richardson staining; see also interactive supplementary figure 1). a Overview with selected planes B-H (3D reconstruction; left side view). b Brachial crown with arms and tentacles. c Base of brachial crown near mouth opening. d Midline of eyes, buccal mass, and anterior funnel. e Lobus opticus just behind the eyes. f Central lobus opticus with optic commissure. g Posterior lobus opticus, statocysts with statoliths. h Palliovisceral lobes just behind the lobus opticus. Labels: a 1–4= arms 1–4, abl=anterior basal lobe, aco=anterior chamber organ, asg=anterior salivary gland, bl=brachial lobe, bm=buccal mass, cc=cerebral connective, dg=digestive gland, es=esophagus, ey=eye, fu=funnel, le=lens, mbl=median basal lobe, mcl= magnocellular lobe, np=pallial nerve, oc=optic commissure, of= olfactory organ, ol=optic lobe (medullar core), opl=outer plexiform layer, pdc=peduncle commissure, pl=pedal lobe, psd= posterior salivary duct, psg=posterior salivary gland, pvl=palliovisceral lobe, ra=radula, rc=radula cartilage, re=retina, sl=statolith, st=statocyst, t=tentacle, tp=tentacular pocket, vtl=vertical lobe
Fig. 10 3D in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 10 3D reconstruction of the anterior subesophageal mass (comparative ventral views). a Sepia officinalis, b Rossia macrosoma, c Sepietta obscura, d Idiosepius notoides, e Loligo vulgaris, f Octopus vulgaris. abrl=anterior brachial lobe, bl=brachial lobe, bmc=brachiomagnocellular connective, bpc= brachio-pedal connective, bpvc= brachio-palliovisceral connective, nas=superior antorbital nerve, noa=anterior oculomotoric nerve, noai=inferior anterior oculomotoric nerve, nopa= anterior inferior ophthalmic nerve, pbrl=posterior brachial lobe, pl=pedal lobe
Fig. 8 Supraesophageal neuropils. 3D in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 8 Supraesophageal neuropils. 3D reconstruction of the central nervous system around the brachial lobe (comparative left lateral and frontal views; enlarge to 100 % in the PDF viewer; A-F different scales). a Sepia officinalis, b Rossia macrosoma, c Sepietta obscura, d Idiosepius notoides, e Loligo vulgaris, f Octopus vulgaris. Labels: 14=olfactory nerve, 23=sympathic nerve, abl=anterior basal lobe, bbrc=bucco-brachial connective, cbc=cerebro-buccal connective, cbrc=cerebro-brachial
Fig. 7 Subesophageal neuropils. 3D in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 7 Subesophageal neuropils. 3D reconstruction of the central nervous system: supraesophageal and subesophageal neuropils (comparative left lateral and frontal views; enlarge to 100 % in the PDF viewer; A-F different scales). a Sepia officinalis, b Rossia macrosoma, c Sepietta obscura, d Idiosepius notoides, e Loligo vulgaris, f Octopus vulgaris. Labels: 1=inferior antorbital nerve, 2=superior antorbital nerve, 3=collar nerve, 4=crista nerve, 5=anterior funnel nerve, 6=median funnel nerve, 7=posterior funnel nerve, 8=anterior oculomotoric nerve, 9=inferior anterior oculomotoric nerve, 10=superior anterior oculomotoric nerve, 11=posterior oculomotoric nerve, 12=inferior posterior oculomotoric
Fig. 13 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 13 Sepietta obscura hatchling: histology of the head region (transversal sections; b,c,e,h: Azan staining; d,f,g: Trichrome de Masson staining; see also interactive supplementary figure 3). a Overview with selected planes BH (3D reconstruction; left side view). b Brachial crown with arms and tentacles. c Beak and base of brachial crown. d Midline of eyes, brachial lobe. e Central lobus opticus just behind the eyes, anterior funnel. f Lobus opticus with optic commissure. g Posterior lobus opticus, statocysts with statoliths. h Stellate ganglion, gills, digestive gland. Labels: a 1–4=arms 1–4, aco= anterior chamber organ, bk=beak, bl=brachial lobe, dbl= dorsal basal lobe, dg=digestive gland, es=esophagus, ey=eye, fu=funnel, g=gill, ifl=inferior frontal lobe, le=lens, mbl=medi- an basal lobe, np=pallial nerve, oc=optic commissure, of=olfactory organ, ol=optic lobe (medullar core), opl=outer plexiform layer, pdc=peduncle commissure, pdl=peduncle lobe, pl= pedal lobe, re=retina, sbl=superior buccal lobe, sfl=superior frontal lobe, sg=stellate ganglion, sl=statolith, st=statocyst, t=tentacle, tp=tentacular pocket, vtl=vertical lobe
Fig. 4 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 4 Comparative retina histology (ventral portion; transversal sections at the level of lens centers). a Sepia officinalis (Richardson), b Rossia macrosoma (Trichrome de Masson), c Sepietta obscura (Trichrome de Masson), d Idiosepius notoides (Richardson), e Loligo vulgaris (Richardson), f Octopus vulgaris (Azan). Labels: bsm=basal membrane, ds=distal segments of photoreptors, ps=proximal segments of photoreceptors, rp=retinal plexus, scn=supporting cell nuclei, arrowheads peripherically thickened eye cartilage
Fig. 9 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 9 Comparative histology of the central nervous system II (transversal sections at the level of brachio-pedal connectives). a Sepia officinalis (Richardson), b Rossia macrosoma (Azan), c Sepietta obscura (Azan), d Idiosepius notoides (Richardson), e Loligo vulgaris (Richardson), f Octopus vulgaris (Azan). Labels: bpc=connectivum brachio- pedale, bpvc=connectivum brachio-pallioviscerale, nas=superior antorbital nerve, noa=anterior oculomotoric nerve, noai= inferior anterior oculomotoric nerve, nopa=anterior inferior ophthalmic nerve, pbrl=posterior brachial lobe
Fig. 12 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 12 Rossia macrosoma hatchling: histology of the head region (transversal sections; Trichrome de Masson staining, except f: Azan staining; see also interactive supplementary figure 2). a Overview with selected planes B-H (3D reconstruction; left side view). b Base of brachial crown with arms and tentacles. c Base of brachial crown with buccal mass. d Midline of eyes, radula. e Central lobus opticus just behind the eyes. f Central lobus opticus with optic commissure. g Posterior lobus opticus, statocysts with statoliths. h Palliovisceral lobes just at the end of the optic lobes. Labels: a 1– 4=arms 1–4, aco=anterior chamber organ, bm=buccal mass, es= esophagus, ey=eye, fu=funnel, ibl=inferior buccal lobe, ifl=inferior frontal lobe, le=lens, mcl=magnocellular lobe, oc=optic commissure, ofl= olfactory lobe, ol=optic lobe (medullar core), opl=outer plexiform layer, pdl=peduncle lobe, pl=pedal lobe, pvl=palliovisceral lobe, ra=radula, re=retina, sl= statolith, st=statocyst, t=tentacle, tp=tentacular pocket, vtl=vertical lobe, ys=yolk sac
Fig. 3 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 3 Comparative eye histology (transversal sections through lens centers; surface renderings of left retinae—not true to scale; gray arrowhead pointing rostrally). a Sepia officinalis (Richardson), b Rossia macrosoma (Trichrome de Masson), c Sepietta obscura (Trichrome de Masson), d Idiosepius notoides (Richardson), e Loligo vulgaris (Richardson), f Octopus vulgaris (Azan). Labels: aco=anterior chamber organ, cb=ciliary body, co=cornea, ir=iris, le=lens, ol=optic lobe, on=optic nerve, re=retina, arrows: septum, black arrowheads: lids
Fig. 1 Midsagittal section through a in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings
Fig. 1 Midsagittal section through a cephalopod-coleoid central nervous system with its main neuropils (Loligo vulgaris). a Profiles of subesophageal and supraesophageal masses with neuropils (light gray) and perikaryal layers (dark gray)(compare, e.g., with Novicki et al. 1990, Fig. 14). b Digital YZ-reslice with labeled neuropils (2D). c Digital YZ-reslice with labeled neuropils (3D, same colors as in b). Labels: abl=anterior basal lobe, bl=brachial lobe, dbl=dorsal basal lobe, es=esophagus, ifl=inferior frontal lobe, mbl=median basal lobe, pcl=precommissural lobe, pdc=peduncle commissure, pl= pedal lobe, pvl=palliovisceral lobe, sfl=superior frontal lobe, svl= subvertical lobe, vtl=vertical lobe
Data from: Synchrotron-X-ray absorption spectroscopy of melanosomes in vertebrates and cephalopods: implications for the affinity of Tullimonstrum
Screening pigments are essential for vision in animals. Vertebrates utilise melanins bound in melanosomes as screening pigments, whereas cephalopods are assumed to use ommochromes. Preserved eye melanosomes in the controversial fossil Tullimonstrum (Mazon Creek, Illinois) display size-and/or shape-specific are present in geometrically distinct layers that resemble tissue-specific melanosome populations considered unique to the vertebrate eye. Here, we show that extant cephalopod eyes also show tissue-specific size- and/or shape-specific partitioning of melanosomes; these differ from vertebrate melanosomes in the relative abundance of trace metals and in the binding environment of Cu. Chemical signatures of melanosomes in the eyes of Tullimonstrum more closely resemble those of modern cephalopods than those of vertebrates, suggesting that an invertebrate affinity for Tullimonstrum is plausible. Melanosome chemistry may thus provide insights into the phylogenetic affinities of enigmatic fossils where melanosome size and/or shape is are equivocal.
Figure 4 in Evolution of spermatophore transfer mechanisms in cephalopods
Figure 4. Spermatophore-related characters parsimonious optimization using different hypothesis for the internal relationships of Decapodiformes. Character states are traced and indicated by shape and colour codes; coloured branches (and coloured boxes to the left of taxon names) refer to the spermatophore attachment type, and coloured symbols to the remaining characters. Presence of more than one colour in branches or rectangles, and the presence of a question mark both indicate equivocal character states. (A) Tree according to the maximum likelihood analysis of Lindgren (2008); (B) tree according to the Bayesian analysis of Lindgren (2010).
Figure 3 in Evolution of spermatophore transfer mechanisms in cephalopods
Figure 3. Spermatophore-related characters parsimonious optimization using different hypotheses for the internal relationships of Coleoidea. Character states are traced and indicated by shape and colour codes; coloured branches (and coloured boxes to the left of taxon names) refer to the spermatophore attachment type, and coloured symbols to the remaining characters. Presence of more than one colour in branches or rectangles, and the presence of a question mark both indicate equivocal character states. Cycloteuthidae 1 and 2 refers to the genera Cycloteuthis and Discoteuthis, respectively. (A) Tree according to the maximum likelihood analysis of Lindgren et al. (2012); (B) tree according to the Bayesian analysis of Strugnell and Nishiguchi (2007).
Figure 6 in Cephalopods in the potential prey field of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) (Cetacea: Physeteridae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Figure 6. SWAPS stations with more than eight cephalopod individuals in potential prey species (based on 1082 individuals).
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